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CHAPTER - 2�PEOPLE AS RESOURCE�

CLASS – IX

T. Parambir Singh

PGT Economics, JNV Anantnag

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PART - 1�TOPICS

  • MEANING OF RESOURCE
  • TYPES OF RESOURCES
  • IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE

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MEANING OF RESOURCE

  • RESOURCE IS ANYTHING THAT CAN BE USED TO SATISFY A NEED / WANT.
  • EXAMPLE: MOBILE PHONES HELPS US IN CONNECTING PEOPLE. THEREFORE, MOBILE PHONE IS A RESOURCE. OTHER EXAMPLES INCLUDE WATER, FOREST, SOIL, LAPTOP, ETC.

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TYPES OF RESOURCES�

  • NATURAL RESOURCE: - Resources that are drawn from nature and used without much modification are known as Natural Resources.
  • HUMAN MADE RESOURCE: - People use natural resources to make buildings bridges, roads, machinery, vehicles, etc. These are made by man for various uses and are human made resources.
  • HUMAN RESOURCE : - It refers to the number (quantity) and ability (mental and physical) of the people.

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IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE

  • When the population of a country is given education, training and medical facilities then it becomes human capital.
  • Human resource shows its ability to contribute to the creation of the Gross National Product (GNP).
  • Education, training and medical facilities added to the quality of labour. This enhances his total productivity and contribute to the economic growth.
  • Human capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital as human resource can make use of land and capital.

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IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE

  • Society also gains indirectly because the advantages of more educated or a healthier population spreads to those who themselves were not directly educated or given healthcare.
  • Improving the quality of people’s skill so that they are able to create more resources is known as Human Resource Development(HRD).
  • HRD Ministry was created in 1985 to improve people’s skill.

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CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES INTO SECTORS

  • PRIMARY SECTOR
  • Primary sector is concerned with the utilization of raw materials from nature
  • Includes agriculture, mining, forestry, poultry farming, fishing, hunting and food gathering.
  • SECONDARY SECTOR
  • Manufactures finished goods.
  • It uses the output of the primary sector
  • Includes automobile production, breweries and bottling, construction, ship building, etc.

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CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES INTO SECTORS

  • TERTIARY SECTOR
  • It is also called service sector. It provides services to the general population and business.
  • The activities include banking, finance, insurance, investment, transportation, information, and communications services, etc.
  • Services are intangible goods
  • All the activities under the three sectors result in production of goods and services adding value to national income. These activities are termed as Economic Activities.

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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

  • MARKET ACTIVITIES
  • Production activities that involve remuneration to anyone who performs.
  • Activities performed for pay or profit
  • For eg. Govt services
  • NON-MARKET ACTIVITIES
  • Production of goods and services for self-consumption
  • Can be consumption and processing of primary product and own account production of fixed assets.

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LABOUR DIVISION BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

  • WOMEN
  • Looks after household activities
  • Due to low education and low skilled formation most women work in less job security areas.
  • MEN
  • Works in the fields for earning
  • Generally paid higher than that of women

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QUALITY OF POPULATION

  • Literacy Rate:
  • It measures the proportion of literate population in the age group of 7 and above
  • Health:
  • Indicated by life expectancy. Life expectancy is the number of years that an average person can expect to live
  • Skill formation:
  • Can be acquired by giving training to the labour force. Budget 2020-21 allocated Rs. 3000 crores for skill development.

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EDUCATION

  • Importance of Education
  • Important for economic growth
  • It is a right and also needed for proper performance of duties
  • Contributes to growth of society
  • Increases the efficiency of governance
  • Promotes cultural richness

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TRENDS IN EDUCATION SECTOR

  • Literacy rate increased

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  • Vast differences observed across different sections
  • Male literacy rate 16.6% higher than female
  • Urban literacy rate is 16.1% higher than that of rural areas
  • Literacy rate in Kerala is 94% and in Bihar it is 62% according to 2011 census

1951

2010-11

18%

74%

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GOVERNMENT ACTION ON EDUCATION

  • Vocational streams developed
  • Increase expenditure as a percentage of GDP

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  • Budget 2020-21 proposes to provide about Rs. 99300 crores
  • Schemes launched – SSA (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan) launched in 2001 RMSA (Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan) launched in March 2009

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1950-51

2015-16

0.64

3.0

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Growth in the number of Universities and institutions of higher learning

Year

No. of colleges

No. of Universities

Students

Teachers

1950-51

750

30

2,63,000

24,000

2015-16

41,435

753

2,84,84,741

14,38,000

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HEALTH

  • It is not only of absence of disease but also the ability to realise one’s potential
  • Indicators of health – Infant Mortality Rate, Death Rate
  • Improvement in the health of population – a top priority
  • Health infrastructure includes – hospitals, doctors, nurses and other paramedical professionals, beds, equipment required in hospitals and well developed pharmaceutical industry
  • Should be accessible to all the people

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Govt action on health facilities

  • NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION
  • Launched in 2013
  • To enable equitable, affordable and quality healthcare facilities
  • SWACHH BHARAT MISSION
  • Launched in Oct 2nd 2014
  • Attaining an open defecation free India
  • NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2017
  • Expenditure on health to be increased from 1.15% of GDP to 2.5% of GDP by 2025

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UNEMPLOYMENT

  • Unemployment is said to exist when people in the age group of 15-59 years is willing to work at the going wage rate but cannot find job
  • It leads to wastage of manpower
  • Poverty increases
  • Tends to increase economic overload
  • Quality of life and that of society is adversely affected

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Types of unemployment

  • Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year.
  • Disguised Unemployment: When a work requires the services of five people but engages eight people. Three people are extra. If these three people can be removed without affecting productivity, then these three people are said to be disguisedly unemployed.
  • Educated Unemployment: when aperson is educated and he is not able to find a suitable and efficient job, then he is an educated unemployed person.

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EMPLOYMENT SCENARIO IN THE THREE SECTORS

  • AGRICULTURE
  • Most labour absorbing sector (54.6% of population acc. To 2011 census)
  • SECONDARY SECTOR
  • Small scale enterprise absorbs the most labour force in secondary sector
  • TERTIARY SECTOR
  • Share of services in employment in 2014 is 28.7%
  • Key driver of economic growth

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EMPLOYMENT GENERATION

  • More investment in agriculture and related activities
  • Development of infrastructure
  • Providing of loans