Machine Learning Empowered LoRaWAN for Command and Control (C2) Agility
Jahangir H. Sarker* and Ahmed Ghanmi**
*Canadian Joint Warfare Centre **Defence Research and Development Canada Department of National Defence Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
PLACE L2 HERE (DG LEVEL)
Outline of the Presentation
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
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Introduction 1/(4)
No single C2 approach is applicable for all missions and/or circumstances
more complex missions or circumstances require more network-enabled C2
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Allocation of Decision Rights
Patterns of Interaction
Endeavour Complexity
Appropriate C2 Approach
Low
De-conflicted
Medium
Coordinated
Medium-High
Collaborated
High-Very high
Edge
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Distribution of Information
Introduction 2/(4)
No single C2 approach is applicable for all missions and/or circumstances
One should seek an integrated design of the composite networks.
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Problems?
1. Difficult to implement multiple-networks, especially for remote locations and emergency purposes
2. For choosing the appropriate integration of networks, mostly Throughput and Delay are considered.
Cost and Complexity will be very high.
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Introduction 3/(4)
No single C2 approach is applicable for all missions and/or circumstances
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Solution to reduce the Cost and Complexity
1. A single ad hoc network with multiple communications protocols having different efficiency is the solution.
Long range low power wide area network (LoRaWAN) wireless Network
Endeavour Complexity
Appropriate C2 Approach
Low
De-conflicted
Medium
Coordinated
Medium-High
Collaborated
High-Very high
Edge
P1
P2
P3
P4
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Introduction 4/(4)
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Throughput performance
Delay performance
Threat-hazard resiliency performance
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Attacking drones
Swarm technology
Electronic warfare (EW) system adversary.
Communications and information systems (CIS)
System Model and Performances of Conventional Multichannel Slotted ALOHA System�
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
System Model
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System Model and Performances of Conventional Multichannel Slotted ALOHA System�
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
System Background and Basics of Resultant Vector or Readiness
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
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System Model and Performances of Conventional Multichannel Slotted ALOHA System�
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Throughput Performance of Any Multichannel ALOHA System
Throughput per channel
Probability of Success
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Input traffic per channel
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System Model and Performances of Conventional Multichannel Slotted ALOHA System�
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Resultant Vector and Normalized Readiness
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Let throughput performance is S, delay performance is D, and threat-hazard resiliency performance is T as three vectors
The readiness is defined as the resultant vector of these three vectors
The readiness is
The normalized readiness is
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The optimum traffic load G/M to make the throughput Q maximum will play very important role.
Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel pure ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
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Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel pure ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Throughput with M channels pure ALOHA system is
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Throughput performance
After solving the equation
Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel pure ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Normalized delay for pure ALOHA
For Pure ALOHA
Value of normalized delay of Pure ALOHA
Delay performance for Pure ALOHA
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Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel pure ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Threat-hazard resiliency of pure ALOHA is
For Pure ALOHA
Threat-hazard resiliency performance for Pure ALOHA is
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Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel pure ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Performance Metrics
Pure ALOHA
Through performance
Delay performance
Threat-hazard resiliency performance
Readiness
Normalized readiness
0.184
0.368
0.368
0.552
0.319
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Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel slotted ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
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Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel slotted ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Throughput with M channels slotted ALOHA system is
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After solving the equation
Throughput performance
Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel slotted ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
For Slotted ALOHA
Value of normalized delay of slotted ALOHA
Delay performance for slotted ALOHA
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Normalized delay of SA is
Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel slotted ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Threat-hazard resiliency is
For slotted ALOHA
Threat-hazard resiliency performance for slotted ALOHA is
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Performance Analysis of Pure and Slotted ALOHA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
Multichannel slotted ALOHA System
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Performance Metrics
Slotted ALOHA
Through performance
Delay performance
Threat-hazard resiliency performance
Readiness
Normalized readiness
0.368
0.368
0.368
0.637
0.368
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Improved Normalized Readiness with MLeFRSA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
A random access algorithm comprises of machine learning empowered fast retransmission trials and Slotted ALOHA (MLeFRSA)
Group 1
Group 2
Total
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Improved Normalized Readiness with MLeFRSA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Throughput with M channels MLeFRSA system is
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After solving the equation
Improved Normalized Readiness with MLeFRSA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Normalized delay for MLeFRSA
For MLeFRSA
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Delay performance for MLeFRSA
Improved Normalized Readiness with MLeFRSA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Threat-hazard resiliency MLeFRSA
For MLeFRSA
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Threat-hazard resiliency performance for MLeFRSA
Improved Normalized Readiness with MLeFRSA��
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Performance Metrics
MLeFRSA
Through performance
Delay performance
Threat-hazard resiliency performance
Readiness
Normalized readiness
0.6004
0.6004
0.6004
1.0399
0.6004
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Discussion 1/(2)
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Performance Metrics
Pure ALOHA
Slotted ALOHA
MLeFRSA
Max. Value
Throughput performance
0.184
0.368
0.6004
1
Delay performance
0.368
0.368
0.6004
1
Threat-hazard resiliency performance
0.368
0.368
0.6004
1
Readiness
0.552
0.637
1.0399
Normalized readiness
0.319
0.368
0.6004
1
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Discussion 2/(2)
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
Normalized readiness
0.319
0.368
0.6004
1
Performance Metrics
Pure ALOHA
Slotted ALOHA
MLeFRSA
Max. Value
Endeavour Complexity
Appropriate C2 Approach
Low
De-conflicted
Medium
Coordinated
Medium-High
Collaborated
High-Very high
Edge
Appropriate Communications Algorithm
Pure ALOHA
Slotted ALOHA
MLeFRSA
Future RA
Same network
LoRaWAN
Cost and Complexity will reduce significantly
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Low
Medium
Medium-High
High-Very high
Conclusions and Future Works
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
There is no single best approach networks that support C2.
Implementation of a single ad hoc network with multiple communications algorithms reduce the cost and complexity significantly;
at the same time may fulfill the requirements of C2 Agility.
EW and Communications and information systems (CIS)
Therefore, threat-hazard resiliency performance
C2 agility and a hypothetical relationship between the appropriate communications algorithms, appropriate C2 Approaches and endeavour complex missions have also been presented in this paper.
Effects of human-in-the-loop and human-on-the-loop on C2 is one of our future research works.
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
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Questions?
J. H. Sarker & A. Ghanmi
27th ICCRTS October 25-27, 2022
You can also send your question to:
dr_jahangir_h_sarker@yahoo.com
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Thank you for your kind attention