GEOGRAPHY CASE STUDY DETAIL
(JAWAD UDDIN)
GLOBAL HAZARDS
500000 buildings destroyed including 12000 schools.
Disaster Relief Fund of $5 billion in emergency aid. Aid from NGOs
74000 homeless, 94 dead, 282 missing.
Groundwater dropped by 33%.
Thames Water reduced leakages by 30% over 6 years, replacing 1200 miles of pipe in intervals.
NEPAL 2015 EARTHQUAKE
7.8 magnitude, shallow focus, epicentre near Kathmandu.
9000 dead, 22000 injured
Hindered graduation to EDC by 2022
500000 buildings destroyed including 12000 schools.
70% of village building destroyed
Earthquake drills in schools, agencies helping people build earthquake-stable homes.
Dharahara monument destroyed
In kathmandu 1000 healthcare facilities destroyed
3000000 left homeless after landslides
90% of Nepalese army deployed. 4000 foreign military personnel.
Drones used in mountainous areas in rescue efforts.
Disaster Relief Fund of $5 billion in emergency aid. Aid from NGOs
3mil grant from asian development bank
UK government gave £33 million in aid.
Close monitoring of fault lines. Developing technology.
EHRP financially supported Nepalese government’s Housing Reconstruction Program, built over 700000 earthquake resilient houses.
7-10 bn dollar damage 35% of gdp
HURRICANE DORIAN 2019
Aug/Sep 2019, 1mph progress, peak speed 200mph.
Bahamas GDP = 32000, 9% under poverty line. Clean water access = 97%, life expectancy = 73
2 doctors per 1000 people
13000 homes destroyed, damage totalling $3.4bn
74000 homeless, 94 dead, 282 missing.
Floods covered 60% of the island.
Warnings issued by USA National Hurricane Centre 5 days in advance
High Rock – 500 lived there, 17 missing
Residents evacuated inland, tourist resorts closed and shelters opened.
World Food Programme provided 14700 meals
UN provided $1m in aid
Little long-term response as COVID-19 struck soon after.
UK 2012 DROUGHT
Sep 2010 – Mar 2012, driest 18 months in 100 years. SE of UK affected most strongly –
London drought, Birmingham high risk, Leeds normal.
Average 150L / day / person
Thames Water reduced leakages by 30% over 6 years, replacing 1200 miles of pipe in intervals.
Groundwater dropped by 33%.
Losing 1 gallon per minute in Hampstead.
Low oxygen flow and algal blooms in River Severn.
Fish rescued.
100000 relying on water transfer schemes
7 companies imposing bans on 20m people.
Hosepipe bans, £100 fine. Lacked enforcement
1 litre saved, 4 litres lost
25-30% of Thames Water never reaches distribution taps. For comparison, it's 9% in Paris
DISTINCTIVE LANDSCAPES
The river Clyde - source is Southern uplands of Scotland, in the Lowther hills.
Hydrobrake - 2.59 billion litres held back. Reduces Glasgow discharge by 50%.
9600 properties at risk. Population = 1.7m
Swanage Bay - acres of sandstone and clay. 1980s, rock armour at base of cliff
Swanage - concrete/stone sea walls + 1920s timber groynes - extensions - starving sediment
Studland beach huts placed further back as managed retreat - main source of revenue
RIVER CLYDE
1124 - 1717 rainfall in mm/yr
9600 properties at risk.
Pop = 1.7m over 30000km2, 86% rural, 14% urban.
10 schools/hospitals,
110 utility assets,
1 airport,
92km2 of agricultural land, &
a World Heritage Site all at risk.
Source: Lowther Hills (greywhake+shale, interlocking spurs), southern uplands of Scotland.
Mouth: Estuary into Firth of Clyde, then into Atlantic, eastern coast
Glasgow on floodplain, 5m above sea level.
Falls of Clyde near Lanark. Tallest fall is Cora Linn (27m) controlled by relative bedrock resistance: sandstone overlying mudstone. Angle made by top of falls oblique to main channel – falls retreated asymmetrically
Meanders between Glasgow and Motherwell. Lower Clyde valley/estuary underlain by 300-400my old sedimentary rock – coal, ironstone, and limestone mined and quarried here!
Oxbow lakes between Uddington and Newton, making meanders migrate faster
RIVER CLYDE: MANAGEMENT
Lanark hydro-electric scheme: 3 waterfalls, oldest 2 power stations for hydro in UK. Can generate 17MW = 17000 homes: no dam!
Hydrobrake - 2.59 billion litres held back. 45% max reduction during peak flows.
200 years protection with it.
Folding demountable defences up to 2m above sea level – made from lightweight aluminium panels and lock into place.
But only a temporary solution, unsuitable for new buildings
3-hour advance flood warnings for homes / business at risk
SEPA (Scottish Environmental Protection Agency) operates 17 river flood warning systems, covers 12000 properties. Awareness raising and emergency plan / responses.
Self-help schemes and a ‘floodline’ recommended to homes / businesses
DORSET COAST
Swanage/Studland Bay - acres of sandstone and clay.
Durdle Door Arch - erosion opened a hole in the limestone headland
Dorset Coast - south coast of England - cities include Portland, Weymouth, and Poole.
Home to 140000, cultural ties.
Old Harry and Old Harry’s Wife – chalk stack and stump
The Foreland – chalk headland either side of Swanage Bay, not eroded as much
Hurst Spit
Vital for the local and national economy. 100 fishing boats dock here.
Known for luxury yacht building, supports many jobs – more expensive to let it get eroded.
Day tourists spent £107m in 2008
Home to Wych Farm – largest oil well in Europe. Conservation areas like Brownsea island home to red squirrels
DORSET COAST: MANAGEMENT
Swanage Bay - 1980s, rock armour at base of cliff, groundwater drained for stability, to reduce slippage of limestone beds.
Concrete/stone sea walls + 1920s timber groynes – extension in 1930 starving sediment, so had to extend again in 1960.
1.8km of coastal defence, late 1990s review carried out to determine best way to retain sediment, dissipate wave energy, and reduce flooding.
Swanage – 2005 beach replenishment, 90000m3 of sand put on beach, but 40000m3 more needed every 20 years
Studland beach huts placed further back as managed retreat - main source of revenue
Completed in June 2006, cost of £2.2m
SUSTAINING ECOSYSTEMS
Yasuni National Park - 1 ha has more species than US. 846m barrels of oil under park. Avoid 407m tonnes CO2
Ecotourism - Yachana Lodge has 14 cabins for 30 people, made with sustainably sourced timber. Local based
Annually, around 2000 Bowhead whales stop off at CRWS (Clyde River Wildlife Sanctuary) and feed off two deep underwater troughs rich with zooplankton.
The arctic council is a high level, inter-governmental forum to provide a means for promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic states. >8 countries
4 million people live in the Arctic, mostly in Russia (1.98mil).
TRF MANAGEMENT, S AMERC
(Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador)
Yasuni National Park - 1 ha has more species than US. 846m barrels of oil under park. Avoid 407m tonnes CO2
SUMAK Allpa = NGO. Translocating animals - conservation, but expensive, small scale. Not helping people much.
Ecotourism - Yachana Lodge has 14 cabins for 30 people, made with sustainably sourced timber. Local based with solar panels.
Timber must be harvested under management plan. Microcredit schemes - $12000 loan bought wood tools.
Worth 13.6bn, and despite internationally signed agreements, extraction went ahead anyways in 2014.
112m2 for banana trees - maintain soil fertility. FSC can account for 1/2 of income of small-scale farmers
CLYDE RIVER WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - local
Canada's first marine wildlife sanctuary, protected area. Extends 12 nautical miles from coast, or approx. 13 miles
Covers 3360sqkm. Protects up to 2000 bowhead whales. About 1000 Innuits live around Clyde River
Annually, around 2000 Bowhead whales stop off at CRWS (Clyde River Wildlife Sanctuary) and feed off two deep underwater troughs rich with zooplankton.
Bowhead whale killed in 2014 by Innuits, as part of a sustainable management strategy to rebuild whale population, but allow Innuits to carry on an ancient tradition
The bowhead whale annual range stretches from Hudson Bay to the west coast of Greenland (surrounding Baffin Isl.)
ARCTIC COUNCIL-
Arctic Council (formed on 19th Sep 1996). Remember, the Arctic is defined as the area within the Arctic Circle, a line of latitude about 66.5° north.
4 million people live in the Arctic, mostly in Russia (1.98mil).
Most of the Arctic's potential resources are in Russia (mostly gas)
The Arctic Council is a high level, inter-governmental forum to provide a means for promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the 8 Arctic states
1. Greater Scientific Cooperation
2. Cooperation on Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response
3. Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue
Passing something in the council with all these fragile relations between global superpowers must be taken very carefully.
Council frozen due to Russian-Ukrainian War
The Council has no devoted task force working against climate change, although it has done better than any other regional forum to document climate change impacts (e.g. 2004 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment)
URBAN FUTURES
Mexico City 2010, 46.5% households with cars
60% of jobs in the informal economy
EcoBici - piblic bicycle system. 250 station, 3680 bikes.
15% of city population are ethnic minorities. 1950s commonwealth + West Indians + WW2 refugees
At South Bank, 300000 square metres of development land available
Housing city - 1999 empty homes since april 2012
MEXICO CITY – WAY OF LIFE
Commuting time 50% longer due to traffic. 950 deaths due to it in 2012.
70% has less than 12 hours of running water
60% of jobs in the informal economy. 25000 taco stands
478 crimes / day, Housing crisis.
10% of the population of Mexico City are migrants.
853 slums - Neza Chalco Itza - 1,000,000 ppl,
Las Casitas - 1500 next to a dump - 5000 officers evicted them.
Iztapalapa – most cases of gastrointestinal infection
Mexico City 2010, 46.5% households with cars , 30m car trips per day.
Barrio Chino diaspora, celebrates Chinese New year with festivals.
Sunday = dancing day
Attraction from villages with low literacy and few services.
PLAN VERDE, MEXICO CITY
EcoBici - piblic bicycle system.
250 stations,
3680 bikes.
Not that much, for Mexico City’s population of 20m
More than 80000 taxis retrofitted with green tech
26km metro line made. Hybrid buses, more than 760000 passengers /day
Top 20% earn 13x as much as bottom 20% - stark inequality.
84% of EcoBici users report increase in quality of life
Peseros – buses that cost 1 peso, 50000 in MC
60% of commuters use them
LEEDS – WAY OF LIFE
Population grown by 657000 since 1801
15% of city population are ethnic minorities. 1950s commonwealth + West Indians + WW2 refugees
>50 billion pound financial sector, >1,4 mill workforce.
Only 0.2% on job seeking allowance in Weetwood, Holbeck has 15%
2015 average house price = 175000,
7 x higher than average single income in Leeds
Housing city - 1999 empty homes since April 2012
Chestnut Avenue - most burgled in 2011 in the UK
Gridlock Sunday - students move in, high levels of traffic
89% UK-born. 6000 new immigrants in 2015
30000 students
9000 uni staff
Half of private rental market goes to students
CLARENCE DOCK, LEEDS
Royal armories museum, 1.5 million visitors a year, restored from old industrial buildings
At South Bank, 300000 square metres of development land available
Local employment in Docks shops and services. Multiplier effect - regenerating areas
Clarence Dock, Leeds - developed between 1996 and 2007, £250 million mixed-use. Closure of coal mines left area derelict.
Provided affordable rental prices. Improved shopping facilities. New pedestrian routes.
Architects hired for landscaping, and designing public areas with paving., trees, and water features – improved quality.
DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT
19.4% don’t have clean water, but military spending is 4.08% of the GDP
80% of cultivated land produces rice making up 97% of national food products
Local pollution controls weak, but they are building waste water treatment
Malaria deaths fell from 3.5 per 1000 in 2010 to 2.4 per 1000 in 2013
Not built in an ideal area, as 300 families had to be relocated
Literacy rate +1.75% (15-24yrs old), but only 84% complete primary school
63% of Myanmar’s exports mined or extracted. Jade netted 48% of Myanmar’s GDP in 2014
Use much less space, use 90% less water, vegetables help the disabled/elderly
MYANMAR
Coastal country near Bay of Bengal, capital=Naypyidaw, prone to cyclones. HDI 0.556
British colony until 1948. 1974, Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) established – one-party system. 1990, the junta runs multiparty elections and Aung San Suu Kyi wins 80% of seats, but junta refuses to recognise this and places her under house arrest for 15 years
Birth rate: 18.2 per 1000
Infant mortality: 42.2 per 1000
19.4% don’t have clean water, but military spending is 4.08% of the GDP
Cyclone Nargis, 2008, causing damage of >$10bn. Junta refused aid at first, then distributed it unequally / hoarded it.
EU sanctions begin in 2011, banning imports, suspending aid, freezing economic resources, embargo on arms.
Persecution of Rohingya Muslims – thousands fleeing in November 2016, villages set on fire, and mosques left abandoned. Suu Kyi silent on the issue.
Rohingya Muslims not invited to Unity Day as they are not recognised as an ethnic minority.
MYANMAR: PHYSICAL FACTORS
Myanmar is very resource rich, but leads to resource curse as prices of raw materials fluctuate
Average farm size = 2.7 ha, suggesting more subsistence farming with less mechanisation
Disease-spreading insects like mosquitoes spread dengue fever, malaria, etc, affecting both humans and livestock, affecting working.
Soils are clay-rich, becoming waterlogged in wet conditions. Lots of fertile soil surrounding the south-flowing rivers
90% of world’s rubies extracted from Myanmar
10th largest producer of natural gas
80% of cultivated land produces rice making up 97% of national food products
MYANMAR: MDGs
In 2000, Kofi Annan called for the Millennium Development Goals, with a deadline of 2015, implemented by the UN.
Undernourishment decreased by 40%, but employment only +0.2%
2000-2015
Under 5 mortality decreased from 110 per 1000 to 50 per 1000.
Literacy rate +1.75% (15-24yrs old), but only 84% complete primary school
Few seats held by women in parliament: averaging about 6
Maternal mortality from 300 to 175 (per 100000 live births)
0.8% of people aged 15-49 have HIV in both 2000 and 2015.
Many fluctuations in TB outbreaks.
CO2 emissions decreased 4-fold, but 10% of forest land lost in 15 years.
Aid and assistance increased to $1.5bn in 2014/15.
Huge development in cellular networks with higher internet penetration
MYANMAR: TRADE
63% of Myanmar’s exports mined or extracted. Jade netted 48% of Myanmar’s GDP in 2014: 46x the health budget.
China accounts for 44% of Myanmar’s imports and 41% of Myanmar’s exports
Exports raw materials and commodities – susceptible to fluctuations in supply and demand
Exports equal to $2.4 Bn whilst imports equal to $21.4 Bn
63% of exports mined or extracted – labour intensive
Military junta has ransacked and taken over mines – ½ of jade sales are unofficial – corrupted
$31bn jade mined in 2014
Chinese belief that jade brings luck and longevity
Companies abuse workers when mining, and army generals control companies
100000 people displaced, 1000s of illegal migrants coming to work
MYANMAR: COCA COLA
Invested $200m, directly employing 1393, hope to fuel job creation of 22000 over 5 years. But some TNC reliance.
Offers training and education – 1000s of hours of vehicular fleet training, anti-bribery, and corruption training provided
Achieve Your Best Sell – female empowerment to train female leaders
TNCs bring capital, tech and skills into the country – inward investment. Opened first bottling plant in 2012 after reform in 2011
Improve infrastructure, child-care facility in bottling plant, mixing cultures for ideas, more consumer choice, and multiplier effect
Swan Yi project started in 2012, 3 year programme to empower 25000 women, teaching business skills and money-saving
Highly-paid positions usually taken by foreign workers instead of locals. Leakage – profits returned to shareholder outside of host country
Local pollution controls weak, but they are building waste water treatment
Highly influential and can interfere with politics. Working conditions harsh and safety regulations less strict. But “Safety Heroes” improve Health and Safety. Controversial because hired from inside company scared/doesn't know that company not following rules and regs.
MYANMAR: AID/DEBT RELIEF
Aid received has fluctuated due to cyclones, sanctions, and government agendas. Little aid received before 1979.
60% of population at risk of malaria, so Christian Aid provided.
Paris Club Agreement between Paris Club of creditors and Myanmar to effectively cancel 60% of Myanmar’s debt overhang
88% of target households now own at least one insecticide treated net – 29500 distributed in total
Malaria deaths fell from 3.5 per 1000 in 2010 to 2.4 per 1000 in 2013
More than 11 creditor companies agreed to write off ½ of Myanmar’s debts to the group in 2 phases – remaining amounts will be rescheduled over 15 years
World Bank and Asian Development Bank agreed to clear $960m of arrears(outstanding debt)
Myanmar owes China $2bn
MYANMAR: MYITSONE DAM
Improving relationships, infrastructure, cheap and renewable electricity, and more employment.
Myanmar guaranteed 10% electricity and could buy more on request.
15% stake in dam would earn $186m over 50 years
Company-borrowed money so interest increases cost
Asia World (Myanmar-based conglomerate) has 5% and set to profit well
90% of electricity goes to China
Gas generation cheaper than transmitting hydro power. Myanmar has no power over the project
Not built in an ideal area, as 300 families had to be relocated
Myanmar may owe China $800m, would have to concede more projects to satisfy China�Myanmar health budget = $600m
MYANMAR: GARDEN TOWERS
Australian embassy in Yangon provides $10000 to improve food security to raise 600 household incomes in the ‘dry zone’.
Towers made from 150L plastic barrels with holes cut for planting crops.
Earthworms fertilise the soil
Only helps a small number of people, and they must know how to use them
Use much less space,
Use 90% less water, Vegetables help the disabled/elderly
Schools can teach the basics of farming
Easy to make, uses barrels that would’ve been thrown away otherwise
Susceptible to natural hazards
Farmers had to spend more on pesticides and fertilisers for little success, increasing debt, so they had to migrate to slums or work dangerous jobs for other farmers.
MYANMAR: TIGER WORM TOILETS
In Rakhine State, Myanmar, Oxfam and IHE Delft Institute for Water Education are developing the Tiger Worm Toilet from the household sanitation level (where it has been proven successful) to a phased application at communal sanitation level, appropriate for use in humanitarian camps.
Only needs to be excavated every 4 years
Costed less than 1 penny per worm
Worms double weight every month
UK IN 21st CENTURY
Highest proportion of over 100s in England and Wales
Employment in education +50% from 1998 to 2008.
Race-related crimes +38% in one year.
UK spent £500m on programmes for terrorism, migration, and piracy.
13 of the 24 highest grossing films have major UK involvement
BEXHILL-ON-SEA, ENGLAND
Has been called God’s waiting room
Highest proportion of over 100s in England and Wales
Population of over 90000.
66 are centenarians / super-centenarians
65% of state benefits go to older people
Current retirement age = 66, will rise to 68 by 2046
Pensioner bonds in 2015 to encourage elderly people to save (no longer available)
Pro-natalist policies to balance dependency ratio (better maternity / paternity leave, cheaper childcare, benefits, etc)
Allowing skilled migrants to replace retirees, pay tax to fund pensions
65+ population
2001: 9.4m (16%)
2011. 10.4m (16%)
BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE
Boston’s population made up 31% of Lincolnshire’s in 2001, but 32% in 2011. Now 66900
Migration increased when Eastern European nations joined the EU. Many migrate to build savings.
2011, 13% came from elsewhere in the EU.
Held-back wages as more compete for employment.
Out of the Polish born, 35 year olds make up 5%.
Race-related crimes +38% in one year.
In one shelter, 80% of the 57 people seeking help were migrants
Excrement found in public places – lack of access to facilities
73% of nursery children in Boston are of Eastern European Origin
New shops specialising in Eastern European culture, bringing diversity. Migrants generally work hard and pay taxes.
EBBSFLEET GARDEN CITY
UK, 250000 houses needed per year, only 110000 being built.
London needs 63000 per year, only 21000 being built.
House prices +20% per year
Aims to provide 15000 homes and 32000 jobs by 2035
Ebbsfleet International high-speed rail. 17 mins from central London
2 hrs from Paris
Proximity to Bluewater(major a shopping area)
Plan to build on brownfield sites – old derelict sites
Concerns on impact on traffic – more congestion
Only 150 houses built
Communities need to be built, not just houses
OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND
Dynamic Growth Hub, 50 miles from London, 40 miles from Heathrow
Highly advanced industries including motor, astronomy, academics, biotechnology.
Plant Cowley has a 100 year motorsport history.
High tech employment annual growth: +40% as compared to +18% elsewhere in England.
1500 companies employing 43000.
From 2016, new developments in Harwell Campus include a new residential quarter to house 1400. Research infrastructure worth $2bn
High house demand and unaffordable prices. High commuting time causing air pollution.
Employment in education +50% from 1998 to 2008.
Oxford Instruments, founded in 1959, with offices all over the globe employing 1400
Medical Research Council sharing research to accelerate developments.
SOMALIA
Population of 10.5m. 2011 famine killed 260000, half of which were children.
Ongoing conflict.
3rd most dangerous country for a child to live in according to Save the Children.
253297 children supported in times of crisis by Save the Children.
578836 children provided with a healthy start to life.
As part of UN operation, troops maintained ceasefire in 1992 but fighting resumed when they left in 1995
85 British soldiers trained nearly 1000 Somali troops
UK spent £500m on programmes for terrorism, migration, and piracy.
1000s displaced into camps with poor sanitation and water
Oxfam working for 40 years in Somalia to construct water sources and truck water to remote areas
Former British/Italian colony (pre-1960). President Siad Barre overthrown in 1991, no government for 2 decades.
UK FILM INDUSTRY
£1.1bn spent annually on film production, with 42000 working in the industry. 2019, UK GDP was $2.21 trillion, $61bn films
Elstree Studios – one of the biggest in UK, where Indiana Jones and Star Wars was filmed. Save Our Studios campaign to buy back the property.
Framestore, Oxford Street – history of 80 years with VFX. Won an Oscar.
Film London trying to attract investment. 40 film crews at any time in London.
Tax credit (tax relief) if you show British culture in the film.
Below £20 million budget = 20% of tax relieved.
Above £20 million budget =
13-14% of tax relieved.
Incentive is making 12x as much as we are losing
13 of the 24 highest grossing films have major UK involvement
Peppa Pig worth >$1bn, shown in 17 countries
GEFILTEFEST
Brick Lane – Jewish Food Hub
1883 – Yiddish theatre banned in Russian Empire, influx of Jewish people to UK and Jewish/Yiddish entertainment – total 120,000 migrants.
Day-long festival, brings together Jewish community
100 speakers on different topics
Fried fish is Jewish, 35000 fish and chips shops, British fusion
RESOURCE RELIANCE
Wheat production - 10m tonnes in 1968, to 73m tonnes in 2006
Global Hunger Index: 45 in 1995, but 28 in 2015
Farm Africa imported 500 Toggenburg goats at £400 each bought
450000 jobs. EU invested $4.7m for hydro electricity, and $26m for agriculture improvement
Provided 60% of Tanzania's wheat.
INDIA’S GREEN REVOLUTION
1960 --> 2003, fertiliser consumption increased by 15m tonnes
Wheat production - 10m tonnes in 1968, to 73m tonnes in 2006
1994, 94% of wheat sown with HYVs
1971 --> 2001, tractors = +35%, animals = -32%
Percentage of malnourished people, 39% in 1970 to 20% in 2001
GOAT AID IN BABATI,TANZANIA
Farm Africa imported 500 Toggenburg goats at £400 each bought
Villagers given training on how to care for and raise goats. Given 'on credit' (cost must be repaid)
3L of milk per day.
Farmers reported that the money allowed their children to go to school + better housing
Goats' hooves and grazing damaged the land --> desertification. Veterinary bills for disease. Require water.
Cost of fencing is 1.39m Tanzanian shillings = £417
Dung used as fertiliser
SAGCOT
450000 jobs. EU invested $4.7m for hydro electricity, and $26m for agriculture improvement
Yields increasing: 8x as much rice. Better prices because of access to the market
SAGCOT - Connects 75000 small farms lifts 2 mill out of poverty, $1.1 billion infrastructure
Aim: improve agricultural businesses that benefit the small scale farmers - improve food security + sustainable
However, small landowners not involved in decision making. Most money benefits commercial farms.
TANZANIA-CANADA WHEAT PROGRAMME
Tanzania-Canada Wheat Programme - 17000ha of Hanang Plains converted for wheat production
121 Tanzanians trained in wheat production, 150 mechanics gained skills for farm machinery.
400 on farms.
Provided 60% of Tanzania's wheat.
In 1992 drought, Tanzania was the only Southern African Country to not rely on food aid
Bread goes to the rich, not the poor - most can't afford it, can only afford maize anyways.
Importing the food would have been cheaper
Most profits returned to Canada and could only buy parts from Canada leading to Canadian manufacturers and government prospering.
40000 livelihoods threatened and Barabaigs abused / evicted from land