1. 7 D of the W = 7 Days of the Week
�2. 26 L of the A =�
3. 7 W of the W = �
4. 54 C in a D (w J) = �
5. 13 S on the A F = �
6. 18 H on a G C = �
7. 90 D in a R A = �
8. 3 B M (S H T R) = �
9. 32 D F at which W F = �
10. 3 W on a T = �
11. 100 C in a D = �
12. 11 P on a S F (1 team) =
13. 13 is U F S = �
14. 9 L of a C =
15. 23 P of C in the H B =
Step 1: Welcome to our classroom. I’m so glad you’re here. ☺
Step 2: Solve puzzles to the left.
How Many Can You Guess Correctly?
Step 1: Welcome to our Classroom.
Step 2: Look for the hidden items in the picture and circle them. Please cross them out in the margin once you’ve found them.
https://digital.wwnorton.com/givemeliberty6brhs
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v24
FLVS | Digital Textbook |
Module 1 | Chapter 1 (up to p.30) |
Module 2 | Ch. 1 (p.30 to end), 2, 3, �4 (up to p.130) |
Module 3 | Ch. 4 (p. 131 to end), 5, 6, 7, 8 (up to p.238) |
Module 4 | Ch. 8 (p.240 to end), 9, 10, 11, 12 |
Module 5 | Ch. 13, 14, 15 |
Module 6 | Ch. 16, 17 (up to p.533) |
Module 7 | Ch. 17 (p.533 to end), 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 |
Module 8 | Ch. 23, 24, 25, 26 (up to p.835) |
Module 9 | Ch. 26 (p.835 to end), 27, 28 |
- Mon: 7pm-8pm EST: CONTENT: review content of one chapter in the textbook; teacher driven; lecture style)��- Wed : 7pm-8pm EST: APPLICATION: how to answer different types of prompts/questions using content from Mon’s�LL; teacher and students work together or in breakout rooms
�- (various days/times) other APUSH teachers: we will offer LLs that focus on SKILLS and/or CONTENT required for the course and the AP exam
APUSH
Live Lessons
CH. 1:�“OLD WORLDS �AND NEW”
By: Mrs. Shafar�APUSH
OBJECTIVES:
Students will be able to:
US History Timeline
BC =�BCE =
AD =�CE =
WHAT OTHER TITLES COULD BE USED FOR CH. 1 BESIDES “OLD WORLDS AND NEW?”
___ A New World��___ The Collision of Cultures
___ Worlds Collide
___ Encounters and Conquests
___ “Discovery” of America
___ Exploration, Conquest, and Colonization
___ Greatest Accident of All Time
Beringia
[1491]: ~50-70 million* people living in North and South America combined�(of which ~10-15 million living w/in present-day US)��*some estimates are as high as 112 million in the Americas��[1491] 3 million people living in Great Britain��[1491] 16 million people living in France���thus, the Americas were almost certainly more populated than all of Europe in [1491]��(European population by [1500] estimated at 61.6�million)�
Why such a variance in the �numbers?��
�Predictions: What will happen�to the population in the 50 yrs�following [1492]?
Olmec: 1st Meso-American civilization;� 1500 BCE – 400 BCE; height: [900 BCE];� ritual bloodletting
�Zapotec: 500-300 BCE; still around today;�mostly Catholic�
Toltec: 900-1168 CE; created pyramids
Zapotec
Toltec
- 5,000-6,000 years ago, Mesoamericans (Mexicans) like the Olmec, Toltec, and Zapotec domesticated maize (corn) �- it was embedded into their social and political structures, ceremonial practices, and languages; essential part of life, sacred, and used to celebrate growing seasons, harvests, and religious festivals�- passed down from generation to generation�- significant role in the lives of indigenous Mesoamericans LONG before the �Spanish arrived�- maize culture migrated to the American SW and beyond through the natural migration of farmers well before [2000 BCE] and influenced American Pueblo tribes; it supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies�- maize was also exchanged with Europeans in the Columbian Exchange�- easy to transport and preserve
MAIZE
It’s ah-maize-ing��Sorry…that was corny!!!
Aztecs
Mayans
Incas
present-day Mexico
capital: Tenochtitlan
[1325] sign: eagle on�a cactus with a snake in its beak
hunters/gatherers; chinampas: floating �islands for farming; maize (corn), beans, �squash, tomatoes; canals, bridges, and �dams; gardens and a zoo
by [1500] 200,000 people; military empire �that got bigger by conquering others
polytheistic:
present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras
cities: Chichen Itza, Tikal
stone pyramids – religious and political centers; polytheistic; 365 day calendar; extensive trade; enslaved labor; farming: corn, beans, squash
at its height between [300-900 AD]
theocracy:�
��Great Maya Revolt of [1546-1547] AKA Cupul’s Revolt or Cupul Uprising:�started by Cupul priests inspired by ancestral divinities; led by exalted priest Chilam Anbal; set date on the full moon; killed Spaniards of all ages in large numbers w/over 600 Maya converts to Catholicism; heads, hands, and feet of Spaniards were cut and sent throughout land to incite others to do the same; lasted from Nov to March
present-day Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, �Argentina, and Chile (along Andes Mountains)
cities: Machu Picchu, Cuzco
largest early American civilization; founded in [1200]; 3,000 miles in length; men ages 25-50 years old drafted into army for up to 5 years; 6-12 million people; 10,000 miles of road; rope bridges; quipus: tied knots in strings for record-keeping; language: Quechua; terraces for farming
Aztecs were
conquered by�______________���Incas were �conquered by�________________
Hohokam: located in present-day Arizona and Mexico; �[~300 BCE -1500 CE]; known for extensive irrigation systems and platform mounds
Anasazi: “The Ancient People;” 4 Corners (UT, CO, AZ, NM); [200-1300 AD]; ancestors to Pueblo Indians; maize; multi-story sandstone cliff dwellings
Mesa Verde
Chaco Canyon
Mound Builders: from PA to Mississippi River; from�Great Lakes down to FL; [3500 BCE- 16th c CE]; �height in [1,000 BC]
Cahokia
about 200 tribes in North America (today 574 federally recognized Native American tribal groups)
Arctic
present-day northern Canada, AK, and Greenland; cold, � flat, and treeless region; nomadic lifestyle following seals, polar bears, and other game; Aleut were a bit more settled, living in small fishing villages along the shore; lived in dome-shaped houses made of sod, timber, or ice blocks further north; seal and otter skins for waterproof clothing; used dogsleds and long, open fishing boats; by [1867], the native population dropped to just 2,500 due to diseases; descendants still around today
tribes: Aleut and Inuit (Eskimo is seen as a pejorative – derogatory, insulting, or disrespectful – term)
Subarctic
present-day inland Alaska and Canada; swampy, piney � forests and waterlogged tundra; nomadic; difficult travel using toboggans, snowshoes, and lightweight canoes; live in small groups of 25-30; animal-based diet; caribou, moose, and bear were used for food and hides; small, easy-to-move tents and lean-tos; used underground dugouts when it was too cold to hunt
growth of fur trade in [17th-18th c] disrupted way of life – instead of hunting and gathering they were focused on supplying animal pelts to Europeans which led to displacement and extermination of many tribes
tribes: Algonquian, Cree, Ojibwa,
Naskapi, Beaver, Chippewa; �23 tribes before European contact
Algonquin: “3 sister” farming:�corn, beans, and squash
(also used in New England)
Northwest Coast
think present-day Pacific coast of � WA, OR, northern CA, British Columbia, and parts of AK; ocean and rivers provide resources (salmon, whales, sea otters, seals, fish, and shellfish); thick forests (spruces, Douglas fir, hemlock, red and yellow cedar, and redwood) and rugged mountains; large houses from logs with shingles from cedar bark; dugout canoes to travel; built permanent villages with 100s of people; rigid stratified social structure (status determined by closeness to chief and number of possessions); potlatch – elaborate gift-giving ceremony designed to affirm these class divisions; totem poles: carved and painted log
tribes: Chinook, Tillamook, Haida,�Tlingit, Makah
California
think present-day central and southern CA; very� temperate climate; prior to European contact had the �largest population in North America of ~300,000; very diverse; about 100 tribes; did not practice much agriculture; tribelets: small, family-based bands of hunter-gatherers; well-established systems of trade and common rights; cone-shaped homes made of barks and reeds
infiltrated by Spanish in middle of [16th c]; [1769] cleric Junipero Serra established a mission at San Diego; started a period of forced labor, disease, and assimilation
tribes: Chumash, Chilula, Hupa, Patwin, Yuma
Chilula
Hupa
Plateau
think present-day ID, MT, eastern OR, eastern WA; high � plateau region between the Rocky Mountains and the coastal mountain region; a crossroad of culture located between �(1) Northwest Coast (2) the Great Basin (3) the Plains (4) California; extensive trade network; lived in small, peaceful villages among stream and riverbanks; fishing for salmon and trout; hunting; gathering wild berries, roots, and nuts; pit houses; partly underground homes lined with log and covered with saplings, reeds, and mud; slavery was common in this area
after European contact horses were quickly adopted
tribes: Nez Perce, Yakima, �Walla Walla, Tenino, Umatilla
Chief Joseph: Nez Perce
Umatilla
Great Basin
think present-day UT, NV, and large portions of OR, ID, WY, and CO; small parts of AZ, MT, and CA; arid �climate; deserts, salt flats, and brackish lakes; adapted by developing a largely mobile lifestyle; foraged for roots, seeds, and nuts; hunted snakes, lizards, and small mammals; always on the move; compact, easy-to-build wickiups: made of willow poles or saplings, leaves, and brush; cone shaped homes
impacted by European contact with introduction of horses; gold and silver also found in [mid-19th c] and most lost their land and many lost their lives
tribes: Ute, Shoshone, �Northern Paiute, Southern Paiute, �Mono
Great Plains
think present-day between the Mississippi River and� the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico; relatively settled before European arrival; after European arrival became dependent on horses after [1547]; became much more nomadic; most lived in cone shaped teepee: bison skin tent that can be folded up and moved; dependent upon bison or buffalo; wear elaborately feathered war bonnets; Europeans also brought in guns and disease; Europeans targeted buffalo herds; Plains Indians forced onto reservations
tribes: Lakota (AKA Teton Sioux), Algonquian, Crow, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche, Pawnee, Arapaho/Arapajo, Iowa
Southwest
present-day AZ/Mexico; parts of UT, TX, CO, and NM�
tribes: Pueblo, Hopi, Zuni, Yaqui, Yuma
were sedentary farmers growing crops like maize (corn), �beans, and squash; lived in permanent settlements; �pueblos: built of stone and adobe that featured �multistory cliffside dwellings; village focused around kivas (large ceremonial pit houses); Hopi and Zuni carried on Anasazi’s basketry, pottery,�and architectural design
tribes: Navajo and Apache
were more nomadic; survived by hunting, gathering,�and raiding more established neighbors for their crops; �always on the move so their homes were less permanent; �Navajo’s houses hogans (eastward facing round houses �made of mud and bark)
hogans
Eastern Woodlands
think present-day Canada’s Atlantic � coast down to NC and inland to the Mississippi River; AKA the Northeast
tribes: (1) Iroquoian speakers – Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora (later)
lived along inland rivers and lakes in fortified, politically stable villages; aggressive and warlike; live in longhouses: long rectangular home covered with bark; formed the Iroquois Confederation [~1570] AKA The Great League of Peace, AKA the League of the Five Nations; Tuscarora allowed to join in [1722] Six Nations;
Haudenosaunee = “People of the Longhouse”
longhouse
Eastern Woodlands (cont.)
(2) Algonquian speakers – Pequot, Mohegans, Fox, Shawnee, Wampanoag, Delaware, and Narragansett
greater in number than Iroquois; located in southern Quebec and eastern Ontario in Canada, in New England, NJ, southeastern NY, DE, and around the Great Lakes; lived in small farming and fishing villages along the ocean; �grew crops like corn, beans, and other vegetables; �lived in wigwams
wigwam
Europeans will pit the Iroquois and the Algonquian groups against each other
Lax Life
lacrosse: originally known as stickball; started by �Algonquian tribe in the St. Lawrence Valley area and �then followed by other tribes in the eastern half of �North America and around the western Great Lakes; �played by tribal warriors for training, recreation, and�religious reasons; games with 100-100,000 players in 1�game; 1st witnessed by French Jesuit missionaries in�[1630s]; [1636] named lacrosse by Jean de Brebeuf
Southeastern
think present-day VA, NC, SC, TN, TX, MO, LA, MS,� AL, GA, and FL; between Northeast or Eastern�Woodland and Gulf of Mexico; parts are coastal lowland; parts are floodplains of Mississippi River; parts in Appalachian mountains; one of the more densely populated areas prior to European contact; corn, beans, and squash; cultivated sunflowers, tobacco, grapes, plums, etc.; fishing (oysters, clams, mussels, crabs, fish, etc.); hunted deer, bears, elk, beavers, squirrel, rabbits, wild turkeys, otters, raccoons, turtles, alligators; etc.; had contact with Mesoamerican Indians and South American tribes pre-contact; small towns 500-1,000 people; usually less than 500; housing varied by region; usually
circular “hot-houses” for the winter; rectangular�thatch-roofed structures more open for hotter�months
tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek,�Seminole (sometimes called the Five Civilized �Tribes); Timucua, Natchez, Calusa,
Caribbean
think present-day Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, � Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and the Lesser Antilles; major fishing using harpoons, fishnets, and traps; dugout canoes could seat 2-150 people; average sized canoe would seat 15-20 people; farming of maize (corn), peanuts, tomato, squash, beans, and yuca; some believe that they mined and exported copper pre-Contact; most went naked which was shocking to Europeans when they arrived; first Native Americans of the “New World” to encounter Christopher Columbus and his men; matrilineal society; lived in large circular buildings bohios (wooden poles, woven straw, and palm leaves); houses were around a central plaza; each house could hold 10-15 families
tribes: Taino meaning “good or noble” (AKA Arawak: �pejorative term), Island Caribs, Guanahatabey
Region | Mobility | Notable Tribes | Characteristics |
Southwest | Sedentary | Apache, Hopi, Navajo, Pueblo, and Zuni | descendants of the Anasazi; arid region with 2 rivers: Colorado and Rio Grande; rock cliff dwellings: pueblos; some were nomadic like the Apaches; economies based on agriculture (maize – corn, beans, squash), hunting, and gathering; pan-southwestern trading network of turquoise, feathers, pottery (food storage), and excess crops; AKA Maize Culture; modern-day states: NM, AZ, CO, UT |
Southeast�(Mississippi River Valley) | Sedentary | Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee | descendants of Mound Builders at Cahokia; hierarchical; houses, temples, and burial structures on large earthen mounds; developed a writing system; other SE tribes were agricultural; had access to fertile land and natural resources that provided food, clothing, and shelter; modern-day states: MO, KY, TN, AR, MS, LA |
Great Plains and�Great Basin | Nomadic and Semi-Sedentary | Shoshone, Paiute, Sioux, Cheyenne | tribes on western plains were migratory due to climate; later tribes focused on basket weaving instead of producing pottery; lack of natural resources due to drought and seasonal weather extremes; found sustenance through foraging and hunting of bison and elk (made easier with Spanish horses brought to New World); tribes on eastern plains: semi-sedentary; more rivers and precipitation; modern-day Great Plains states: MT, ND, SD, WY, NE, KS, CO, OK, TX, NM; modern-day Great Basin states: NV, CA, OR, ID, UT |
Pacific Northwest | Sedentary | Chinook, Tlingit, Haida, Salish | full of land and sea animals; Chinook: supplemented hunting/gathering with fishing for salmon; most tribes located near the ocean; built large canoes and totem poles carved from giant redwoods; hierarchical societies with top tiers of shamans, warriors, and traders; communal living in long houses; incorporated slavery and head binding; modern-states: OR, AK, WA, Northern CA |
Northeast (East Coast) | Sedentary | Powhatan, Wampanoag, Algonquian, Iroquois, Chippewa, Ottawa, Mohawk | seasonal lifestyle based on weather; summer: portable dwellings (wigwams: easier to seek out game and forage); winter: resided in more permanent, communal dwellings (longhouses) like their Pacific counterparts; some supplemented hunting/gathering with corn and squash but many lived in areas too cold for agricultural growth; Iroquois formed a confederation of nations: Iroquois League of Peace; matrilineal; Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida; modern-day states: VA, NC, NY |
Regions | Trends to Know |
Great Basin and Great Plains | developed transient lifestyles |
Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and the Atlantic seaboard societies | developed agricultural and hunter-gathering economies; permanent villages were established |
Northeast and California | supported themselves with hunter-gathering and some societies used resources from the ocean |
Southwestern (“4 Corners” CO, UT, NV, NM), Mississippi River Valley, and Southeastern | cultivation of maize is most prominent in these regions; if APUSH question talks about maize you should know it’s talking about these regions |
Native American Trends
European
Exploration
Crusades [1095-1492]�Marco Polo returns to Europe [1295]�Renaissance [1350-1648]�Reconquista [1492]�Jesuits: AKA Society of Jesus [1540]�
desire to claim new lands�wanting a Northwest Passage [late 14th c]�printing press [1450s] by Gutenberg�Commercial Revolution [1488-1776]�Protestant Reformation [1517-1648]:� 95 Theses of Martin Luther�
monarchs seeking new sources of wealth�3 G’s: God, Glory, Gold�new technology: caravel, magnetic compass, astrolabe, sextant�Enclosure Movement�joint-stock companies�
What could this map title be?
Vikings
Leif Erikson: Norse explorer from Iceland; 1st European to have set foot on
continental North America (excluding Greenland) in [1000 AD] Vinland and�Newfoundland at L’Anse aux Meadows
Principal Early Spanish �Explorations and Conquests
Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Pedro A. Cabral
Christopher Columbus
Juan Ponce de Leon
Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Vasquez Coronado
Hernando de Soto
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
John Cabot
Henry Hudson
Giovanni da Verrazzano
Jacques Cartier
Jacques Marquette
Louis Jolliet
Vasco de Gama
“The year 1492 marks a watershed in modern world history. Columbus's voyage of discovery inaugurated a series of developments that would have vast consequences for both the Old World and the New. It transformed the diets of both the eastern and western hemispheres, helped initiate the Atlantic slave trade, spread diseases that had a devastating impact on Indian populations, and led to the establishment of European colonies across the Western Hemisphere.
….many factors--including rapid population growth, commerce, new learning, and the rise of competing nation-states--that encouraged Europeans to explore and colonize new lands….Portugal and Spain were the first to become involved in overseas exploration and…England and France were slow to challenge Spain’s supremacy in the Americas.”��from: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=2
Columbian Exchange
“Old World” = Europe
- corn, potatoes, and tomatoes were new here�(Italy 1st saw tomatoes by [late 1600s]��- created a surplus of food�
- better nutrition led to increased population and longer life expectancy��- increased wealth (gold and silver)��- facilitated shift from feudalism to capitalism��- rise of bourgeoisie class (merchants making money)��- will lead to Transatlantic slave trade
�- introduced gray squirrels and potato fungus to Europe��- leads to globalization��
“New World” = Americas
- introduction of horses for �Native Americans will help with hunting and farming��- cows will help with farming, provide milk and meat; pigs provide meat
- 80-95% Native Americans died due to European diseases (close to 1/5 of humankind died – perhaps 80 million people – greatest loss of life in human history)��- introduced black rats, new weeds, and new grasses to Americas��- massive destruction of environment – deforestation(farming and mining)
Impact of Columbian Exchange
Triangular Trade�AKA Transatlantic Trade
Treaty of Tordesillas [1494]
Line of Demarcation made by Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordesillas [1494]
Line of Demarcation made by Pope Alexander VI
St. Augustine
- most people think Jamestown, Virginia [1607] was the first permanent British settlement in the �New World; yet the oldest city is St. Augustine, Florida, in the northeast corner of the state �(was already 42 years old)�
- St. Augustine was first claimed for Spain by Juan Ponce de León, the explorer who first spotted �FL on [April 2, 1513]; again in [1521]; he sailed down Atlantic coast of FL, to the FL Keys, and north �along Gulf coast; according to myth, in search of the legendary “Fountain of Youth”��- [1562] French Huguenots tried to settle in the SE part of US (SC/FL)��- the real Spanish connection to FL doesn’t establish itself until 52 years after de Leon, when a group�under the command of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded the settlement on [Sept. 8, 1565]; they�killed all French in the area (except women and children); Menendez was FL’s 1st governor��- St. Augustine: oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the present-day US�
- Spaniards brought diseases such as smallpox and measles which devastated the local �Timucuan Indians; developed into a cosmopolitan town; its residents included Minorcans, �Native Americans (mostly women who married the Spaniards and converted to Catholicism), �Africans (both slaves and free people), French, and Germans; Franciscan missionaries worked to�convert Native Americans and by [1600] established a chain of missions across northern FL
de Leon
Menendez de Aviles
- a Spanish conquistador or “conqueror;” signed contracts with�Spanish monarch, raised money from investors, then recruited�an army; most in 20s-30s; very few were nobles; about ½ were�professional soldiers and sailors; the rest were peasants, �artisans, or members of middle class
[1519] Hernan Cortes landed with ~500 men in present-day�Mexico; wipes out the Aztecs; killed Montezuma, many �others died from smallpox and other diseases; population �went from 20+ million to 2 million in less than a century��[1532] Francisco Pizarro went into South America �with less than 200 men and faced off against �Atahualpa who had over 100,000 mean; the �Spanish used gunpowder and horses to wipe�out the Incas; helped by de Soto�
�
conquistadores
Cortes
Pizarro
Europeans | | Native Americans |
saw N.A. as backwards; no society north of Mexico had achieved literacy by [1492]; viewed themselves as superior | perspective | did not view themselves as a single, unified people; Indian identity based on immediate social group (tribe, village, chiefdom, or confederacy) |
viewed N.A. as heathens or savages that needed to be converted or Christianized; some believed they worshiped the devil; Europeans believed in “Christian Liberty” and not religious toleration; every nation in Europe had an established church and decreed what forms of religious worship and belief were acceptable; dissenters faced persecution by the state and condemnation by church authorities; religious uniformity was thought to be essential to public order (not a matter of private choice); monotheistic (one god) | religion | many were polytheistic (believed in multiple gods); promoted a balance between man and nature; animism: sacred spirits in living and inanimate things (animals, plants, trees, water, and wind); believed in a single Creator; shamans, medicine men, and other religious leaders were respected; only a few tribes practiced human sacrifices to appease their gods like the Aztecs; did not judge or criticize the European religious beliefs |
believed that those that owned property or land were more powerful; those that accumulated wealth and material goods were better than others | land use/resources | did not believe that man could “own land” but it was a common resource that you could use for a time; did not accumulate goods since moving often; sharing rather than hoarding goods; generosity and gift-giving is valued; trade was a gift exchange binding people in webs of mutual obligation |
patrilineal society; married men control property and women have no legal identity: coverture; saw N.A. men as being weak and mistreated by Indian women; hunting/fishing as leisure activities in Europe and not “real” work; women had domestic role; no farming for women | gender relations | matrilineal society; women owned dwellings and tools; much more egalitarian; women were left to farming and domestic responsibilities while men hunted, defended the tribe, or engaged in war |
believed they were bringing freedom: true religion, private property, and Christian gender roles | summary | did not want to change their views but many were forced to convert and assimilate |
Council of the Indies
[1524] set up and ruled by the crown of Spain; in charge of Spanish empire in the Americas and the Philippines (exceeded the Roman Empire in size)
viceroys: governors; made laws; held court
Requerimiento
“The Spanish Requirement of [1513]:” declaration by the Spanish monarchy of its divinely ordained right to take possession of territories in the New World and to subjugate, exploit, and when necessary, to fight the Natives; read to the Indians
Spanish �Mission �System
- Spanish settled southern portion of US and created mission system to facilitate colonial expansion and to pacify the Indians��- Catholic priests and friars built missions or churches/chapels; worked alongside the Indians planting crops, hunting game, and preaching Catholicism; taught Indians about Spanish culture(language, arts and crafts, and politics); popular in FL, TX, NM, and CA��- provided housing for Indians, missionaries, and guests; merchant shops; storage buildings; presidio: fort with protective walls�to protect against hostile Indians or European rivals��- outside walls the mission owned 1,000s of acres of land for farming/pasturing herds of cattle/sheep��- after 5-10 yrs mission land was given to converted Indians �and they were given full Spanish citizenship including the �right to pay taxes; then they were trained in European �warfare; as mission system grew, the Spanish priests sought �more control over Indians and their culture; missionaries �destroyed objects deemed sacred by the Indians and �suppressed their ancient spiritual rituals and ceremonial �dances
Encomienda System
CB definition:�“Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support �plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources”��simplified definition:�labor system of the Spanish crown started in [1503] in New Spain; �given a chunk of land with Native Americans to work the land �if they promised to convert them to Catholicism and teach them�Spanish��encomendero: Spanish man was granted a number of Native�American laborers who would pay tributes to him (gold, metals, �or crops) in exchange for his protection��supposed to be mutually beneficial but turned into slavery in �most cases; the Native Americans were treated cruelly and �forced into hard labor; Laws of Burgos: [1512-1513] an attempt �to end abuses in the system; not effective��haciendas: rural estates or large-scale farms in New Spain
- the indigenous peoples of the Americas AKA Native Americans were enslaved in large numbers (often not talked about in history); Spanish were almost totally dependent on Indian labor in most of their colonies; worked in gold and silver mines, on plantations, as apprentices for artisans, and as domestic servants—just like African slaves and European white indentured servants��- extremely harsh conditions for an American Indian who worked in the silver mines of Peru or an African who produced sugar cane in Barbados��- people could be kept as slaves for religious purposes (Aztecs and Pacific Northwest Indians) or as a by-product of warfare, where they made little contribution to the economy or basic social structure (Eastern Woodlands)
- Central America: shipped to the West Indies, also a common destination for Indians transported out of Charleston, SC, and Boston, MA��- within the Americas: Sioux Indians from MN enslaved in Quebec; Choctaws from Mississippi to New England; from modern-day UT and CO south into Mexico
- Columbus: [1493] shipped Indians to Spain; moved N.A. from Hispaniola to Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cuba, �and the Bahamas; w/in 10 years, N.A. were taken from Curacao, Trinidad, and Aruba; ~650,000 from�Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras by the [16th c]
Indian Slavery in the Americas
From the [16th-18th c], Spanish mines in Mexico and South America produced roughly 80% of the world's silver production and 70% of gold at a time when these precious metals were the most widely accepted international currency.
Rise of Transatlantic Slave Trade
1st record of a slave trade voyage direct from Africa to the Americas is for a �ship that landed in Santo Domingo, on the island of Hispaniola in [1525] and �then in [1526] to Brazil��worked on coffee, cocoa, sugar, and cotton�plantations, in gold and silver mines, in rice�fields, the construction industry, cutting timber�for ships, as domestic servants, etc.�
1st African slaves appeared in British colonies �in [1619] (Virginia colony)
Spanish America
New Laws of [1542] AKA “Laws of the Indies” which limited the �encomienda system and most Indians could no longer be �enslaved; people labeled cannibals could still be enslaved
[1550] Spain abolished the encomienda system�
replaced by the repartimiento system: residents of Indian villages remained�legally free and entitled to wages but were still required to perform a fixed
amount of labor each year; Indians were not slaves (had access to land, �were paid wages, and could not be bought and sold); still allowed for �abuses as part of the conversion process
then used the asiento system: required the Spanish to pay tax to king on each �African slave they imported; Spain used Portuguese slave traders at 1st but �then French and British slave traders to bring African slaves to Spain’s�American colonies (esp. to South America in large numbers)�
Spanish America
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado:�Spanish conquistador; led expedition [1540-1542 through�present-day Mexico and into present-day SW US (AZ, NM, TX, OK, KS); he hoped to reach �the “Seven Cities of Gold;” 1st European sightings of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River;�his expedition had been a failure and forced him into bankruptcy; charges of war crimes against�him by the Council of the Indies; caused a large loss of life among the Pueblo Indians
Spanish America
Hernando de Soto: Spanish conquistador; helped Pizarro�wipe out the Inca Empire in Peru; but is best known for
leading the 1st European expedition deep into �modern-day SE US (FL, GA, AL, MI, and most likely AR); 1st European �documented as having crossed the Mississippi River; searching for �gold and for a passage to China or the Pacific coast��very brutal treatment of Native Americans: used as slave labor, sexual exploitation,�starvation, burning of villages/crops, execution of 200 in FL��died [1542]; hid his death b/c they were afraid Native
Americans would dig up his body and mutilate it based�off his treatment of them; hid his corpse in blankets �weighted with sand and sank it in the middle of the�Mississippi River during the night
Burial of de Soto�William A. Crafts [1876]�Pioneers in the settlement of �America: from FL in 1510 to CA
Library of Congress’ engraving. The Spanish caption reads: “HERNANDO DE SOTO: Extremaduran, one of the discoverers and conquerors of Peru: he travelled across all of FL and defeated its previously invincible natives, he died on his expedition in the year 1542 at the age of 42.”
Bartolome de Las Casas wrote A Very Brief �Account of the �Destruction of the �Indies | Juan Gines de Sepulveda��wrote The Just Causes �for War Against the� Indians |
in Hispaniola [1502] with land grant; later renounced his land grant, freed his slaves, and became a Dominican friar in Europe; returned [1512] | humanist scholar; never visited the New World; spent his life in Europe; a big proponent for slavery |
denounced the Spanish exploitation of Indians and military conquest of New World; said Spain was causing the death of millions of innocent people and denying Indians their freedom (burning alive of men, women, and children and imposition of forced labor); said “the entire human race is one” | argued that Native Americans were natural slaves and couldn’t rule themselves; said “nothing better can be expected of them” and “it is better for them to be ruled thus” and said Native Americans were like “children to parents, as women are to men, as cruel people are to mild people” |
argues that Indians were free men and can practice human sacrifices and other customs; should enjoy all guarantees of liberty and justice; suggested that importing slaves from Africa would help protect the Indians from exploitation | defends Spanish right to conquest; argued that human sacrifice of innocents, cannibalism, and other such “crimes against nature” were unacceptable and should be suppressed by any means necessary including war |
established as the primary (yet controversial) defender of the Indians | established as defender of the Spanish crown |
The Valladolid Debate [1550-1551]�1st moral debate in�history to discuss rights of colonized pple; �took place in Spain
“Black Legend”
- started after Valladolid Debate and the writing of Las Casas brought awareness to New Spain’s treatment of Native Americans��- propaganda; false concept that the Spanish conquerors merely tortured and butchered the Indians (“killing for Christ”), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind (focuses only on the bad impacts of Spanish exploration)��- Spanish invaders did indeed kill, enslave, and infect countless natives, but they also erected a colossal empire, sprawling from CA and FL to Tierra del Fuego (far southern Argentina)
- they grafted their culture, laws, religion, and language onto a wide array of native societies ��- iron-tipped plow, windmill, and water wheel made farming more efficient��- Spanish were empire builders and cultural innovators in the New World; their establishment was larger/richer than the initial British settlement��- Spanish built churches, hospitals, monasteries, government buildings, �New World’s first university in [1518] (Harvard isn’t established in British colony �of Massachusetts until [1636])
Juan de Onate: [1598] Spanish conquistador; led a group of 400 soldiers, colonists, and missionaries north from Mexico to establish a permanent settlement; Acoma Pueblo lived there (Acoma means “sky city”) near present-day NM; Onate and his men demanded the Acoma feed and work for them and killed and raped those that didn’t comply��the Acoma Puebloans were spread over 80 independent towns and spoke 6 diff’t languages; they had had enough and attacked a Spanish patrol, killing Onate’s nephew and 14 soldiers were killed by Acoma��Onate decided to teach them a lesson; led a 2 day siege, killing 800 of its 1500 inhabitants (including 300 women); of the 600 Indians captured (women and children were made servants for Spanish families and adult men were punished by the cutting off of one foot); became known as the Acoma War [1599]; Onate�was ordered home and punished��[1609] Spain ordered the New Mexican colonists�to establish a separate town and grow their own�food; only married soldiers were to be stationed�there to reduce likelihood of sexual violence; thus, �Spanish established Santa Fe in [1609]: the �oldest capital city in North America; in present-day �New Mexico
Pueblo Revolt
AKA Popé’s Rebellion
Native Americans in New Mexico: [1600] 60,000; by [1680] 17,000
[1675] Pope was 1 of 47 Indians arrested for practicing trad’l religion; 4 were�hanged and the rest brought to Sante Fe to be publicly whipped��[1680] in New Mexico; 3,000 Spanish colonists; Spanish were relentless �to convert Indians to Catholicism (intimidation and violence); didn’t think �Native Americans could unite against them
Popé (Native American): main organizer; aimed to drive the Spanish out and restore Indian’s traditional autonomy; Pueblos spoke 6 different languages but used Spanish as their lingua franca (bridge language to communicate); 2,000 warriors destroyed isolated farms and burned every mission (Catholic church); Native Americans killed 400 colonists (including 21 Franciscan missionaries) and drove 2,000 others out; most Spanish survivors and several 100 Christian Indians made their way south; w/in a few weeks a century of colonization was destroyed
end [1680s] warfare broke out among Indians; Pope died in [1690]
[1692] Spanish launched an invasion and reconquered New Mexico by [1694]; Spanish took back over the region and executed 70 warriors and their families plus gave out 10 years of servitude or�enslavement to the Pueblo
[1680]
New France
- France wanted a share of American gold and silver, but they were more � interested in finding a westward route to Asia: Northwest Passage
- [1524] the French sent Italian Giovanni da Verrazano to search for a passageway through the New World; Verrazano spotted the coast of SC and sailed north, into NY Harbor, and as far as Nova Scotia, but found no such water route or valuable treasure; Verrazano Bridge in NY is named after him��- [1534] Jacques Cartier led 1st European expedition into the Gulf of St. Lawrence; 2nd voyage in [1535] Cartier traveled as far as present-day Montreal, wintering at the site of Quebec; Huron Indians were friendly, later attempts in the [1540s] by Cartier to establish a colony in North America failed, and France was soon engulfed in a religious civil war that pitted Catholics against Huguenots (French Protestants); persecuted French Huguenots moved to the New World and established villages in SC and FL; in the [1560s], the French settlers built a fort/colony on the St. John’s River in FL; [Aug. 28, 1565] Spanish army overpowered the Huguenots; renamed the town St. Augustine
- [1608] Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, France’s 1st sustained settlement in the New World; French established a lucrative economic network with the Huron and Algonquin Indians for fur trading, which soon developed into a military alliance against the English settlers to the south; “coureurs de bois” = means “runners of the woods;” trappers �covered vast territory, from the Great Lakes and present-day Saskatchewan to trails along the Arkansas �and Missouri Rivers, and even into Texas; French trappers shipped so many pelts back to France that they�nearly extinguished the beaver population in North America; ��- seigneuries: agricultural estates along the St. Lawrence River; Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet �[1673] explored Mississippi River; Robert de La Salle [1682] explored Mississippi Basin which he named�Louisiana after French King Louis XIV
- [1614] Champlain invited Franciscan friars (Catholic missionaries) to New France to convert Natives; they asked for help from the Jesuits (AKA The Society of Jesus; founded in Europe in [1540] by Ignatius Loyola; engaged in evangelization); both groups arrived in Quebec in [1625]; Native Americans called the Jesuits “Black Robes”��- many tribes were wary of the Europeans and reluctantly allowed the missionaries into their villages; while some natives befriended the missionaries, many refused to convert to Christianity; French missionaries were less divisive than Spanish missionaries in New Spain; they didn’t immediately require Indians to abandon their tribal ties or ways of life
�- fur traders generally followed, and they frequently cemented their ties with the Indians by marrying into the tribe; many took Indian wives/concubines; metis: children of French fur traders and Indian women�
- befriended the Hurons first; Iroquois attacked Hurons in [1648] �killing missionaries and burning villages; many Hurons died off �from European disease; no long-term success with Iroquois
�- population of New France was ~3,000 by [1663]; mostly men;� traders or Jesuit priests
�- they tried to persuade indigenous people to adopt the European way�of life and lived near French settlements; they were most successful �after demonstrating their ability to write letters to each other, which �the Indians wanted to learn how to do��
Religion in New France
[1645]
[1745]
Dutch Exploration
New Netherlands
[1602] the Dutch East India Company was �founded as 1st joint-stock company of the world;�[1609] Henry Hudson sailed what would be called the Hudson River in NY looking for a Northwest Passage; the Dutch had an active trade in furs around present-day NY
[1621] Dutch West India Company founded/given a trade monopoly in the Dutch West Indies (Caribbean) and given jurisdiction over Dutch participation in the Atlantic slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America; it then established a series of permanent �trading posts on the Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut Rivers��they actively encouraged settlement of the region not just from Holland�but from Germany, Sweden, and Finland��[1629] Charter of Freedom and Exemptions: transported whole families to the �New World and granted vast feudal estates to landlords known as patroons �on condition that they brought 50 more immigrants to America with them w/in�4 years; huge chunk of land called patroonships��the colony of New Netherland and its principal town, New Amsterdam, on �Manhattan Island: its population was relatively small but very diverse; colony �was only loosely united; becomes the most culturally and ethnically diverse�settlement in North America (immigrants, religious toleration, and women’s�rights); by [1644] 18 diff’t languages spoken there
| Spain | France | Netherlands |
purpose of exploration/ colonies | Religious: Catholic missions; eco: gold/silver; long-term or permanent settlement; conquistadors: Spanish conquerors (Cortes, Pizarro) | “coureurs de bois” = runners of the woods; fur trade; economic/religious motivation; Northwest Passage; short term settlement | economic interests: to make money; get into fur trade; looking for Northwest Passage |
geographic region explored/�colonized | Central America; Caribbean, CA, TX, SW and SE of US; St. Augustine, FL [1565]; Santa Fe, NM [1610] | Newfoundland; exploration of St. Lawrence valley, parts of Canada, and Mississippi River; Quebec [1608], Montreal [1642]; Louisiana [late 1600s] | New Amsterdam (NY); Northeast of US in parts of NJ, PA, and DE; patroonships: large land grant if bring 50+ pple in 4 yrs (settled by wealthy) |
contact and interactions with Native Americans | very mean to Native Americans; Valladolid Debate: Las Casas (be nice to them) vs. de Sepulveda (be mean and force conversions); social hierarchy (peninsulares at top) | friendly with Indians; did not intend to stay long term; metis: children of French fur traders and Indians (guides, traders, and interpreters) | identified with Indians as also being poorly treated by Spanish oppression; friendly trading but did have wars; Covenant Chain w/Iroquois Confederation against French/Hurons |
labor systems | Laws of the Indies: encomienda: land w/N.A. if you converted them and taught them Spanish; repartimiento system: N.A. no longer slaves but had to work for wages and still mistreated | mutual relationship btwn fur traders and Native Americans; any attempts at plantations largely failed | not enough people initially to work the land; tried indentured servants; replaced by African slaves in [1626]; slaves had more rights than elsewhere |
extra information | Treaty of Tordesillas [1494]: Portugal gets east of line; Spain settles west of it Black Legend: false concept that Spanish only did negative things to Native Amer.�and nothing positive�Acoma War: [1599] 2 day siege by Onate against Acoma Pueblo; killing 800 (incl. 300 women); captured 600 (women/children made servants and adult males had one foot cut off)�Pueblo Revolt: [1680] Pope’s Rebellion; uprising of Pueblo in NM ag. Spanish; 12 yrs�later Spanish return; killed many; servants | French Huguenots (Protestants) were allowed to settle parts of New France they were later excluded and only Catholics (Franciscan friars) were allowed; Jesuits called “Black Robes;” slow growth; only 5,000 by [1672]; In Canada, 40,000 by [1734]; Louisiana by [1763] ~10,000 including 5,000 slaves and Acadians | somewhat religiously tolerant; Dutch Reformed Church allowed openly; tolerant of Jews, Catholics, Quakers, or Lutherans but couldn’t have open and public worship; women had more rights than elsewhere (retained legal identity after marriage, could own land, go to court, etc.); diverse: 18 languages |
Spanish�or �French?
Columbian Exchange�OR
Triangular Trade?
APUSH Exam
4-6% of APUSH exam will focus� on Period 1: [1491-1607]
MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions):�focusing on the impact of the �Columbian Exchange, the characteristics of the encomienda system, and the �Pueblo Revolt; Valladolid Debate
SAQ (Short Answer Questions): describe how geographic conditions influenced �the culture of Native Americans prior to the arrival of European explorers; how �did the Native Americans adapt to their environments��Discussion: “Explain the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages �from [1491-1607].”��
Sample
SAQ
APUSH CED
Course
Exam�Description
OBJECTIVES:
Students will be able to:
TOURISM IN (YOUR COUNTRY)