Plagiarism and Misinformation
In this learning session, you will learn what to do to avoid committing plagiarism and how to spot fake news
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 1
PLAGIARISM�
“the act of using another person's words or ideas without giving credit to that person”
(Turnitin, 2017)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 2
What are the different types or forms of plagiarism?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 3
DIRECT PLAGIARISM�
“copying someone else’s work word for word without using quotation marks or following proper citation guidelines”
(Bowdoin College, 2018)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 4
SELF-PLAGIARISM
“submitting the same material to different teachers and passing it off as new”
(Bowdoin College, 2018)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 5
MOSAIC PLAGIARISM�(PATCH WRITING)
“copying exact phrases from someone else’s work without using quotation marks or paraphrasing”
(Bowdoin College, 2018)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 6
ACCIDENTAL PLAGIARISM�
“forgetting to cite sources for non-original ideas”
(Bowdoin College, 2018)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 7
How to avoid plagiarism?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 8
ACTIVITY
DON’T COPY; REWORD
1
1
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 9
Let’s practice your skills in paraphrasing to avoid plagiarism.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 10
Paraphrasing Exercise 1
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 11
Paraphrase the sentences in the activity sheet. Write your answers on the space provided.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 12
Let’s check
your answers.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 13
The student requested that the professor excuse her absence, but the professor refused.
1
PARAPHRASE THIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 14
The professor refused to excuse the student for her absence.
1
POSSIBLE ANSWER
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 15
There will be a music concert next to the Vienna coffee shop. Would you like to go?
2
PARAPHRASE THIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 16
Do you want to watch the music concert near the Vienna coffee shop?
2
POSSIBLE ANSWER
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 17
The International Center is hosting English conversation classes. They help non-native speakers of English practice their English speaking skills.
3
PARAPHRASE THIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 18
Non-native English speakers can improve their English by taking classes at the International Center.
3
POSSIBLE ANSWER
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 19
The Office of International Linkages (OIL) at the University of the Philippines is located in the DILC Building.
4
PARAPHRASE THIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 20
The UP Office of International Linkages (OIL) is inside the DILC Building.
4
POSSIBLE ANSWER
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 21
The car that was pulled over by the police officer yesterday just had an accident. That driver is not careful.
5
PARAPHRASE THIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 22
The driver of the car pulled over by the police yesterday had an accident because he was not careful.
5
POSSIBLE ANSWER
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 23
Paraphrasing Exercise 2
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 24
Summarize the passages in the activity sheet. Write your answers on the space provided.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 25
Let’s check
your answers.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 26
“Many thousands of Chinese are studying at schools in the United States. And writer Liel Leibovitz says the students are following an example that began in the eighteen seventies. Mr. Leibovitz and writer Matthew Miller joined forces to tell the story of the students in their book, ‘Fortunate Sons.’ The book says China sent one hundred twenty boys to America to learn about developments that could help modernize their country.”
1
(American Documents the Country’s First Exchange Students from China, Voice of America, learningenglish.voanews.com)
SUMMARIZE THIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 27
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 27
“Fortunate Sons” tells the story of Chinese exchange students who came to the US in the 1870s to learn how to help China modernize. Many Chinese students are doing the same today.
1
POSSIBLE ANSWER
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 28
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 28
“Illiteracy is a problem in many of the world’s poorest countries. Even in wealthier nations like the United States, many children struggle with reading and writing. But in 19 cities across the country [United States], the volunteers of Experience Corps are helping youngsters learn to read. The volunteers, all over 50, work with students in low-income areas.”
2
(Older Volunteers Help Children Learn to Read, Voice of America, voanews.com)
SUMMARIZE THIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 29
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 29
Senior Experience Corps volunteers help poor children from 19 U.S. cities improve their literacy skills.
2
POSSIBLE ANSWER
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 30
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 30
“Women entrepreneurs in the developing world often face challenges that limit their chances for success and growth. They often have less access to education than men and have difficulty getting financing on their own. But with an understanding of the essential aspects of doing business – such as planning, financing, networking and marketing – they can overcome those obstacles. That's where the 10,000 Women Initiative comes in. As Faiza Elmasry tells us, it's an investment in education with dividends that benefit the businesswomen, their local communities and their national economies.”
3
(Goldman Sachs invests in Educating Women in Business, Voice of America, voanews.com)
SUMMARIZE THIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 31
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 31
The 10,000 Women Initiative helps women entrepreneurs in developing nations to understand the cornerstones of the business world, overcoming various challenges and helping their communities and countries.
3
POSSIBLE ANSWER
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 32
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 32
DON’T COPY;
REWORD
ANALYSIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 33
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 33
ANALYSIS
What was the activity about?
How did you feel about it?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 34
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 34
ANALYSIS
Were you able to get a perfect score?
Why do you think getting a perfect score is important?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 35
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 35
ANALYSIS
How can you improve your paraphrasing or rewording skills?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 36
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 36
ANALYSIS
How does the activity relate to plagiarism?
Define what plagiarism is.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 37
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 37
ANALYSIS
What are the different types of plagiarism?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 38
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 38
ANALYSIS
What kinds of work are plagiarized?
In what instances do people commit plagiarism?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 39
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 39
ANALYSIS
How would you feel if someone plagiarizes your work?
How do you avoid committing plagiarism?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 40
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 40
One way to avoid plagiarism is to reword or rephrase statements from the work of other people.
There are various ways to avoid plagiarism.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 41
PARAPHRASE�
Read a work carefully then rewrite it using your own words. Use quotation marks and properly cite sources for direct quotes.
(Turnitin, 2017)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 42
CITE
Follow the prescribed document formatting guidelines. Include the author’s name and publication date when citing a source.
(Turnitin, 2017)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 43
QUOTE
Direct quotes require the exact words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs in quotation marks.
(Turnitin, 2017)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 44
CITE QUOTES
When citing a quote’s source, include the page (for a book) or paragraph (for web content) number.
(Turnitin, 2017)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 45
CITE YOUR OWN WORK
If you used information from previous personal work, cite it to avoid self-plagiarism.
(Turnitin, 2017)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 46
REFERENCE
Cite all references to acknowledge the hard work of the people whose work helped you complete yours.
(Turnitin, 2017)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 47
ACTIVITY
REAL OR FAKE?
2
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 48
MISINFORMATION
“refers to incorrect or misleading information”
(Merriam-Webster, 2018)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 49
How can you avoid becoming a victim of misinformation?
You must be able to spot indicators of “fake news.”
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 50
FAKE NEWS
“a potentially damaging story to an agency, an entity, or a person”
(Merriam-Webster, 2018)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 51
Can you spot a �fake news story?
Read each of the following sample articles, and tell your peers why you think it is fake.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 52
Sample
1
On 29 May 2018, after a high profile incident at a Pennsylvania Starbucks in which a white manager called the police on two black men for sitting at a table without ordering a cup of coffee, the coffee chain closed down some 8,000 locations in order to conduct company-wide racial sensitivity training sessions.
Not long after that, the following image appeared on social media, and quickly took off.
Source: Snopes
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 53
Sample
2
Source: Snopes
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 54
Sample
3
Source: Snopes
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 55
REAL OR FAKE?
This activity will teach you how to spot fake news stories.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 56
REAL OR FAKE?
Read the article on the printout and tell your peers why you think it is fake.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 57
REAL OR FAKE?
STORY #1
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 58
Story
1
#
Source: Snopes
Twitter users have been tweeting #SaveTwitter in their thousands this evening after a source revealed that the popular social media site would be closing down early 2017.
Controversial YouTube star BradTheLadLong reportedly filed and stored every hate message he has received in the last year and used the evidence to get bullying charities and campaigners on side. He claimed that the site is a contributing factor to the increase in teen suicide and that the site is not protecting its users. After months of meetings, Twitter has decided that by next year it will close down for good.
Brad tweeted, “I apologize to those who love Twitter but the abuse I got on here was disgusting and that is why action needed to be taken. #SaveTwitter”
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 59
Source: Snopes
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 60
Source: Snopes
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 61
REAL OR FAKE?
The following reasons were given by the website Snopes on why the story is fake.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 62
It’s�fake!
#SaveTwitter?
Social Media Network Not Shutting Down in 2017
A spurious rumor holds that Twitter, a social media platform will be shutting down in 2017 due to cyberbullying.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 63
It’s�fake!
CLAIM: Twitter is shutting down in 2017 due to cyberbullying.
RATING: False
These rumors were unfounded. Twitter has not announced they will be shutting down their online social networking service in 2017.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 64
Story #1
Story #1
It’s fake!
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 65
Remember
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 66
REAL OR FAKE?
STORY #2
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 67
Story
2
#
Source: Snopes
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 68
REAL OR FAKE?
The following reasons were given by the website Snopes on why the story is fake.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 69
It’s�fake!
Will Eating an Egg and a Banana Kill You?
A viral warning seems to ignore the obvious truth that eggs and bananas are commonly and deliciously mixed together with no harmful effect on consumers.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 70
It’s�fake!
CLAIM: Eating bananas and eggs together can poison you, causing instant death.
RATING: False
There was no evidence to prove that the story of a young man’s dropping dead on the spot after eating an egg and a banana is real.
A person’s death could not be triggered by a mixture of a benign egg and a banana unless such person has a severe allergy to either food.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 71
Story #2
It’s fake!
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 72
REAL OR FAKE?
STORY #3
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 73
Story
Thanks for sharing it, I will select the person who downloaded my latest movie now also click here to download Skyscraped and Fighting with My Family
If you download is a great opportunity to win the money and the car.
3
#
Source: Snopes
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 74
REAL OR FAKE?
The following reasons were given by the website Snopes on why the story is fake.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 75
It’s�fake!
CLAIM: Dwayne Johnson is giving away money and cars to Facebook users who share a post and click links.
RATING: Scam
The chances of any user’s winning a cash, a car, or any other prize for sharing these posts and clicking links within them are non-existent.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 76
Story #3
It’s fake!
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 77
Story #3
It’s fake!
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 78
(Leetaru, 2016)
Remember
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 79
REAL OR FAKE?
ANALYSIS
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 80
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 80
ANALYSIS
What was the activity about?
How did you feel about it?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 81
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 81
ANALYSIS
Did you get all the right answers?
Why do you think getting all the right answers is important?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 82
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 82
ANALYSIS
How can you improve your skill in identifying real from false information?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 83
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 83
ANALYSIS
How does the activity relate to misinformation?
Define what misinformation is.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 84
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 84
ANALYSIS
What is fake news?
What factors characterize fake news stories?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 85
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 85
ANALYSIS
What is cyber propaganda?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 86
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 86
CYBERPROPAGANDA
“manipulating an event or influencing public perception to reflect a chosen point of view”
(Trend Micro, 2017)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 87
ANALYSIS
How does misinformation spread?
What are the usual motivations for spreading fake news?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 88
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 88
ANALYSIS
What are the ill effects of spreading misinformation?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 89
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 89
ANALYSIS
How can you avoid falling for misinformation?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 90
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 90
KNOW YOUR SOURCE
1
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 91
COMPARE MULTIPLE REPORTS TO FIND THE FACTS
2
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 92
DON’T JUST SHARE STORIES BASED ON HEADLINES
3
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 93
AVOID HYPERBOLE
4
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 94
CONSIDER �THE ANGLE
5
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 95
CHECK PICTURES USING IMAGE SEARCH
6
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 96
IF YOUR POST IS DEBUNKED, DELETE AND CORRECT
7
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 97
THINK BEFORE YOU SHARE
8
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 98
Application
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 99
Two paraphrased versions of a passage will be shown. The task is to select which one is the better choice.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 100
Raise your hand when you want to answer.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 101
PASSAGE 1
Death rates for males are substantially higher than for females for every age group of children and youth, but the largest difference occurs among teens, ages 15 to 19.
(Goutas, et al., 2011, p. 11)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 102
A recent study found that death rates for male children and teens are higher than those for females in all age groups, but the most significant difference between death rates for male and female children occurs between the ages of 15 and 19.
1
(Goutas, et al., 2011, p. 11)
Choice
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 103
#
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 103
Death rates for males are much higher than for females for all age groups of children and youth, but the largest difference occurs among teens, ages 15 to 19.
2
(Goutas, et al., 2011, p. 11)
Choice
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 104
#
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 104
Right Answer
#
1
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 105
In more than a century and a half of their existence, Washington Irving’s two most famous stories, “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” have taken on a life of their own. They have been read, listened to, and, from the time of Joseph Jefferson’s first staging of “Rip” to our own age of
PASSAGE 2
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 106
mass media, watched in various productions, by generations of adults and children alike. Yet relatively few people are aware that they were once—and, for that matter, still technically are—part of an apparently miscellaneous, but actually quite coherent unified, collection of sketches, essays, and stories called “The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon.”
(Rubin-Dorsky, 393)
PASSAGE 2
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 107
The famous short stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” by Washington Irving are so popular today that they have been made into books, audio recordings, and movies. Generations of fans have been able to enjoy these stories, especially now, thanks to our age of mass media.
1
(Rubin-Dorsky, 393)
Choice
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 108
#
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 108
Washington Irving’s famous stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” are so popular that they have been enjoyed in story form and in films by generations. However, despite the popularity of these stories, most people do not realize that they were originally published in and remain a part of a larger collection of works entitled “The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon.”
2
(Rubin-Dorsky, 393)
Choice
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 109
#
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 109
Right Answer
#
2
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 110
So dynamic is the web that new technologies and techniques are emerging all the time. What’s commonplace one year becomes out of date the next. The only thing that seems to remain constant is people’s desire to transmit
PASSAGE 3
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 111
and receive information efficiently and to communicate with others, no matter what that means. That’s what drives people to shop, invest, and converse online, and it is the same force that is propelling them to learn online as well.
(Ko & Rossen, 2008, p. 5)
PASSAGE 3
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 112
Change for the World Wide Web is ongoing, with innovation constantly changing and shaping the experiences people have online. The one stability among all this change is that people want to be able to send and receive information conveniently
1
Choice
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 113
#
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 113
and efficiently, and people want to be able to communicate with each other. These forces, which drive people to the internet for shopping, investing, and communicating, also drive people toward online learning.
1
(Ko & Rossen, 2008, p. 5)
Choice
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 114
#
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 114
The web is so exciting, and new technologies and techniques are emerging all the time. What’s commonplace one year becomes out of date the next. The only thing that seems to remain constant is people’s need to transmit
2
Choice
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 115
#
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 115
information and to communicate with one another. These things drive people to shop, invest, and converse online, and it is this same force that is propelling them to learn online.
2
(Ko & Rossen, 2008, p. 5)
Choice
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 116
#
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 116
Right Answer
#
1
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 117
Assessment
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 118
Assessment
What did you learn from the lesson?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 119
Assessment
What do you personally plan to do to avoid plagiarism?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 120
Assessment
What do you personally plan to do so you won’t be victimized by or unknowingly spread false information?
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 121
References
Affordable Colleges Online. (2018). Plagiarism on Campus: Resources to Help Detect, Prevent and Avoid Classroom Plagiarism for Teachers and Students. Retrieved from the AC Online website: https://www.affordablecollegesonline.org/college-resource-center/plagiarism-prevention-and-awareness/.
Angie Drobnic Holan. (13 December 2016). 2016 Lie of the Year: Fake News. Retrieved from the Politifact website: http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/dec/13/2016-lie-year-fake-news/.
Bowdoin College. (2018). The Common Types of Plagiarism. Retrieved from the Bowdoin website: https://www.bowdoin.edu/studentaffairs/academic-honesty/common-types.shtml.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 122
References
Brett Williams. (4 October 2017). How to avoid being part of the fake news problem when big stories break. Retrieved from the Mashable Asia website: https://mashable.com/2017/10/03/ how-to-avoid-spreading-misinformation-online/#HvCS5x6fHmq0.
Daniel Funke. (19 October 2017). In the future, will online misinformation get better or worse? Experts are divided. Retrieved from the Poynter website: https://www.poynter.org/news/ future-will-online-misinformation-get-better-or-worse-experts-are-divided.
Daniel Imbellino. (6 October 2017). The Negative Effects of Fake News May Be More Profound Than Initially Thought. Retrieved from the Medium website: https://medium.com/strategic-social-news-wire/the-negative-effects-of-fake-news-may-be-more-profound-than-initially-thought-b64384126f4b.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 123
References
Farida Vis. (24 April 2014). To tackle the spread of misinformation online we must first understand it. Retrieved from The Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/comment isfree/2014/apr/24/tackle-spread-misinformation-online.
Feike Hacquebord. (12 January 2017). How Cyberpropaganda Influenced Politics in 2016. Retrieved from the TrendLabs Security Intelligence Blog website: https://blog.trendmicro. com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cyber-propaganda-influenced-politics-2016/.
Forrest Mims. (22 September 2012). Technology makes plagiarism too easy. Retrieved from the mySA website: https://www.mysanantonio.com/life/article/Technology-makes-plagiarism-too-easy-3884409.php.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 124
References
Janna Anderson and Lee Rainie. (19 October 2017). The Future of Truth and Misinformation Online. Retrieved from the Pew Research Center website: http://www.pewinternet.org/20 17/10/19/the-future-of-truth-and-misinformation-online/.
Kalev Leetaru. (22 December 2016). The Daily Mail Snopes Story And Fact Checking The Fact Checkers. Retrieved from the Forbes website: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/20 16/12/22/the-daily-mail-snopes-story-and-fact-checking-the-fact-checkers/#6162f91a227f.
Kent State University.(2018). Causes of Plagiarism. Retrieved from the Kent State University website: https://www.kent.edu/writingcommons/causes-plagiarism.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 125
References
Kristen Purcell, Lee Rainie, Alan Heaps, Judy Buchanan, Linda Friedrich, Amanda Jacklin, Clara Chen, and Kathryn Zickuhr. (1 November 2012). How Teens Do Research in the Digital World. Retrieved from the Pew Research Center website: http://www.pewinternet.org/2012 /11/01/how-teens-do-research-in-the-digital-world/.
Maria Martin. (23 April 2018). When fake news ruins real lives: meet the Spaniards destroyed by online rumors. Retrieved from the El Pais website: https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/04/23/ inenglish/1524472748_948781.html.
Merriam-Webster. (2018). The Real Story of Fake News. Retrieved from the Merriam-Webster website: https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-real-story-of-fake-news.
Merriam-Webster.(2018). Misinformation. Retrieved from the Merriam-Webster website: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misinformation.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 126
References
Merriam-Webster.(2018). Plagiarism. Retrieved from the Merriam-Webster website: https://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plagiarism.
Statista. (April 2018). Global digital population as of April 2018 (in millions).Retrieved from the Statista website: https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/.
Statista. (March 2018). Perceived frequency of traditional major news sources reporting fake news stories in the United States as of March 2018. Retrieved from the Statista website: https://www.statista.com/statistics/678000/fake-news-media-frequency/.
Teach-ICT.(2018). Uses of the Internet. Retrieved from the Teach-ICT website: http://www.teach-ict.com/gcse_new/internet/internet_www/miniweb/pg5.htm.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 127
References
Trend Micro Inc. (10 March 2017). Cyberpropaganda 101.Retrieved from the Trend Micro Security News website: https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/cyber-propaganda-101.
Trend Micro Inc. (13 June 2017). Fake News and Cyberpropaganda: The Use and Abuse of Social Media. Retrieved from the Trend Micro Security News website: https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/fake-news-cyber-propaganda-the-abuse-of-social-media.
Turnitin, LLC. (2017). 6 Ways to Avoid Plagiarism in Research Papers. Retrieved from the Turnitin website: http://en.writecheck.com/ways-to-avoid-plagiarism/.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 128
References
Turnitin, LLC. (18 May 2017). What is Plagiarism? Retrieved from the plagiarism.org website: http://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-plagiarism.
University of Oxford.(2018). Plagiarism. Retrieved from the University of Oxford website: https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism?wssl=1.
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 129
SEAMEO INNOTECH would like to acknowledge the technical inputs of Bernadette Caraig and James Patrick P. Trinidad in the development of this learning packet.
Images used in this presentation are licensed under Creative Commons Public Domain (CC0) and are sourced from the following websites:
www.pixabay.com www.pexels.com www.unsplash.com
All images used in Real or Fake? activity slides are sourced from and owned by
www.snopes.com
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 130
This publication is licensed under Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
(https://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
e-Citizenship Learning Packets
Slide 131