HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BY

Mr. Sumit Sharama

DEPTT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Points to be coverded:

• Introduction
• Historical background
• Advantages & Disadvantages of animal tissue culture
• Design and layout of ATC lab
• Equipments used in ATC lab
• Aseptic Techniques in ATC
• Sterilization of culture media, glassware & tissue culture laboratory
• Growth & Viability of cells in culture
• Cryopreservation & retrieval of cells from frozen storage
• Transportation of cells & its characteristics

Introduction:

The term tissue culture refers to the culture of whole organs, tissue fragments as well as dispersed cells on a suitable nutrients medium

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• 1878: Claude Bernard proposed that physiological systems of an organism can be maintained in a living organism after the death of an organism
• 1885: Roux maintained embryonic chick cells in a saline culture

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• 1897: Loeb demonstrated the survival of cells isolated from blood and connective tissue in serum and plasma.

• 1907: Burrows succeeded in long term cultivation of chicken embryo cell in plasma clots .
• 1911: Lewis and Lewis made the first liquid media consisted of sea water, serum, embryo extract, salts and peptones
• 1913: Carrel introduced strict aseptic techniques so that cells could be cultured for long periods.

• 1948: Earle isolated mouse L fibroblasts which formed clones from single cells.

• 1952: G. O. Gey established a continuous cell line HeLa from a human cervical carcinoma patient Henrietta Lacks.
• 1965: Harris and Watkins were able to fuse human and mouse cells by the use virus.
• 1982: Human insulin became the first recombinant protein to be licensed as a therapeutic agent.

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ADVANTAGES OF TISSUE CULTURE

The two major advantages of tissue culture are control of the physiochemical environment which may be controlled very precisely , and the physiological conditions , which may be kept relatively constant, but cannot always be defined. As laboratories seek to express the normal phenotypic properties of cell in vivo, the role of the extracellular matrix becomes increasingly important .

DISADVANTAGES OF TISSUE CULTURE

• Expertise: Culture techniques must be carried out under strict aseptic conditions, because animal cells grow much less rapidly than many of the common contaminants, such as bacteria, molds and yeasts.
• Quantity: A major limitation of cell culture is the expenditure of effort and material that goes into the production of relatively little tissue.

• Origin of Cells: If differentiated properties are lost, for whatever reason , it is difficult to relate the cultured cells to functional cells in the tissue from which they were derived.

• Instability: It is major problem with many continuous cell lines, resulting from their unstable aneuploid chromosomal constitution.
• Major differences in vitro: Many of the differences in cell behavior between cultured cells and their counterparts in vivo stem from the dissociation of cells from a three- dimensional geometry and their propagation on a two- dimensional substrate.

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REFRENCES

• Animal Biotechnology” by M M Ranga
• Textbook of Animal Biotechnology” by B Singh and S K Gautam
• Animal Cell Culture: Practical Approach” by Masters J R W

Thank you…