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12C01.1

Solid State & Its Classification

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

States of Matter

2

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

States of Matter

General Characteristics of solid state

3

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

States of Matter

General Characteristics of solid state

Type of solids - Amorphous & crystalline solids

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

States of Matter

General Characteristics of solid state

Type of solids - Amorphous & crystalline solids

Classification of Crystalline solids

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CV 1

States of Matter

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

States of Matter

7

Matter

3 States

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

8

Fluids

Ability to flow

Liquids & Gases

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9

Fluids

Ability to flow

Solids

Rigids

Liquids & Gases

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

At given set of T & P, Most stable state of substance depends on -

1. Intermolecular forces 2. Thermal energy

10

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

At given set of T & P, Most stable state of substance depends on -

1. Intermolecular forces 2. Thermal energy

Tend to keep the molecules

(atoms and ions) closer

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

At given set of T & P, Most stable state of substance depends on -

1. Intermolecular forces 2. Thermal energy

Tend to keep the molecules Tends to keep molecules

(atoms and ions) closer (atoms and ions) apart

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

At given set of T & P, Most stable state of substance depends on -

1. Intermolecular forces 2. Thermal energy

Tend to keep the molecules Tends to keep molecules

(atoms and ions) closer (atoms and ions) apart

At low T, thermal energy is low and intermolecular forces bring molecules(atoms and ions) very close. Hence, substance exists in solid state.

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CV 2

Characteristics of solids & their types

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

General Characteristics of Solids

Structures of solids : Due to different arrangement of solid particles.

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

General Characteristics of Solids

Structures of solids : Due to different arrangement of solid particles.

Properties of solids : Due to different structures of solids

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

General Characteristics of Solids

Structures of solids : Due to different arrangement of solid particles.

Properties of solids : Due to different structures of solids

Get Modified

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General Characteristics of Solids

Structures of solids : Due to different arrangement of solid particles.

Properties of solids : Due to different structures of solids

Structural Imperfection

Get Modified

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

General Characteristics of Solids

Structures of solids : Due to different arrangement of solid particles.

Properties of solids : Due to different structures of solids

Structural Imperfection

Get Modified

Presence of impurities

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

The following are the characteristic properties of the solid state:

They have definite mass, volume and shape.

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

The following are the characteristic properties of the solid state:

They have definite mass, volume and shape.

Intermolecular distances are short.

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

The following are the characteristic properties of the solid state:

They have definite mass, volume and shape.

Intermolecular distances are short.

Intermolecular forces are strong.

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

The following are the characteristic properties of the solid state:

They have definite mass, volume and shape.

Intermolecular distances are short.

Intermolecular forces are strong.

They are incompressible and rigid.

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Types of Solids :

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Types of Solids :

On the Basis of nature of order present in the arrangement of particles :

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Types of Solids :

On the Basis of nature of order present in the arrangement of particles :

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Solids

Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids

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Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

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Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

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B

A

B

Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

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Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

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B

C

D

B

D

C

A

Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

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B

C

D

Long range order

Short range order

D

Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

B

C

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B

C

D

Long range order

Definite Shape

Irregular Shape

Short range order

D

Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

B

C

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B

C

D

Cut into regular plain surfaces

Cut into Irregular surfaces

Long range order

Definite Shape

Irregular Shape

Short range order

D

Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

B

C

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B

C

D

Cut into regular plain surfaces

Cut into Irregular surfaces

Sharp Melting point

A range of Melting point

Long range order

Definite Shape

Irregular Shape

Short range order

D

Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

B

C

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B

C

D

Cut into regular plain surfaces

Cut into Irregular surfaces

Sharp Melting point

A range of Melting point

Pseudo solids

True solids

Long range order

Definite Shape

Irregular Shape

Short range order

D

Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

B

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B

C

D

Cut into regular plain surfaces

Cut into Irregular surfaces

Sharp Melting point

A range of Melting point

Pseudo solids

True solids

Long range order

Definite Shape

Irregular Shape

Short range order

D

Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids

Anisotropic

Isotropic

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PSV 01

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38

Question : What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions could quartz be converted into glass? ( NCERT Exercise Q. no. 1.2 page no. 32)

Solution : ?

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Question : What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions could quartz be converted into glass? ( NCERT Exercise Q. No. 1.2 Page no. 32)

Solution :

Glass and Quartz are

different

Different arrangement of the particles

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40

Question : What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions could quartz be converted into glass? ( NCERT Exercise Q. No. 1.2 Page no. 32)

Solution :

Glass and Quartz are

different

Different arrangement of the particles

Particles have short range order

Glass

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41

Question : What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions could quartz be converted into glass? ( NCERT Exercise Q. No. 1.2 Page no. 32)

Solution :

Glass and Quartz are

different

Different arrangement of the particles

Particles have long range order

Particles have short range order

Glass

Quartz

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42

Question : What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions could quartz be converted into glass? ( NCERT Exercise Q. No. 1.2 Page no. 32)

Solution :

Glass and Quartz are

different

Different arrangement of the particles

Particles have long range order

Particles have short range order

Heat and then cool

Glass

Quartz

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Conceptest

Ready for Challenge

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Q. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions.Comment on the nature of this solid. Can this solid be cut with irregular surfaces?

Solution :

44

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Q. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions.Comment on the nature of this solid. Can this solid be cut with irregular surfaces?

Solution :

Pause the Video Time duration 2 minute

45

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Q. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions.Comment on the nature of this solid. Can this solid be cut with irregular surfaces?

Solution : Isotropic solid Randomly arranged particles

46

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Q. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions.Comment on the nature of this solid. Can this solid be cut with irregular surfaces?

Solution : Isotropic solid Randomly arranged particles

Similar properties in all directions

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Q. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions.Comment on the nature of this solid. Can this solid be cut with irregular surfaces?

Solution : Isotropic solid Randomly arranged particles

Similar properties in all directions

Same value of reflective index ✔️

48

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Q. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions.Comment on the nature of this solid. Can this solid be cut with irregular surfaces?

Solution : Isotropic solid Randomly arranged particles

Similar properties in all directions

Amorphous solid Same value of reflective index ✔️

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Q. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions.Comment on the nature of this solid. Can this solid be cut with irregular surfaces?

Solution : Isotropic solid Randomly arranged particles

Similar properties in all directions

Amorphous solid Same value of reflective index ✔️

Hence,Can be Cut into pieces with irregular surfaces

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CV 3

Classification of Crystalline solids

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Types of Solids :

On the Basis of nature of order present in the arrangement of particles:

52

Solids

Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

Types of Solids :

On the Basis of nature of order present in the arrangement of particles:

53

Solids

Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

On the basis of nature of intermolecular forces,crystalline solids are of 4 types.

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Lorem Ipsum

Crystals

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Lorem Ipsum

Molecular

Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

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Lorem Ipsum

Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

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Lorem Ipsum

Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Made of Ions

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Lorem Ipsum

Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Made of Ions
Electrostatic forces

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Made of Ions
Electrostatic forces
Hard and Brittle

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Lorem Ipsum

Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Made of Ions
Electrostatic forces
Hard and Brittle
High melting and boiling points

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Lorem Ipsum

Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Made of Ions
Electrostatic forces
Hard and Brittle
High melting and boiling points
Electrical insulators in solid state

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Lorem Ipsum

Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Made of Ions
Electrostatic forces
Hard and Brittle
High melting and boiling points
Electrical insulators in solid state
Electrical conductors in molten and aqueous state.

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Lorem Ipsum

Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Made of Ions
Electrostatic forces
Hard and Brittle
High melting and boiling points
Electrical insulators in solid state
Electrical conductors in molten and aqueous state.
Examples are NaCl, CaF₂.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Covalent bonds are present.

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Covalent bonds are present.
Such solids are very hard and brittle.

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Covalent bonds are present.
Such solids are very hard and brittle.
Extremely high melting points.

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Covalent bonds are present.
Such solids are very hard and brittle.
Extremely high melting points.
They are insulators and do not conduct electricity.

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Covalent bonds are present.
Such solids are very hard and brittle.
Extremely high melting points.
They are insulators and do not conduct electricity.
Examples are, diamond, silicon carbide and graphite.

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Covalent bonds are present.
Such solids are very hard and brittle.
Extremely high melting points.
They are insulators and do not conduct electricity.
Examples are, diamond, silicon carbide and graphite.
Exceptionally, Graphite is soft and is a conductor of electricity.

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Metallic bonds are present.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Metallic bonds are present.
Collection of positive ions surrounded by and held together by a sea of free electrons.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Metallic bonds are present.
Collection of positive ions surrounded by and held together by a sea of free electrons.
High electrical and thermal conductivity due to free electrons.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Metallic bonds are present.
Collection of positive ions surrounded by and held together by a sea of free electrons.
High electrical and thermal conductivity due to free electrons.
Lustrous, malleable and ductile in nature.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Metallic bonds are present.
Collection of positive ions surrounded by and held together by a sea of free electrons.
High electrical and thermal conductivity due to free electrons.
Lustrous, malleable and ductile in nature.
Example are Fe, Cu, Ag etc.

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Molecular

Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Molecules are the constituent particles of molecular solids.

Carbon di oxide

(CO₂)

Iodine

(I₂)

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Contain either atoms like He and Ar or non polar molecules like H₂, Cl₂ and I₂.

Iodine (I₂)

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Contain either atoms like He and Ar or non polar molecules like H₂, Cl₂ and I₂.
Weak dispersion or London forces are present.

Iodine (I₂)

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Contain either atoms like He and Ar or non polar molecules like H₂, Cl₂ and I₂.
Weak dispersion or London forces are present.
Soft and non-conductors of electricity.

Iodine (I₂)

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Contain either atoms like He and Ar or non polar molecules like H₂, Cl₂ and I₂.
Weak dispersion or London forces are present.
Soft and non-conductors of electricity.
Low melting points

Iodine (I₂)

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Contain either atoms like He and Ar or non polar molecules like H₂, Cl₂ and I₂.
Weak dispersion or London forces are present.
Soft and non-conductors of electricity.
Low melting points
liquid or gaseous state at room temp .

Iodine (I₂)

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Formed by molecules like HCl, SO₂with Polar covalent bonds.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Formed by molecules like HCl, SO₂with Polar covalent bonds.
Strong dipole-dipole interactions are present.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Formed by molecules like HCl, SO₂with Polar covalent bonds.
Strong dipole-dipole interactions are present.
Soft and non-conductors of electricity.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Formed by molecules like HCl, SO₂with Polar covalent bonds.
Strong dipole-dipole interactions are present.
Soft and non-conductors of electricity.
M.P are higher than non polar molecular solids.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Formed by molecules like HCl, SO₂with Polar covalent bonds.
Strong dipole-dipole interactions are present.
Soft and non-conductors of electricity.
M.P are higher than non polar molecular solids.
Generally, gases or liquids at room temperature.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Molecules of these solids contain polar covalent bonds between H and F, O or N atoms.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Molecules of these solids contain polar covalent bonds between H and F, O or N atoms.
Hydrogen bonds are present.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Molecules of these solids contain polar covalent bonds between H and F, O or N atoms.
Hydrogen bonds are present.
Non-conductors of electricity.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Molecules of these solids contain polar covalent bonds between H and F, O or N atoms.
Hydrogen bonds are present.
Non-conductors of electricity.
Volatile liquids or soft solids under room temp.

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Metallic

Crystals

Ionic

Covalent

Molecular

Polar

Non-polar

H - bonded

Molecules of these solids contain polar covalent bonds between H and F, O or N atoms.
Hydrogen bonds are present.
Non-conductors of electricity.
Volatile liquids or soft solids under room temp.
Example is H₂O (ice).

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CV 4

Graphite

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Graphite - Exception of Covalent Or Network Solid

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Graphite - Exception of Covalent Or Network Solid

Exceptional properties of graphite are due to its typical structure.

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Graphite - Exception of Covalent Or Network Solid

Exceptional properties of graphite are due to its typical structure.

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Graphite - Exception of Covalent Or Network Solid

Exceptional properties of graphite are due to its typical structure.

C- atoms are arranged in different layers.

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Graphite - Exception of Covalent Or Network Solid

Exceptional properties of graphite are due to its typical structure.

C- atoms are arranged in different layers.

Each atom is covalently bonded to three

of its neighbouring atoms in same layer.

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Graphite - Exception of Covalent Or Network Solid

Exceptional properties of graphite are due to its typical structure.

C- atoms are arranged in different layers.

Each atom is covalently bonded to three

of its neighbouring atoms in same layer.

Fourth valence electron of each atom is

present between different layers and

is free to move about.

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Graphite - Exception of Covalent Or Network Solid

Exceptional properties of graphite are due to its typical structure.

C- atoms are arranged in different layers.

Each atom is covalently bonded to three

of its neighbouring atoms in same layer.

Fourth valence electron of each atom is

present between different layers and

is free to move about.

Free electrons make it a good conductor.

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Conceptest

Ready for Challenge

100

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101

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution : ? ( NCERT Exercise Q. No. 1.3 Page no. 32)

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102

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution : ? ( NCERT Exercise Q. No. 1.3 Page no. 32)

Pause the Video Time duration 2 minute

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103

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

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104

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

(ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄, (x) LiBr

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105

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

Metallic

(ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄, (x) LiBr

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106

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

Metallic

(ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄, (x) LiBr

(viii) Brass, (ix) Rb

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

107

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

Metallic

Molecular

(ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄, (x) LiBr

(viii) Brass, (ix) Rb

108 of 449

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108

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

Metallic

Molecular

(ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄, (x) LiBr

(viii) Brass, (ix) Rb

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀), (iv) I₂, (v) P₄

109 of 449

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109

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

Metallic

Molecular

Covalent

(ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄, (x) LiBr

(viii) Brass, (ix) Rb

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀), (iv) I₂, (v) P₄

110 of 449

12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

110

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

Metallic

Molecular

Covalent

(ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄, (x) LiBr

(viii) Brass, (ix) Rb

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀), (iv) I₂, (v) P₄

(iii) SiC, (vii) Graphite, (xi) Si

111 of 449

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111

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

Metallic

Molecular

Covalent

(ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄, (x) LiBr

(viii) Brass, (ix) Rb

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀), (iv) I₂, (v) P₄

(iii) SiC, (vii) Graphite, (xi) Si

Amorphous

112 of 449

12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

112

Question : Classify the following as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀) (ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄

(iii) SiC (iv) I₂ (v) P₄ (vi) Plastic (vii) Graphite (viii) Brass (ix) Rb (x) LiBr (xi)Si

Solution :

Ionic

Metallic

Molecular

Covalent

(ii) Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄, (x) LiBr

(viii) Brass, (ix) Rb

(i) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P₄O₁₀), (iv) I₂, (v) P₄

(iii) SiC, (vii) Graphite, (xi) Si

Amorphous

(vi) Plastic

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12C01.1 Solid State & its Classification

113

: Reference Questions :

Intext Questions : 1.1, 1.2,1.3 ,1.6, 1.7, 1.9 (NCERT)

Exercise Question : 1.1 ,1.9 (NCERT)

Work Book : Question 8

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12C01.2

Crystal Structure & Unit Cell

115 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

115

Crystal Lattice, Unit Cell and its Parameters

116 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

116

Crystal Lattice, Unit Cell and its Parameters

Types of Unit Cells

117 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

117

Crystal Lattice, Unit Cell and its Parameters

Types of Unit Cells

Bravais Lattices

118 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

118

Crystal Lattice, Unit Cell and its Parameters

Types of Unit Cells

Bravais Lattices

Number of Atoms in a Cubic Unit Cell

119 of 449

CV 1

Crystal Lattice, Unit Cell and its Parameters

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120

Crystal lattice or space lattice

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121

Each point called Lattice Point

Crystal lattice or space lattice

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122

Each point called Lattice Point

Atom, molecule or ion

Crystal lattice or space lattice

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123

Crystal lattice or space lattice

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124

Unit cell

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125

Unit cell

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126

Parameters of unit cell - 6 parameters

Edge lengths a, b and c.

Angles between the edges :

α, β , γ

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Unit Cells in 2-D :

In two dimensions a parallelogram with side of length ‘a’ and ‘b’ and an angle r between these sides is chosen as unit cell.

127

60°

90°

𝛾

90°

a

b

a

O

a

b

Possible unit cells in two dimensions

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CV 2

Types of Unit Cells

129 of 449

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129

Types of unit cell

130 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

130

Types of unit cell

On the basis of different shapes

131 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

131

Types of unit cell

due to variation in the value of parameters

On the basis of different shapes

132 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

132

Types of unit cell

On the basis of positions of the particles.

due to variation in the value of parameters

On the basis of different shapes

133 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

133

Types of unit cell

On the basis of positions of the particles.

due to variation in the value of parameters

On the basis of different shapes

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134

Unit Cell

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135

Cubic

Unit Cell

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

136

Tetragonal

Cubic

Unit Cell

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

137

Tetragonal

Cubic

Unit Cell

Orthorhombic

138 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

138

Tetragonal

Cubic

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Orthorhombic

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

139

Tetragonal

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Orthorhombic

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

140

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Orthorhombic

141 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

141

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

142

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Edge lengths: a = b = c

Axial angles:

α = β = γ = 90°

Examples: NaCl, Zinc blende, Cu

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

143

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Edge lengths: a = b ≠ c

Axial angles:

α = β = γ = 90°

Examples: White tin, SnO₂, TiO₂, CaSO₄

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

144

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Edge lengths: a ≠ b ≠ c

Axial angles:

α = β = γ = 90°

Examples: Rhombic sulphur, KNO₃, BaSO₄

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

145

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Edge lengths: a = b ≠ c

Axial angles:

α = β = 90°

γ = 120°

Examples: Graphite, ZnO, CdS

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

146

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Edge lengths: a = b = c

Axial angles:

α = β = γ ≠ 90°

Examples: Calcite (CaCO₃), HgS (cinnabar)

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

147

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Edge lengths: a ≠ b ≠ c

Axial angles:

α = γ = 90°

β ≠ 90°

Examples: Monoclinic sulphur, Na₂SO₄.10H₂O

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

148

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Edge lengths: a ≠ b ≠ c

Axial angles:

α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90°

Examples: K₂Cr₂O₇, CuSO₄. 5H₂O, H₃BO₃

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

149

Types of unit cell

On the basis of positions of the particles.

due to variation in the value of parameters

On the basis of different shapes

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

150

Types of unit cell

On the basis of positions of the particles.

due to variation in the value of parameters

On the basis of different shapes

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

151

Unit cell

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

152

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

153

Body-Centred

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

154

Body-Centred

Constituent particles are present only on the corner positions of a unit cell.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

155 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

155

Body-Centred

Constituent particles are present only on the corner positions of a unit cell.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

156 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

156

Body-Centred

Constituent particles are present only on the corner positions of a unit cell.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

Space-filling

157 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

157

Body-Centred

Constituent particles are present only on the corner positions of a unit cell.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

Space-filling

Actual portions of atoms

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

158

Body-Centred

One or more particles present at positions other than corners in addition to those at corners

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

159 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

159

Body-Centred

One constituent particle (atom, molecule or ion) at its body-centre besides ones that are at its corners.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

160 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

160

Body-Centred

One constituent particle (atom, molecule or ion) at its body-centre besides ones that are at its corners.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

161 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

161

Body-Centred

One constituent particle (atom, molecule or ion) at its body-centre besides ones that are at its corners.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

Space-filling

162 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

162

Body-Centred

One constituent particle (atom, molecule or ion) at its body-centre besides ones that are at its corners.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

Space-filling

Actual portions of atoms

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

163

Body-Centred

Contains atoms at all the corners and at the centre of all the faces of the cube

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

164 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

164

Body-Centred

Contains atoms at all the corners and at the centre of all the faces of the cube

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

165 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

165

Body-Centred

Contains atoms at all the corners and at the centre of all the faces of the cube

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

Space-filling

166 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

166

Body-Centred

Contains atoms at all the corners and at the centre of all the faces of the cube

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

Space-filling

Actual portions of atoms

167 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

167

Body-Centred

One atom is present at centre of any two opposite faces besides the ones present at its corners.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

168 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

168

Body-Centred

One atom is present at centre of any two opposite faces besides the ones present at its corners.

Face-Centred

End-Centred

Centred

Primitive

Unit cell

Open structure

169 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Conceptest

Ready for Challenge

169

170 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : How many lattice points are there in a unit cell of each of the given lattice?

(i) Face-centred cubic (ii) Face-centred tetragonal (iii) Body-centred

Solution : ? ( NCERT Exercise Q. No. 1.8 Page no. 33)

170

171 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : How many lattice points are there in a unit cell of each of the given lattice?

(i) Face-centred cubic (ii) Face-centred tetragonal (iii) Body-centred

Solution : ? ( NCERT Exercise Q. No. 1.8 Page no. 33)

Pause the Video Time duration 2 minute

171

172 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : How many lattice points are there in a unit cell of each of the given lattice?

(i) Face-centred cubic (ii) Face-centred tetragonal (iii) Body-centred

Solution :

172

Total no. of Lattice Points

173 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : How many lattice points are there in a unit cell of each of the given lattice?

(i) Face-centred cubic (ii) Face-centred tetragonal (iii) Body-centred

Solution :

173

Total no. of Lattice Points

Face-centred cubic

Face-centred tetragonal

Body-centred cubic

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : How many lattice points are there in a unit cell of each of the given lattice?

(i) Face-centred cubic (ii) Face-centred tetragonal (iii) Body-centred

Solution :

174

Total no. of Lattice Points

Face-centred cubic

Face-centred tetragonal

Body-centred cubic

8 from the corners

6 from the faces

Total = 14

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : How many lattice points are there in a unit cell of each of the given lattice?

(i) Face-centred cubic (ii) Face-centred tetragonal (iii) Body-centred

Solution :

175

Total no. of Lattice Points

Face-centred cubic

Face-centred tetragonal

Body-centred cubic

8 from the corners

6 from the faces

Total = 14

8 from the corners

6 from the faces

Total = 14

176 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : How many lattice points are there in a unit cell of each of the given lattice?

(i) Face-centred cubic (ii) Face-centred tetragonal (iii) Body-centred

Solution :

176

Total no. of Lattice Points

Face-centred cubic

Face-centred tetragonal

Body-centred cubic

8 from the corners

6 from the faces

Total = 14

8 from the corners

6 from the faces

Total = 14

8 from the corners

1 from the centre

Total = 9

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CV 3

Bravais Lattices

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

178

Bravais Lattices:

A French mathematician, Bravais, showed

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

179

Bravais Lattices:

There are only 14 possible three dimensional lattices.

A French mathematician, Bravais, showed

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

180

Unit Cell

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

181

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

182 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

182

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Body-centred

Primitive

Face-centred

183 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

183

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Primitive

Body -centred

184 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

184

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Primitive

Face-centred

End-centred

Body-centred

185 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

185

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Primitive

186 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

186

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Primitive

187 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

187

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Primitive

End-centred

188 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

188

Tetragonal

Monoclinic

Cubic

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

Unit Cell

Triclinic

Orthorhombic

Primitive

189 of 449

CV 4

Number of Atoms in a Cubic Unit Cell

190 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Number of Atoms in a Cubic Unit Cell

We shall consider three types of cubic unit cells and for simplicity assume that the constituent particle is an atom.

190

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Insert : -

ALC C15.1.3 - (Hinglish)

Time Stamps are : -

1:53 - 3:38

3:42 - 4:55

4:59 - 6:15

191

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Conceptest

Ready for Challenge

192

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners

of the cube and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution : ? ( NCERT Exercise Q. no. 1.12 page no. 33)

193

194 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners

of the cube and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution : ? ( NCERT Exercise Q. no. 1.12 page no. 33)

Pause the Video Time duration 2 minute

194

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners

of the cube and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

195

In a given cubic solid

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners

of the cube and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

196

In a given cubic solid

P present at the body-centre

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners

of the cube and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

197

In a given cubic solid

P present at the body-centre

No. of P atoms = 1

198 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners

of the cube and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

198

In a given cubic solid

P present at the body-centre

Q present at the corners

No. of P atoms = 1

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners

of the cube and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

199

In a given cubic solid

P present at the body-centre

Q present at the corners

No. of P atoms = 1

No. of Q atoms = 8 * ⅛ = 1

200 of 449

12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Question : A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners

of the cube and P at the body-centre. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

200

In a given cubic solid

P present at the body-centre

Q present at the corners

No. of P atoms = 1

No. of Q atoms = 8 * ⅛ = 1

Formula of compound = PQ

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12C01.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

201

: Reference Questions :

Intext Questions : 1.10, 1.11 ,1.12 ,1.13 (NCERT page no. 14)

Workbook Question : Question no. 14

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12C01.3

Close Packed Structures

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12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

203

Close Packing in One Dimension

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12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

204

Close Packing in One Dimension

Close Packing in Two Dimensions

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12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

205

Close Packing in One Dimension

Close Packing in Two Dimensions

Close Packing in Three Dimensions

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12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

206

Close Packing in One Dimension

Close Packing in Two Dimensions

Close Packing in Three Dimensions

Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids filled

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12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

207

Close Packing in One Dimension

Close Packing in Two Dimensions

Close Packing in Three Dimensions

Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids filled

Locating Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids

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CV 1

Close Packing in 1D and 2D

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packed Structures

In solids

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packed Structures

In solids

Constituent particles:

Close-packed

- Identical hard spheres

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packed Structures

In solids

Constituent particles:

Close-packed

- Identical hard spheres

3D structure in 3 steps

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packed Structures

In solids

Constituent particles:

Close-packed

- Identical hard spheres

3D structure in 3 steps

Close Packing in 1D

Close Packing in 2D

Close Packing in 3D

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packed Structures

In solids

Constituent particles:

Close-packed

- Identical hard spheres

3D structure in 3 steps

Close Packing in 1D

Close Packing in 2D

Close Packing in 3D

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 1D

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 1D

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 1D

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Contact with 2 neighbours

Close Packing in 1D

218 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Contact with 2 neighbours

Coordination no. = 2

Close Packing in 1D

219 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packed Structures

In solids

Constituent particles:

Close-packed

- Identical hard spheres

3D structure in 3 steps

Close Packing in 1D

Close Packing in 2D

Close Packing in 3D

220 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packed Structures

In solids

Constituent particles:

Close-packed

- Identical hard spheres

3D structure in 3 steps

Close Packing in 1D

Close Packing in 2D

Close Packing in 3D

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 2D

222 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 2D

It can be generated by placing the rows of close packed spheres

223 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 2D

It can be generated by placing the rows of close packed spheres

2 different ways

224 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 2D

It can be generated by placing the rows of close packed spheres

2 different ways

A

225 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 2D

It can be generated by placing the rows of close packed spheres

2 different ways

A

B

A

226 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 2D

It can be generated by placing the rows of close packed spheres

2 different ways

A

B

A

227 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

228 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

229 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

AAA type of arrangement

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

Spheres are aligned horizontally & vertically

AAA type of arrangement

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

Spheres are aligned horizontally & vertically

Contact with 4 neighbours. coordination no. is = 4

AAA type of arrangement

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

Spheres are aligned horizontally & vertically

Contact with 4 neighbours. coordination no. is = 4

AAA type of arrangement

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

Spheres are aligned horizontally & vertically

Contact with 4 neighbours. coordination no. is = 4

AAA type of arrangement

Square close packing in 2D

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 2D

It can be generated by placing the rows of close packed spheres

2 different ways

A

B

A

236 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

237 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

B

A

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

A

B

A

239 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

B

A

B

A

ABAB type of arrangement

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

B

A

B

A

ABAB type of arrangement

Less free space.

More efficient Packing

241 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

B

A

B

A

Less free space.

More efficient Packing

Contact with 6 neighbours.

coordination no. = 6

ABAB type of arrangement

242 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

B

A

B

A

Less free space.

More efficient Packing

Contact with 6 neighbours.

coordination no. = 6

ABAB type of arrangement

2-D hexagonal close packing

243 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

B

A

B

A

Less free space.

More efficient Packing

Contact with 6 neighbours.

coordination no. = 6

ABAB type of arrangement

Triangular voids

2-D hexagonal close packing

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CV 2

Close Packing in 3D, Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids, Hexagonal and Cubic Close Packing

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packed Structures

In solids

Constituent particles:

Close-packed

- Identical hard spheres

3D structure in 3 steps

Close Packing in 1D

Close Packing in 2D

Close Packing in 3D

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

247 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

3D close packing from 2D H.C.P layers

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

3D close packing from 2D H.C.P layers

249 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

250 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

Perfectly aligned Spheres

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

Perfectly aligned Spheres

AAA.. type pattern

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

Perfectly aligned Spheres

Simple cubic lattice with primitive cubic unit cell

AAA.. type pattern

253 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

3D close packing from 2D H.C.P layers

Placing 3rd layer

Placing 2nd layer

254 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

3D close packing from 2D H.C.P layers

Placing 3rd layer

Placing 2nd layer

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Tetrahedral and Octahedral voids are formed

Placing 2nd layer

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Tetrahedral and Octahedral voids

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Tetrahedral and Octahedral voids

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Tetrahedral and Octahedral voids

Tetrahedral void

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Tetrahedral and Octahedral voids

Tetrahedral void

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Tetrahedral and Octahedral voids

Tetrahedral void

Octahedral void

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

If the number of close packed spheres be N

Number of voids

Number of octahedral voids = N

Number of tetrahedral voids = 2N

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

3D close packing from 2D H.C.P layers

Placing 3rd layer

Placing 2nd layer

263 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

3D close packing from 2D H.C.P layers

Placing 3rd layer

Placing 2nd layer

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

264 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

3D close packing from 2D H.C.P layers

Placing 3rd layer

Placing 2nd layer

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

Covering Octahedral Voids

265 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

3D close packing from 2D H.C.P layers

Placing 3rd layer

Placing 2nd layer

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

Covering Octahedral Voids

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

267 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

Tetrahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

Tetrahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

Tetrahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

ABAB Pattern

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

Tetrahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

ABAB Pattern

Hexagonal close packed structure (hcp)

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

Tetrahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

ABAB Pattern

Hexagonal close packed structure (hcp)

Ex. - Mg , Zn

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in 3D

3D close packing from 2D S.C.P. layers

3D close packing from 2D H.C.P layers

Placing 3rd layer

Placing 2nd layer

Covering Tetrahedral Voids

Covering Octahedral Voids

273 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Octahedral Voids

274 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Octahedral Voids

Octahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

275 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Octahedral Voids

Octahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Octahedral Voids

Octahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

ABCABC pattern

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Octahedral Voids

Octahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

ABCABC pattern

Cubic close packed (ccp) or face centred cubic (fcc) structure

278 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Covering Octahedral Voids

Octahedral voids of the 2nd layer covered by the spheres of the 3rd layer

ABCABC pattern

Cubic close packed (ccp) or face centred cubic (fcc) structure

Ex. - Cu ,Ag

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CV 3

Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled, Locating Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids

280 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Positions of Ions in Ionic Solids

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Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Positions of Ions in Ionic Solids

Bigger ions (usually anions) form the close packed structure and the smaller ions (usually cations) occupy the voids

282 of 449

Close Packed Structure

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Positions of Ions in Ionic Solids

Bigger ions (usually anions) form the close packed structure and the smaller ions (usually cations) occupy the voids

Fraction of octahedral or tetrahedral voids that are occupied, depends upon the chemical formula of the compound

283 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Locating Tetrahedral Voids

283

ccp or fcc unit cell

284 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

284

Fcc unit cell 8 small cubes Each small cube has 4 atoms

ccp or fcc unit cell

285 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

285

Fcc unit cell 8 small cubes Each small cube has 4 atoms

Regular tetrahedron

ccp or fcc unit cell

286 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

286

Fcc unit cell 8 small cubes Each small cube has 4 atoms

Tetrahedral void in each small cube = 1

Tetrahedral

voids in unit cell = 8

Regular tetrahedron

ccp or fcc unit cell

287 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

287

Fcc unit cell 8 small cubes Each small cube has 4 atoms

Tetrahedral void in each small cube = 1

Tetrahedral

voids in unit cell = 8

Regular tetrahedron

No. of atoms = 4

No. of Tetrahedral voids = 8

ccp or fcc unit cell

288 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Locating Octahedral Voids

288

ccp or fcc unit cell

289 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

289

Body centre, C is surrounded by 6 atoms on face centres

ccp or fcc unit cell

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12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

290

Body centre, C is surrounded by 6 atoms on face centres

Octahedron

ccp or fcc unit cell

291 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

291

Body centre, C is surrounded by 6 atoms on face centres

Octahedral void at body centre of cube = 1

Octahedral voids at centre of all the 12 edges = 12

Total Voids= 12*¼ + 1 = 4

Total atoms in ccp unit cell = 4 = Total octahedral voids

Octahedron

ccp or fcc unit cell

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12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Conceptest

Ready for Challenge

292

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12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Question : A compound is formed by two elements X and Y. Atoms of the element Y (as

anions) make ccp and those of the element X (as cations) occupy all the

octahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution : ? ( NCERT Example 1.1 Page no. 18)

293

294 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Question : A compound is formed by two elements X and Y. Atoms of the element Y (as

anions) make ccp and those of the element X (as cations) occupy all the

octahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution : ? ( NCERT Example 1.1 Page no. 18)

Pause the Video Time duration 2 minute

294

295 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Question : A compound is formed by two elements X and Y. Atoms of the element Y (as

anions) make ccp and those of the element X (as cations) occupy all the

octahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

295

Compound is formed by elements X and Y

296 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Question : A compound is formed by two elements X and Y. Atoms of the element Y (as

anions) make ccp and those of the element X (as cations) occupy all the

octahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

296

Compound is formed by elements X and Y

Atoms of the element

Y (anions) make ccp

Atoms of Y = 4

297 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Question : A compound is formed by two elements X and Y. Atoms of the element Y (as

anions) make ccp and those of the element X (as cations) occupy all the

octahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

297

Compound is formed by elements X and Y

Atoms of the element

Y (anions) make ccp

element X (cations) occupy

all octahedral voids

Atoms of Y = 4

Atoms of X = 4

298 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

Question : A compound is formed by two elements X and Y. Atoms of the element Y (as

anions) make ccp and those of the element X (as cations) occupy all the

octahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?

Solution :

298

Compound is formed by elements X and Y

Atoms of the element

Y (anions) make ccp

element X (cations) occupy

all octahedral voids

Atoms of Y = 4

Atoms of X = 4

X : Y = 1 : 1

Formula of compound = XY

299 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

299

: Reference Questions :

Intext Question : 1.14, 1.16 (NCERT page no. 23)

Exercise Question : 1.7, 1.19 (NCERT page no. 33)

Work Book Question : 10, 15

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12C01.4

Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

301 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

301

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

302

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

303 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

303

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

Crystal Density

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CV 1

Packing Efficiency and Coordination Number

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

305

Packing Efficiency

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

306

Packing Efficiency

P.E. in

hcp and ccp Structures

P.E. in Simple Cubic Lattice

P.E. in bcc Structures

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

307

Packing Efficiency

P.E. in

hcp and ccp Structures

P.E. in Simple Cubic Lattice

P.E. in bcc Structures

308 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

308

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

309 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

309

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

F

A

B

H

D

G

E

a

C

310 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

310

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

b

F

C

A

B

H

D

G

E

a

r

311 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

311

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

b

F

C

A

B

H

D

G

E

a

r

Coordination Number = 12

312 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

312

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

b

F

C

A

B

H

D

G

E

a

r

Coordination Number = 12

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

313 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

313

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

b

F

C

A

B

H

D

G

E

a

r

Coordination Number = 12

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

In ∆ ABC, AC² = b² = BC² + AB²

b² = a²+a² = 2a² or b = √2 a

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

314

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

b

F

C

A

B

H

D

G

E

a

r

Coordination Number = 12

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

In ∆ ABC, AC² = b² = BC² + AB²

b² = a²+a² = 2a² or b = √2 a

We know, b = 4r, thus, √2 a = 4r

a = 2√2 r

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

315

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

b

F

C

A

B

H

D

G

E

a

r

Coordination Number = 12

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

a = 2√2 r

316 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

316

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

b

F

C

A

B

H

D

G

E

a

r

Coordination Number = 12

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

a = 2√2 r

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

317

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

b

F

C

A

B

H

D

G

E

a

r

P.E = 74%

Coordination Number = 12

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

a = 2√2 r

318 of 449

CV 2

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

319 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

319

Packing Efficiency

P.E. in

hcp and ccp Structures

P.E. in Simple Cubic Lattice

P.E. in bcc Structures

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

320

F

E

H

C

A

B

D

G

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

321 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

321

E

H

F

C

A

B

D

G

r

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

b

a

c

322 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

322

E

H

F

C

A

B

D

G

r

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

Coordination Number = 8

b

a

c

323 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

323

E

H

F

C

A

B

D

G

r

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

Coordination Number = 8

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

b

a

c

324 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

324

E

H

F

C

A

B

D

G

r

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

Coordination Number = 8

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

In ∆ EFD, b² = a² + a² = 2a², thus, b = √2 a

Now in ∆ AFD

c²= a² + b² = a² + 2a² = 3a², thus, c = √3a

Now, √3a = 4r, thus, a = 4r/√3

b

a

c

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

325

E

H

F

C

A

B

D

G

r

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

Coordination Number = 8

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

a = 4r/√3

b

a

c

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

326

E

H

F

C

A

B

D

G

r

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

Coordination Number = 8

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

a = 4r/√3

b

a

c

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

327

E

H

F

C

A

B

D

G

r

Packing Efficiency in bcc Structures

Coordination Number = 8

P.E = 68%

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

a = 4r/√3

b

a

c

328 of 449

CV 3

Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

329 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

329

Packing Efficiency

P.E. in

hcp and ccp Structures

P.E. in Simple Cubic Lattice

P.E. in bcc Structures

330 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

330

Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

331 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

331

C

B

D

E

Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

G

F

H

A

332 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

332

C

B

D

E

Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

G

F

H

A

Coordination Number = 6

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

333

C

B

D

E

Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

G

F

H

A

Coordination Number = 6

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

a = 2 r

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

334

C

B

D

E

Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

G

F

H

A

Coordination Number = 6

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

a = 2 r

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

335

C

B

D

E

Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

G

F

H

A

P.E = 52.4%

Coordination Number = 6

Relation b/w edge length (a) and radius(r)

a = 2 r

336 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

336

Revision Table

Characteristics	fcc	bcc	Simple Cubic
No. of atoms (Z)	4	2	1
Coordination no.	12	8	6
Relation b/w a and r	a = 2√2 r	a = 4r/√3	a = 2 r
P.E	74	68	52.4

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CV 4

Crystal Density

338 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

338

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

339

Z × m

No. of atom

Mass of each atom

340 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

340

Z × m

No. of atom

Mass of each atom

Molar mass/Avogadro no. = M/N_A

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

341

Z × m

No. of atom

Mass of each atom

Molar mass/Avogadro no. = M/N_A

Z × M/N_A

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

342

Z × m

No. of atom

Mass of each atom

Molar mass/Avogadro no. = M/N_A

Z × M/N_A

(Edge length)³ = Volume

a³

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12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

343

Z × m

No. of atom

Mass of each atom

Molar mass/Avogadro no. = M/N_A

Z × M/N_A

(Edge length)³ = Volume

a³

344 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

344

Z × m

No. of atom

Mass of each atom

Molar mass/Avogadro no. = M/N_A

Z × M/N_A

(Edge length)³ = Volume

a³

345 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

Conceptest

Ready for Challenge

345

346 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

Question : An element has a bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. The density of the

element is 7.2 g/cm³. How many atoms are present in 208 g of the element?

Solution : ? ( NCERT Example 1.3 Page no. 20)

346

347 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

Question : An element has a bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. The density of the

element is 7.2 g/cm³. How many atoms are present in 208 g of the element?

Solution : ? ( NCERT Example 1.3 Page no. 20)

Pause the Video Time duration 2 minute

347

348 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

Question : An element has a bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. The density of the

element is 7.2 g/cm³. How many atoms are present in 208 g of the element?

Solution : Volume of unit cell = (288 pm)³ = (288×10^-12 m)³ = (288×10^-10 cm)³

= 2.39×10^-23 cm³

348

349 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

Question : An element has a bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. The density of the

element is 7.2 g/cm³. How many atoms are present in 208 g of the element?

Solution : Volume of unit cell = (288 pm)³ = (288×10^-12 m)³ = (288×10^-10 cm)³

= 2.39×10^-23 cm³

349

350 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

Question : An element has a bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. The density of the

element is 7.2 g/cm³. How many atoms are present in 208 g of the element?

Solution : Volume of unit cell = (288 pm)³ = (288×10^-12 m)³ = (288×10^-10 cm)³

= 2.39×10^-23 cm³

350

351 of 449

12C01.4 Packing Efficiency and Crystal Density

Question : An element has a bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. The density of the

element is 7.2 g/cm³. How many atoms are present in 208 g of the element?

Solution : Volume of unit cell = (288 pm)³ = (288×10^-12 m)³ = (288×10^-10 cm)³

= 2.39×10^-23 cm³

351

352 of 449

12C01.3 Close Packed Structures

352

: Reference Questions :

Intext Question : 1.17 (NCERT page no. 24)

Exercise Question : 1.5 (NCERT page no. 32), 1.10 (NCERT page no. 33)

1.13 (NCERT page no. 33), 1.15 (NCERT page no. 33)

1.24 (NCERT page no. 34)

Work Book Question : 16, 17, 18 and 20

353 of 449

12C01.5

Imperfections in Solids

354 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

354

Imperfections in Solids

355 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

355

Imperfections in Solids

Electrical Properties of Solids

356 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

356

Imperfections in Solids

Electrical Properties of Solids

Magnetic Properties of Solids

357 of 449

CV 1

Imperfections in Solids, Point defects

358 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

358

Imperfections or Defects in Solids

359 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

359

Imperfections or Defects in Solids

Point defects

Line defects

360 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

360

Imperfections or Defects in Solids

Point defects

Irregularities from ideal arrangement around a point (atom)

Line defects

361 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

361

Imperfections or Defects in Solids

Point defects

Irregularities from ideal arrangement in entire rows

Irregularities from ideal arrangement around a point (atom)

Line defects

362 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

362

Imperfections or Defects in Solids

Point defects

Irregularities from ideal arrangement in entire rows

Irregularities from ideal arrangement around a point (atom)

Line defects

363 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

363

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

364 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

364

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Don’t disturb the stoichiometry of the solid.

Also called intrinsic or thermodynamic defects

365 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

365

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Don’t disturb the stoichiometry of the solid.

Also called intrinsic or thermodynamic defects

366 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

366

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

367 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

367

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Can be shown by non-ionic solids

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

368 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

368

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Shown by ionic solids

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

369 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

369

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Some of the lattice sites are vacant

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

370 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

370

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Some of the lattice sites are vacant

Decrement in density.

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

371 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

371

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Some of the lattice sites are vacant

Decrement in density.

Also develop on heating

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

372 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

372

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Some atoms or molecules occupy an interstitial site.

373 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

373

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Some atoms or molecules occupy an interstitial site.

Increment in density.

374 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

374

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Smaller ion (cation) moved from normal to interstitial.

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

375 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

375

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Smaller ion (cation) moved from normal to interstitial.

Also called dislocation defect

376 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

376

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Smaller ion (cation) moved from normal to interstitial.

Also called dislocation defect

Density does not change

377 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

377

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Smaller ion (cation) moved from normal to interstitial.

Also called dislocation defect

Density does not change

Ex - ZnS, AgCl, AgBr, AgI

378 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

378

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Number of missing cations and anions are equal.

379 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

379

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Number of missing cations and anions are equal.

380 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

380

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Number of missing cations and anions are equal.

Electrical neutral.

381 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

381

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Number of missing cations and anions are equal.

Electrical neutral.

Density of crystal decrease

382 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

382

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Vacancy Defect

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Interstitial Defect

Frenkel Defect

Schottky Defect

Number of missing cations and anions are equal.

Electrical neutral.

Density of crystal decrease

Ex. - NaCl, KCl, CsCl, AgBr

383 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

383

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Some cationic sites are occupied by other cations

Some Na⁺ sites are replaced by Sr²⁺ ions.

Ex. - solid solution of AgCl & CdCl₂

Na⁺

Sr²⁺

Cl^—

Solid solution of NaCl and SrCl₂

384 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

384

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Some cationic sites are occupied by other cations

Some Na⁺ sites are replaced by Sr²⁺ ions.

Ex. - solid solution of AgCl & CdCl₂

Na⁺

Sr²⁺

Cl^—

Solid solution of NaCl and SrCl₂

385 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

385

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Some cationic sites are occupied by other cations

Some Na⁺ sites are replaced by Sr²⁺ ions.

Ex. - solid solution of AgCl & CdCl₂

Na⁺

Sr²⁺

Cl^—

Solid solution of NaCl and SrCl₂

386 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

386

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Contain the constituent elements in non stoichiometric ratio

387 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

387

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Metal excess

Metal Deficiency

388 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

388

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Metal excess

Metal Deficiency

due to anionic vacancies

389 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

389

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Metal excess

Metal Deficiency

due to anionic vacancies

presence of extra cations

390 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

390

F-centres

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Metal excess

Metal Deficiency

Shown by alkali halides like NaCl

Anions diffuse to surface to react with M and e⁻ diffuse into crys

e^－

due to anionic vacancies

391 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

391

F-centres

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Metal excess

Metal Deficiency

Shown by alkali halides like NaCl

Anions diffuse to surface to react with M and e⁻ diffuse into crystal.

e^－

due to anionic vacancies

392 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

392

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Metal excess

Metal Deficiency

Zinc oxide on heating :-

White Yellow

(Lose oxygen)

Excess Zn²⁺ ions move to interstitial sites and the electrons to neighbouring interstitial s

presence of extra cations

393 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

393

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Metal excess

Metal Deficiency

Zinc oxide on heating :-

White Yellow

(Lose oxygen)

Excess Zn²⁺ ions move to interstitial sites and the electrons to neighbouring interstitial sites

presence of extra cations

394 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

394

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Metal excess

Metal Deficiency

Contain less amount of the metal.

Ex. - Fe_0.95O

Some Fe²⁺ cations are missing and loss of positive charge is made up by required number of Fe³⁺

395 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

395

Point Defects

Non-stoichiometric

Impurity

Stoichiometric

Metal excess

Metal Deficiency

Contain less amount of the metal.

Ex. - Fe_0.95O

Some Fe²⁺ cations are missing and loss of positive charge is made up by required number of Fe³⁺ ions

396 of 449

CV 2

Electrical Properties of Solids, Band Theory

397 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

397

Electrical Properties

Semiconductors

Conductors

Insulators

398 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

398

Electrical Properties

Semiconductors

Conductors

Conductivities ranging b/w 10⁴ to 10⁷ ohm^–1m^–1

Insulators

399 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

399

Electrical Properties

Semiconductors

Conductors

Conductivities ranging b/w 10⁴ to 10⁷ ohm^–1m^–1

Metals are good conductors

Insulators

400 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

400

Electrical Properties

Semiconductors

Conductors

Solids with very low conductivities.

(10^-20 to 10^-10ohm^-1m^-1)

Insulators

401 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

401

Electrical Properties

Semiconductors

Insulators

Conductors

Solids with conductivities in the intermediate range.

(10^-6 to 10⁴ohm^-1m^-1)

402 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

402

Conduction Of Electricity in Conductors

403 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

403

Conduction Of Electricity in Conductors

Metals

Electrolytes

404 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

404

Electrolytes

Aqueous & molten state through movement of ions

Conduction Of Electricity in Conductors

Metals

405 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

405

Electrolytes

Solid and molten state

through movement of electrons

Aqueous & molten state through movement of ions

Conduction Of Electricity in Conductors

Metals

406 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

406

Conduction Of Electricity in Conductors

Metals

Electrolytes

Conductivity depends on valence e⁻ per atom.

Band formation

Solid and molten state

through movement of electrons

407 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

407

Conduction Of Electricity in Conductors

Metals

Electrolytes

Conductivity depends on valence e⁻ per atom.

Band formation

e⁻ can flow easily under an applied electric field.

Solid and molten state

through movement of electrons

408 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

408

Gap between filled valence band & conduction band is large

Conduction of Electricity in Insulators

409 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

409

Gap between filled valence band & conduction band is large

e⁻ cannot jump.

Conduction of Electricity in Insulators

410 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

410

Gap between filled valence band & conduction band is large

e⁻ cannot jump.

Very small conductivity.

Conduction of Electricity in Insulators

411 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

411

Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors

412 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

412

Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors

Gap b/w the bands is small

413 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

413

Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors

Gap b/w the bands is small

Conductivity increases with rise in T.

More electrons can jump.

414 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

414

Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors

Gap b/w the bands is small

Conductivity increases with rise in T.

More electrons can jump.

These are called intrinsic semiconductors

Examples are Si and Ge

415 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

415

Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors

Gap b/w the bands is small

Conductivity increases with rise in T.

More electrons can jump.

These are called intrinsic semiconductors

Examples are Si and Ge

Conductivity of these is too low for practical use,and this is increased by doping.

416 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

416

Doping

417 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

417

Doping

Process of adding impurity to intrinsic semiconductors to increase their conductivity

418 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

418

Doping

Process of adding impurity to intrinsic semiconductors to increase their conductivity

Electron – rich impurities

Electron deficient impurities

419 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

419

n-type semiconductor

Doping

Process of adding impurity to intrinsic semiconductors to increase their conductivity

Electron – rich impurities

Group 14 elements like Si and Ge doped with group 15 elements like P

Delocalised electrons increase the conductivity.

Electron deficient impurities

420 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

420

n-type semiconductor

Doping

Process of adding impurity to intrinsic semiconductors to increase their conductivity

Electron – rich impurities

Group 14 elements like Si and Ge doped with group 15 elements like P

Delocalised electrons increase the conductivity.

Electron deficient impurities

421 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

421

p-type semiconductors

Doping

Process of adding impurity to intrinsic semiconductors to increase their conductivity

Electron – rich impurities

Electron deficient impurities

Group 14 elements (Si, Ge) doped with group 13 elements like B

During the movement of e⁻from one place to other, electron hole is created at original position

422 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

422

p-type semiconductors

Doping

Process of adding impurity to intrinsic semiconductors to increase their conductivity

Electron – rich impurities

Electron deficient impurities

Group 14 elements (Si, Ge) doped with group 13 elements like B

During the movement of e⁻from one place to other, electron hole is created at original position

423 of 449

CV 3

Magnetic Properties of Solids

424 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

424

Origin of Magnetic Behavior of Solids

e⁻in atom behaves like tiny magnet

425 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

425

Origin of Magnetic Behavior of Solids

orbital motion around nucleus

spin around its own axis

e⁻in atom behaves like tiny magnet

426 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

426

Origin of Magnetic Behavior of Solids

orbital motion around nucleus

spin around its own axis

e⁻in atom behaves like tiny magnet

Moving e⁻ (charged particle) has permanent spin and an orbital magnetic moment.

Magnitude of this magnetic moment is very small and it’s unit is Bohr magneton(µB).

1 µB = 9.27 × 10^–24 Am²

427 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

427

Origin of Magnetic Behavior of Solids

orbital motion around nucleus

spin around its own axis

e⁻in atom behaves like tiny magnet

Moving e⁻ (charged particle) has permanent spin and an orbital magnetic moment.

Magnitude of this magnetic moment is very small and it’s unit is Bohr magneton(µB).

1 µB = 9.27 × 10^–24 Am²

428 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

428

Types of substances on the basis of their magnetic properties

429 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

429

Types of substances on the basis of their magnetic properties

diamagnetic

No Unpaired Electrons

430 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

430

Types of substances on the basis of their magnetic properties

paramagnetic

diamagnetic

ferromagnetic

antiferromagnetic

ferrimagnetic

No Unpaired Electrons

Presence of Unpaired Electrons

431 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

431

Domain

Magnetic moment of all the atoms or molecules present in a particular section in the given substance

432 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

432

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples

Magnetic Properties

433 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

433

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic

Magnetic Properties

434 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

434

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic

Magnetic Properties

435 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

435

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted

Magnetic Properties

436 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

436

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺

Magnetic Properties

437 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

437

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic

Magnetic Properties

438 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

438

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic

Magnetic Properties

439 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

439

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted

Magnetic Properties

440 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

440

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted	iron, cobalt, nickel

Magnetic Properties

441 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

441

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted	iron, cobalt, nickel
antiferromagnetic

Magnetic Properties

442 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

442

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted	iron, cobalt, nickel
antiferromagnetic

Magnetic Properties

443 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

443

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted	iron, cobalt, nickel
antiferromagnetic		No attraction

Magnetic Properties

444 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

444

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted	iron, cobalt, nickel
antiferromagnetic		No attraction	MnO

Magnetic Properties

445 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

445

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted	iron, cobalt, nickel
antiferromagnetic		No attraction	MnO
ferrimagnetic

Magnetic Properties

446 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

446

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted	iron, cobalt, nickel
antiferromagnetic		No attraction	MnO
ferrimagnetic

Magnetic Properties

447 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

447

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted	iron, cobalt, nickel
antiferromagnetic		No attraction	MnO
ferrimagnetic		Weakly attracted

Magnetic Properties

448 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

448

Type	Domain Alignment	Magnetic behaviour	Examples
paramagnetic		Weakly attracted	O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
ferromagnetic		Strongly attracted	iron, cobalt, nickel
antiferromagnetic		No attraction	MnO
ferrimagnetic		Weakly attracted	Fe₃O₄, MgFe₂O₄

Magnetic Properties

449 of 449

12C01.5 Imperfections in Solids

449

: Reference Questions :

Intext Question : 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22,1.23,1.24 (NCERT page no. 31)

Exercise Question : 1.17, 1.20, 1.22, 1.23, 1.26 (NCERT page no. 34)

Work Book Question : 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12,13 and 19