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The Possibility of Creating the ASEAN+3 Regional �Professional Digital Bond Token Market �by the Initiative of Korea and Japan韓国と日本のイニシアチブによるASEAN+3域内プロ向けデジタル債券トークン市場創設の可能性

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2024.8.8

2024/08/8�V.6 as of 08 August

Final Version

Inukai is an ADB consultant to ABMF, but all the contents and opinions in this presentation are created under his own responsibility.

犬飼自身はADBのABMFコンサルタントを務めていますが、このプレゼンテーション資料に記載した内容と見解はすべて犬飼個人の責任において作成しています

Shigehito Inukai

ADB Consultant to ABMF

Representative Director of the Capital Markets Association for Asia

- Proposal for the making of the Digital AMBIF Bond Token Market -

The seminar will be conducted with simultaneous Korean-Japanese interpretation. Presentation materials must be written in English, but Japanese has also been included for the convenience of simultaneous interpretation.

セミナーは韓日同時通訳で行われます。プレゼンテーション資料の言語は英語による作成を指定されていますが、同時通訳者のために日本語も併記しました。

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Proposal for the making of the Digital AMBIF Bond Token Market by applying the Linked Asset Concept in the UNIDOIT DA PrinciplesUNIDOIT DA原則のリンクされた資産概念を適用したデジタルAMBIF債券トークン市場の構築提案

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  • The current trend may be to view the mainstream book-entry transfer securities and their securities settlement systems using CSDs as being high-cost. It is partly yes. I cannot deny it completely.
  • Furthermore, at the same time, not a small number of people may consider the related laws, regulations, and market rules accumulated until now on the premise of intermediated book-entry securities useless and unnecessary. But I cannot agree with such thinking.
  • In reality, DAs, including digital bond tokens, cannot be said to have high legal stability.
  • 現在メインで使われている振替証券やCSD を利用した証券決済システムは、コストが高い、という見方が主流になってきているようですが、確かにそういう面もあり、完全に否定はできません。
  • また同時に、これまで仲介振替証券を前提として蓄積されてきた関連法規制や市場ルールは無用であり不要である、と考える人も少なくないかもしれません。しかし、私はそのような考えに賛同はできません。
  • 実際、デジタル債券トークンを含むデジタルアセット(DA)は、必ずしも法的安定性が高いとは言えません。

Important Theme Today

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"Possibility of Establishing a Digital Version of the ASEAN+3 Common Intra-Regional Bond Token Market"�「デジタル版ASEAN+3域内共通横断的債券トークン市場の創設の可能性」

  1. It is important to consider past discussions on the creation of a regional professional bond (AMBIF) market.域内プロ向け債券市場(AMBIF)創設についての過去の議論を振り返ることが重要
  2. We want to consider the possibility of creating the ASEAN+3 Intra-Regional Bond Token Market (Digital AMBIF Bond Token Market), which is suitable for a full-fledged digital era and has high legal stability. To achieve this objective, it is essential to fully leverage the valuable intangible assets accumulated in the book-entry bond markets and their infrastructure in the region and bridge them to the digital AMBIF bond token market.本格的なデジタル時代にふさわしく、法的安定性の高いASEAN+3域内債券トークン市場(デジタルAMBIF債券トークン市場)の創設を検討したい この目的を達成するには、地域内のブックエントリー債券市場とそのインフラに蓄積された貴重な無形資産を最大限に活用しデジタルAMBIF債券トークン市場に橋渡しすることが不可欠
  3. In other words, it is necessary to rewrite the market blueprint into a grand design and business model for a new Digital AMBIF Market System that allows as much use as possible of the securities law principles and market rules that have supported the bond markets and their system infrastructure that have developed in each jurisdiction in the region, while integrating these with digital technology.つまり、これまで域内の各法域において発達してきた、債券市場とそのシステムインフラを支えてきた有価証券法理や市場ルールを可能な限り利用しつつ、それにデジタル技術を融合させた、新たな市場システムのグランドデザインとビジネスモデルへと、市場の設計図・青写真を書き換えることが求められている
  4. In doing so, we will need to consider applying the UNIDROIT DA Principles (especially the Linked Asset Principles). At the same time, we will refer to the DASCP (Digital Assets Securities Control Principles) jointly developed by DTCC/Euroclear/Clearstream and the ICMA Bond Data Taxonomy. However, we need to formulate the Digital AMBIF Bond Token Market Elements and Standard independently.その際には、UNIDROIT DA Principles (特にLinked Asset Principles を適用), DTCC/Euroclear/Clearstreamの共同開発によるDASCP(Digital Assets Securities Control Principles), 及び ICMA Bond Data Taxonomy を参照したい しかし、我々独自の Digital AMBIF Bond Token Market Elements と Standard を策定する必要があろう
  5. In that sense, it is very pleasing and encouraging that the Digital Bond Market Forum (DBMF) ​​was established in 2024 under the initiative of Korea‘s KMOEF, and that concrete discussions will begin within the framework of ABMI/ABMF/CSIF. (see next page)�その意味で、2024年に韓国のKMOEF主導でDBMF(Digital Bond Market Forum)が設立され、ABMI/ABMF/CSIFの枠組みの中で、これから具体的な検討が始まることは、非常に喜ばしく心強い(次ページ参照)

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ABMI, ABMF and CSIF

  • ABMI: The Asian Bond Markets Initiative (ABMI) was launched in 2003 by the finance ministers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Japan, and the Republic of Korea (collectively known as ASEAN+3) to boost the development of local currency bond markets. The Asian Development Bank has been acting as the ABMI Secretariat since its inception.
  • ABMF: The ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF) was established in May 2010 by the finance ministers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus the People’s Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea—collectively known as ASEAN+3—under the Asian Bond Markets Initiative (ABMI). The Forum is the only regional platform of which actions and recommendations are reported to the ASEAN+3 policy discussion. It functions to integrate the ASEAN+3 markets through standardization and harmonization of regulations and market practices as well as market infrastructures relating to cross-border bond transactions. ABMF members comprise national members and experts as well as international experts and are drawn from public and private sector organizations.
  • CSIF: The Cross-Border Settlement Infrastructure Forum (CSIF), which has central banks and central securities depositories (CSDs) as members and ASEAN+3 government officials as observers, is a subforum under ABMI that promotes more active intraregional portfolio investments by creating an efficient regional settlement intermediary. Cross-border transactions in bonds and other securities are currently processed through custodians and a correspondent banking network (depending on currency), generating an inevitable time lag between the time of trade and the delivery of securities and money, thus increasing credit risk and settlement risk. To address this problem, the CSIF member organizations agreed to establish a central securities depository (CSD)–real-time gross settlement (RTGS) linkage, which directly links the settlement systems of central banks and CSDs. The linkages among national CSDs and central banks’ real-time gross settlement systems in different regional markets are expected to facilitate intraregional portfolio investments and the use of local currency bonds as collateral, which otherwise have been locked in onshore markets, by enabling cross-border, cross-currency delivery-versus payment of cross-border securities transactions, as well as payment-versus-payment of local currencies in the region without a time lag.

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ABMF - As a Common Platform

  • The ABMF is a forum where the public and private sectors can come together and hold free and open discussions on various issues.
  • It is a meaningful forum where participants, such as regulatory agencies and financial institutions from each country or economy in the region, can formally and informally exchange information and interact, inspire each other, and deepen discussions.
  • Regulatory agencies in each participating country are also voluntarily upgrading their relevant laws and regulations.

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Source: ADB

ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF)

Country

C

Country

D

Country

B

Country

A

Private sector

Public sector

Partnership

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Review of past discussions on the creation of an Asian regional professional bond market

Chapter 2: From AIR-PSM to AMBIF Market

Chapter 3: AMBIF Market

Chapter 4: Change From “Paper” to “Digital Data” as Media for Representing Corporate Bond Rights

Chapter 5: Definition of Digital Asset in the UNIDROIT DA Principles

Chapter 6: Disadvantages and Questions about Digital Assets including Digital Bond Tokens, and the possible solution

Chapter 7: Creation of a new concept of property rights in jurisdictions with a common law tradition

Chapter 8: Digital AMBIF Bond Tokens as Linked Assets

Appendix: ADB CSIF Briefs No.3 and No.4 related to Digital Assets

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Today, I would like to explain in the following order, but because of the time limitation, I will only briefly explain Chapter 1. I will omit Chapters 2 and 3, except for a few essential points.

These points are all important and will form the basis for future discussions, so I would like to recommend you read the materials separately and carefully.

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Chapter 1�Review of past discussions on the creation of an Asian regional professional bond marketアジア域内プロ向け債券市場創設についての過去の議論の振り返り

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The Asian Bond Standard, proposed by Korean members and agreed upon at the ASEAN+3 meeting in Istanbul in 2005, served as an important milestone leading to the establishment of the AMBIF market in 2015.

2005 年、韓国のメンバーによってイスタンブールに於ける ASEAN+3会議で提案され合意した「アジアボンド・スタンダードの提案」は、その後の2015年のAMBIF市場の創設へと繋がる、重要なマイルストーンの役割を果たしました。

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  • The "Asian Bond Standard" Proposal by South Korea was agreed at the ASEAN+3 Meeting �in Istanbul on May 4, 2005 (2005 年 5 月 4 日イスタンブールのASEAN+3会議で合意された、韓国による「アジアボンド・スタンダード」提案)
  • In May 2006, the NIRA Issued a Proposal for the Establishment of an Asian International �Bond (Asian Bond) Market - A Road Map to an Asian Bond Primary Market-(2006年5月15日アジア共同国際債(アジアボンド)市場創設提言―アジアボンド発行市場へのロードマップ―をNIRAより発表) 
  • In February 2007, Submitted the Recommendation by the NIRA Asian Financial Platform �Subcommittee - For completing the financial Big Bang in Asia from the viewpoint of users in �Japan and Asia - to the Cabinet Office(2007年2月 NIRAアジア金融プラットフォーム小委員会提言を官邸に提出 同年3月、NIRA研究報告書『AIR-PSM:アジア域内国際債市場創設構想』公表)
  • In April 2010, Waseda Univ. COE and CMAA Issued a Proposal for the Establishment of an �“Asian Inter-Regional Professional Securities Market (AIR-PSM)” (2010年4月20日早稲田大学 COE とCMAAによる「日本とアジア域内のプロ向け国際債市場創設提言」発表)
  • In September 2010, the ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF), with ADB as the secretariat, �was launched (2010年9月 ADBを事務局とする ABMF: ASEAN+3債券市場フォーラム 始動)

The 2005 Korean Proposal for the "Asian Bond Standard" and �The 2006 NIRA Proposal for the Establishment of an Asian Bond Market

Table 1: 1:

Source: Shigehito Inukai

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Evolving Framework for Regional Cooperation and Institutional Design of Professional Bond Markets: Towards the Creation of a New Intra-Regional Bond Market進化する域内協力組織の枠組みとプロ向け債券市場の制度設計: 域内横断的新債券市場の創設へ

1966 Asian Development Bank (ADB) established アジア開銀設立

→1967「ASEAN(5)」Established ASEAN5設立

→1997 Asian Financial Crisis アジア通貨危機 →1997「ASEAN(10)+3」started ASEAN+3協力開始

2003 Asian Bond Markets Initiative (ABMI) started アジア債券市場育成イニシアティブ始動

→2005-07 Asian International Bond (Asian Bond) Market-related Proposals were issued 提言

→2010 The Japanese government announced a financial strategy for Japan and Asia to create an "international bond market comparable to the Eurobond market“�日本政府は「ユーロボンド市場に比肩する国際債市場」を実現するとの日本とアジアに向けた金融戦略を発表

2010 ABMF: ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum started ASEAN+3債券市場フォーラム 始動

2013 ABMF members have agreed to establish the AMBIF Bond Market concept which is a domestic professional investors market linked to each other, rather than being aimed at the Eurobond-type offshore bond marketABMFはユーロボンド型のオフショア債券市場を目指すのではなく、AMBIF概念に基づいて相互にリンクされた国内プロ投資家向け市場の構築で合意

2015 AMBIF Bond Market concept was established AMBIFという市場概念創設� (The first AMBIF Bond issuance was realized) (AMBIF債第一号 発行実現)

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Table 2:

Source: Shigehito Inukai

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Institutional Framework of ASAEN+3 financial cooperation 「ASEAN+3」における地域政策協力の枠組み

Cross-border Settlement Infrastructure Forum (CSIF)

ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office

CH TH

JP SG

JP MY

KR PH

Sub-forum 1

AMBIF

Sub-forum 2

ISO STP

ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF)

AsianBondsOnline

I

Asian Bond Monitor, ABMF

TF 4

(Infra.)

TF 3

(Regulation)

TF 2

(Demand)

TF 1

(Supply)

CMIM

Regional safety net

ABMI

Asian Bond Market Initiative

ADB Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Dept (ERCD) as the Secretariat

Promoting LCY bond markets to address the double mismatch problem

Credit Guarantee and Investment Facility (CGIF)

Infrastructure Finance

SME�(中小企業向け)�Finance

Project bond, ESG bond

Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting

Deputy Ministers and Deputy Governors Meeting

Source: ADB

TF=TaskForce

Country abbreviation indicates the Chair (leader) of the TF

国の略号はTFの議長国(リーダー)を示す

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ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF)

  • In September 2010, as part of the efforts of ABMI, which was established in 2003, the ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF) was established with the aim of standardizing and harmonizing bond market practices and regulations in order to promote cross-border bond trading in the region�2010年9月、2003年設置のABMIの取組みの 一環として、域内のクロスボーダー債券取引の促進に向けて、債券市場慣行の標準化・規制の調和化を目的として「ASEAN+3 債券市場フォーラム(ABMF: ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum)」が設置された
  • ABMF includes financial institutions and CSDs nominated by national authorities, stock exchanges, securities industry associations, global banks, major financial institutions in each country in the region, as well as public institutions such as central banks, finance ministries, and securities regulatory authorities, rating agencies, SWIFT, etc. as members and observers�ABMF には、各国当局からノミネートされた金融機関や証券振替機関、証券取引所や証券業協会、グローバルバンク・域内各国の大手の金融機関に加えて、中央銀行や財務省や証券監督当局等の公的機関や 格付機関, SWIFT等が、メンバーやオブザーバーとして参加
  • Discuss technical and institutional issues through the activities of sub-forums and working groups�サブフォーラム、ワーキンググループの活動を通じて、技術的・制度的な問題を議論
  • Publications such as bond market guides for each country's market are prepared by the ABMF Secretariat Team with the cooperation of experts from each economy's market�各国各市場の債券市場ガイドなどの出版物は、ABMFのセクレタリアット・チームが、各国各市場の専門家の協力を得て策定したもの
  • Meetings are held three times a year, and the results are reported to ABMI (there are 4 Task Forces) every year�年3回開催し、その結果は、毎年ABMIに報告されている

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Chapter 2�From AIR-PSM to AMBIF MarketAIR-PSMからAMBIF市場へ

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After intensive discussions among ABMF participants in 2013, the plan has been revised from the initially envisaged creation of an "offshore inter-regional common market" to one (we call this concept AMBIF) that links and harmonizes onshore/domestic intra-regional markets for professional investors in each economy while maintaining the autonomy and independence (sovereign rights) of each jurisdiction. Figure A/B

2013年、ABMF参加者の間で行われた濃密な議論を経て、当初想定されていた「オフショア型のInter-Regionalな域内共通市場」の構築ではなく、各法域の主体性と独立性(sovereign rights)を維持しつつ「オンショア型のIntra-Regionalな各国プロ向け市場を互いに連結し調和を図る方式(AMBIFという概念)」での市場構築へと軌道修正されました。

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Summary of the Journey from "AIR-PSM" to "AMBIF"�「AIR-PSM」から「AMBIF」に至る道程のサマリー→2010: Launch of "ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF)" �→2013: Agreement on the framework and market characteristics of "ASEAN+3 Bond Issuance Framework (AMBIF)" �→2015: "AMBIF market established" (First AMBIF bond issued)�→2010年 「ASEAN+3 債券市場フォーラム(ABMF)」始動�→2013年 「ASEAN+3債券共通発行フレームワーク(AMBIF)」の枠組みと市場の特徴を合意�→2015年 「AMBIF創設」(AMBIF債第一号発行実現)

  • In line with the NIRA/Waseda AIR-PSM proposals of 2006-10, the ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF), a regional public-private forum with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as its secretariat, was launched in September 2010 under the Asian Bond Market Initiative (ABMI).�2006-10年のNIRA・早稲田の「AIR-PSM」提言と軌を一にして「アジア債券市場育成イニシアティブ(ABMI)」の下、2010年9月にはアジア開発銀行(ADB)が事務局を務める域内官民一体のフォーラム「ASEAN+3 債券市場フォーラム(ABMF)」が立ち上がった
  • At the end of 2013, the ABMF regional public and private expert members reached a consensus on the framework and characteristics of the ASEAN+3 Multi-currency Bond Issuance Framework (AMBIF), a regional intra-regional professional bond market concept based on a market design that links domestic bond markets in each economy, rather than an offshore bond type.2013年末には、ABMFの域内官民専門家メンバーの総意により, オフショア債型ではなく, 各国国内債連結型の市場設計に基づく、域内横断的プロ向け債券市場概念である「ASEAN+3債券共通発行フレームワーク(AMBIF)」の枠組みと市場概念の特徴を合意
  • Since the first AMBIF bond was issued in 2015, the AMBIF bonds have steadily developed.�2015年に、AMBIF債第一号が発行されて以降、AMBIF債は着実に発展
  • Meanwhile, in Japan, the Financial Services Agency's "Financial Capital Market Competitiveness Enhancement Plan" of 2008 amended the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act to introduce a "framework for private placements by specified investors," and based on this, the Tokyo Professional Bond Market (TPBM) was established in 2011. TPBM forms a significant part of the AMBIF market.�一方、日本国内では2008年の金融庁「金融資本市場競争力強化プラン」により金融商品取引法が改正されて「特定投資家私募の枠組み」が導入され、それに基づき2011年には「東京プロボンドマーケット(TPBM)」が創設 TPBM は AMBIF市場の有力な一部を形成

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Original Idea for the Development of the Asian Bond Markets

  • Fostering government bond markets
  • Creation of benchmark yield curves
  • Fostering corporate bond markets
  • Circulation of savings in domestic markets

Cross-border bond markets (Foreign bond markets and Eurobond market)

  •  Issuance by non-residents
  • Cross-border circulation of savings
  • Different stages of economic development and heterogeneity in �legal and institutional systems and� infrastructure in Asian countries

Asian Inter-Regional� Professional Securities Market �(AIR-PSM)

  • Harmonisation of heterogeneous

rules and regulations for professionals

  • Inter-regional circulation of savings
  • Creation of self-regulated regional

off-shore market for professional

(qualified) market participants

Heterogeneity

均質でない市場

Homogeneity�均質な市場

We need a

Road Map

Integrated�Asian Off-Shore Market

On-Shore

Local Bond Market

Domestic Bond Market

Diagrams and charts explained in the proposals in 2006-2010

2006-2010の提言で説明していた図表

Source: Inukai

Initially, the idea was to create an offshore market in Asia

当初は アジア域内でのオフショア型の市場創設を構想していた

In the discussions at the ABMF since 2013, many securities regulators and policymakers from each country have expressed opposition to this approach, arguing that it could lead to an integrated domestic and foreign market and that it could prevent each country from making use of its own autonomy and independence

この方式に対しては、2013年からのABMFにおける討議の中で各国の証券監督者やポリシーメーカーより、内外一体型の市場になりかねず自国の主体性・自律性を生かすことができなくなるという反対意見が多く見られた

当初想定されていた「オフショア型のInter-Regionalな域内共通市場」

Figure A:

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AMBIF (ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework) as a regional nexus

アジア各国・各エコノミーの国内市場をつなぐ AMBIF という 地域の枠組み

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Domestic Bond Markets

アジア域内の各国・各エコノミーの債券市場

International

Local

Heterogeneous

均質でない市場�(Retail向けも含まれる)

ASEAN+3

Multi-currency Bond

Issuance Framework

AMBIF

Source: ADB Consultant for SF1 + Inukai

Homogeneous

同種で均質な市場

(Professional)

Professional Investors Market Segment

プロ投資家市場

Public Offering Markets

公募市場

International bond market

Eurobond Market

Eurobonds are usually signed in London and involve London underwriters, but because the securities are cleared through the International Central Securities Depository (ICSD), either Euroclear in Brussels, Belgium or Clearstream in Luxembourg, they are not purely UK domestic bonds and are therefore known as offshore international bonds.

Eurobonds は通常ロンドンでサイニングがなされ、ロンドンの引受業者が関与するが、それらの証券の振替決済は、ベルギーのブラッセルにあるユーロクリアか若しくはルクセンブルグのクリアストリームという国際中央証券保管機関(Central securities depository: ICSD)で行われるため、純然たる英国の国内債ではなく、従ってオフショア発行の国際債と呼ばれる

Intra-Regionally standardized

Diagrams currently used in the explanation 現在説明に使用している図表

Sharing basic market practices for professional investors by professional participants

プロの参加者によるプロ投資家向けの基本的な市場慣行を共有する

Revised Idea for the Development of the Asian Bond Markets

Figure B:「オンショア型のIntra-Regionalな各国プロ向け市場を相互連結する方式」での市場の創設

Figure B:

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Chapter 3�AMBIFAMBIF

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The introduction of the ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework (AMBIF) by the ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum (ABMF) illustrates that existing, typical bond market components can be combined to create a useful professional market concept in any market over time and that the ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework can act as a nexus to connect regional markets.

ASEAN+3 債券市場フォーラム(ABMF)による「 ASEAN+3 多通貨債券発行フレームワーク(AMBIF)」の導入は、既存の典型的な債券市場の構成要素を組み合わせて、時間の経過とともに、あらゆる市場で有用なプロ市場のコンセプトを創出できること、そして 「ASEAN+3 多通貨債券発行フレームワーク(AMBIF)」が域内市場を結びつける結節点として機能できることを実証しています。

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AMBIF: ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework�ASEAN+3 債券共通発行フレームワーク

AMBIF (ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework) is an attempt to standardize bond issuance procedures that differ from country to country.

Specifically, it does not change the nature of domestic bonds, which are "domestic bonds issued and settled within each country," but envisions a "limited disclosure market for professional investors" and allows each country to carry out bond issuance, registration, and listing (profile listing) procedures using the "same document and format (Single Submission Form: SSF) that can be used across countries in the region."

AMBIF minimizes institutional differences between countries by limiting market participants to highly specialized professional investors (mainly financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies) and professional market participants such as underwriters.

The AMBIF market aims to spread market rules that are consistent with the international Eurobond market (friendly to professional participants) to each country's domestic bond market, thereby promoting the standardization of transactions.

AMBIF(ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework )は、国により異なる債券発行手続きなどを、共通化しようというもの。具体的には「各国の国内で発行され, 証券決済される国内債」であるという国内債券の性格自体を変更せず, 「プロ投資家向けの限定開示の市場」を構想し, 「域内各国で横断的に使える同一の書面・フォーマット (Single Submission Form: SSF)」を用いて, それぞれの国の債券発行, 登録・上場(プロファイル・リスティング)の手続きを行えるようにした。AMBIFでは, 市場参加者を, 専門性の高いプロ投資家(主に銀行や保険会社などの金融機関)と引受業者などの専門家の市場関係者に限定することで, 各国の制度的な違いを極小化することを可能としている。AMBIF市場は, 国際的市場であるユーロ債市場とも整合的 (プロの参加者に親和的) な市場ルールを各国の国内債券市場に広めることを目指している。そしてそれにより, 取引の標準化を進める。

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AMBIF: ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance FrameworkASEAN+3 債券共通発行フレームワーク

(Background issues)

Since the 1997 Asian currency crisis, bond markets in Asia (ASEAN+2) other than Japan have gradually developed, but with the exception of China, they have not yet been able to escape being treated as peripheral markets from a global perspective due to constraints such as their size of economy and currency regulations.

It was impossible to completely unify the bond markets of each economy in the region, but if we can extract common elements between their markets (limited to professionals only, rules on limited disclosure and simple issuance procedures that are not public offerings, market practices that assume only professional participants, etc.) and standardize them among professional markets participants, we felt that can pursue economies of scale if we can make them function as intra-regionally standardized markets that transcend the boundaries of each economy.

In fact, if it is a market for professional investors, the systems and ideas are almost the same or similar in every jurisdiction's market, so instead of unifying everything, we started with what we can do to get in line, one by one.

(背景にある問題意識)1997年のアジア通貨危機以降、日本を除くアジア(ASEAN+2)の債券市場は、徐々に発展してきましたが, 中国を除けば, 経済規模や通貨規制等の制約から、世界的に見れば, 依然として周辺市場の扱いを抜け出すことができていませんでした。

ABMFは、2010年以降、域内のクロスボーダー債券取引に係る市場慣行の標準化・規制の調和化を議論し促進するための共通の枠組みとして機能してきましたが、2013年までにそこでの議論で分かったことは、域内各国の債券市場を完全に統一することは不可能ですが, 各市場の共通項(投資家層をプロのみに絞る, 公募ではない限定開示のルールと簡素な発行手続きとする, プロのみの参加者を前提とした市場慣行など)を抜き出し, プロの市場参加者の間での共通化を図ることで, 各国の国の垣根を超えた 域内横断的(Intra-regionally standardized) な市場として機能させられれば, 地域全体として規模の経済を追求できるということでした。

実際, プロ投資家向けの市場であれば, どの国の市場も, 制度・考え方がほぼ同じなので, すべてを統一するのではなく, 足並みをそろえることが出来るところから徐々に行うという方針で臨んだのです。そして、ABMFの参加者の間でその考え方を合意したのです。

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Regulatory processes (approaches) that may be generally adopted in the AMBIF

AMBIFで一般的に採用されうる規制プロセス(アプローチ)

  • While the regulatory process for issuing professional bonds differs for each market (regulatory jurisdiction) in the region, the method shown in the figure above is an approach that should be shared by each regulatory authority regarding the regulatory process for AMBIF Bonds.
  • When comparing these methods, the diagram shows that the difficulty of feasibility increases from bottom to top, and the degree of standardization increases from left to right.
  • 域内の市場(規制管轄区域)ごとにプロ向け債券の発行承認手続き(規制プロセス)が異なる中、AMBIF Bondに係わる規制プロセスに関して各規制監督機関が共有すべきアプローチとして、上図の方法が存在する
  • これらを対比的に一覧すると、図を、下から上に行くほど、実現可能性についての困難さが増し、左から右に行くほど標準化の度合いが強いことを示す

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Degree of Standardization

Strong

(6) Harmonization�統合的な調和

(4) Mutual Recognition�相互認知

(3) Expedited Review Framework�促進的なレビュー・フレームワーク �e.g., (2) Substituted Compliance Approach�代替コンプライアンス・アプローチ

(5) Proxy Approach�代理アプローチ

Difficult

Feasibility

(1) Mutual Agreement�相互の合意

Target Area

among AMBIF Market Regulators

AMBIF aims to introduce a standardized and expedited framework for bond issuance among the region's countries and economies. This inevitably requires mutual understanding and cooperation between the regulatory and supervisory authorities of each country or related institutions on "expedited regulatory processes such as issuance approval procedures.

"To achieve this goal, the ABMF considered appropriate approaches for more appropriate regulation, assuming various types of transactions.

Source: ADB Consultant for SF1 + Inukai

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Figure 1: Positioning of the Professional Bond Market

プロ向け債券市場の位置づけ

Source: ADB Consultant for SF1 + Inukai

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Figure 2: Identify professional markets in each economy of the region�域内各国各地域のプロ向け市場を特定

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Pro

Pro

Pro

Pro

Pro

Bond markets in each economy in the region�域内各国各地域の債券市場

QIB: Qualified Institutional Buyer

Public offering market for general investors, �including the retail sector

リテイルセクターを含む一般投資家向け公募市場

Professional Investor Market or QIB Market

プロ投資家向け市場ないしQIB市場

Public Offering Market

Qualified Buyers’ Market

Targeted Offers to Qualified Investors

TOKYO PRO-Bond Market

Public Offering Market

Public Offering Market

Public Offering Market

Public Offering Market

Public Offering Market

Public Offering Market

Public Offering Market

Public Offering Market

Wholesale Market

PP-II Regime�(Accredited Institutional Investors) Market

Source: ADB Consultant for SF1 + Inukai

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Figure 3: AMBIF integration image/What can be achieved with AMBIF?AMBIFの連結イメージ / AMBIFで何が達成できるのか

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Pro

Pro

Pro

Pro

Pro

AMBIF

Public Offering Market

Including Retail and General Investors

Professional Investors Market

Source: ADB Consultant for SF1 + Inukai

  1. AMBIF is designed to capture common ground by focusing on the local professional investor marketAMBIFは、地域のプロ投資家向けの市場に焦点を当てることにより、共通の要素を取り込むように設計されている
  1. Market practices and issuance processes will be harmonized and standardized within the regional professional market市場慣行と発行プロセスは、地域のプロ投資家向け市場内で調和したものとなり、標準化される
  1. Issuers submit issuance documentation to regulators or self-regulatory bodies, and harmonized standardized documentation (SSF) is available for use in all markets in the region発行者は、規制当局ないし自主規制団体に対して、発行のための書類を提出するが、調和し標準化した文書(SSF)が、域内すべての市場で利用できる
  1. Investors can invest in all professional markets (AMBIF markets) within the region without having to be familiar with the details of each country's individual regulations投資家は、各国の個別規制の詳細についてよく知らなくても、域内のすべてのプロ向け市場(AMBIF市場)に投資することができる

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Table 3: AMBIF ELEMENTS

AMBIF債であるための6つの要件

AMBIF Elements�(AMBIF Core Components)

Brief Description

Domestic Settlement

Bonds or notes are settled at a national CSD in ASEAN+3. ASEAN+3域内の国内証券決済システムで決済されること

Harmonized Submission Documents �(Single Submission Form: SSF) ハーモナイズされた、共通の提出書類(単一提出フォーム:SSF)を使っていること

Common approach of submitting information as input for regulatory process(es) where approval or consent is required. Appropriate disclosure information along with ADRB recommendation needs to be included. 承認または同意が必要な規制プロセスの入力として情報を提出する一般的なアプローチ  また、ADRBの推奨事項とともに、適切な開示情報が含まれていること

Registration or profile listing at ASEAN+3 �(Place of continuous disclosure)

Information on bonds or notes and issuer needs to be disclosed continuously in ASEAN+3. Registration or listing authority function is required to ensure continuous and quality disclosure.�ASEAN+3域内での登録またはプロファイル・リスティング(継続的な開示の場所)があること。つまり、債券および発行者に関する情報は、ASEAN+3で継続的に開示する必要があり、継続的かつ質の高い開示を確保するには、登録または上場機関の機能が必要

Currency

Bonds and notes are denominated in currencies normally issued in domestic bond markets of ASEAN+3. 原則、ASEAN+3域内の国の通貨建て債券であること

Scope of Issuer

Resident of ASEAN+3 発行体が、ASEAN+3域内の居住者であること

Scope of Investors

Professional investors defined in accordance with applicable laws and regulations or market practice in each ASEAN+3 market 投資家は、ASEAN+3域内の各市場で適用される法規制または市場慣行に従って定義されたプロの投資家であること

ADRB = AMBIF Documentation Recommendation Board; AMBIF = ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework; ASEAN+3 = Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus the People’s Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea; CSD = central securities depository.

Source: ADB Consultant for SF1 + Inukai

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AMBIF FEATURES and RecommendationsAMBIF債であるための要件と推奨事項

  • Language of documentation:ドキュメントの言語:
    • English 英語
  • Governing law and jurisdiction:準拠法および管轄
    • Governing law is what is permitted in each market;�準拠法は各市場で許可されているもの
    • Governing law related to settlement needs to be local;�証券決済に関連する準拠法は、現地の国内法である必要がある
    • However, the governing law and jurisdiction for specific service provisions may be negotiated and agreed upon between the parties involved in the issuance. �ただし、特定のサービス提供に関する準拠法および管轄権は、発行に関与する当事者間で交渉および合意される場合がある
  • Other consideration:その他の考慮事項
    • Note Issuance Program ノート発行プログラムの利用
    • Credit Rating, if necessary, etc. 必要あらば信用格付けの利用等

Source: Inukai

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Key Factor

Quasi-public bond markets with full disclosure requirements for public investors, including the retail sector

リテイル・セクターを含む一般投資家向けの完全開示義務のある公募債市場

(Target Market)

AMBIF

プロ投資家向け限定開示の公募債的な私募市場

Private placement/relationship bond market with no disclosure requirements�開示義務のない私募債/縁故債市場

Information Disclosure

開示

Complete Information Disclosure�完全情報開示 �Registrations (SRS)

Limited Disclosure Exemption

限定の開示免除(SSF)

Full Disclosure Waiver/Exemption

完全開示免除

Investors

投資家

General Investors, Individual Investors, including Retail Sector

一般投資家, 個人投資家

Professional Investors

プロの投資家

100% professionals or people with connectionsOriginally, only professionals

100% プロか縁故者 本来プロのみ

Liquidity of the market

市場の流動性

◎Yes

あり

Only traded among professional investors

プロの投資家の間でのみ流通する

X: Non-tradable, �満期まで保有

Sales/Resale Restrictions

販売/転売制限

None. Can be sold to individualsなし,個人にも販売可能

Yes: Sales are restricted and prohibited to non-professional investors

あり: プロ投資家以外には販売を制限し禁止

Same as left

同左

Disclosure documents 

開示書類等

Prospectus�目論見書

Info. Memo / Offering Circular

(SSF: Single Submission form)

It is left to the agreement of the parties

当事者同士の合意にゆだねられている

“Market Function Principle” Based Approach by Disclosure

狙う対象は 限定開示のプロ投資家向けの債券市場

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資料: Mr. Hiro Suzuki + Inukai

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The key is to set Effective Selling and Transfer Restrictions in each jurisdiction各国において実効性のある販売制限と転売制限の設定がカギ

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AMBIF �Professional�Investors �market A

Amateur (Retail) �Market A

個人を含む一般投資家市場

Jurisdiction A

A国

Jurisdiction B

B国

Sell and Buy

The success of the AMBIF market will depend on whether or not effective and enforceable sales and resale restrictions can be established

効果的で実効性のある販売制限と転売制限を相互に設定することができるかどうかが、AMBIF市場成功の鍵になる

Block sales to non-professional investors

プロ投資家以外の投資家への販売をブロックする

AMBIF �Professional�Investors �market B

A regional market open only to professional investors

プロ投資家のみが参加できる域内横断的市場

Source: Shigehito Inukai

Figure 4: Effective Selling and Transfer Restrictions

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SSF as a Key AMBIF Document�Unified Format for Submission and Information Disclosure

Issuer

Authority A

Authority B

Authority C

Issuer prepared applications market by market

Issuer

Authority A

Authority B

Authority C

Single Submission Form (SSF)

Single Submission Form (SSF)

  • The SSF is a compilation of the most common information required for bond issuance procedures in each country or economy
  • The SSF is designed to facilitate the application and registration of AMBIF bond issuance to the regulatory and supervisory authorities, listing authorities (listing authorities/stock exchanges), and registrars of each participating market
  • The SSF is prepared for the benefit of issuers who aim to issue bonds to professional investors in multiple ASEAN+3 markets, but investors can also benefit from the standardization of documentsBy filling in the information based on the prepared template, application and disclosure documents for bond issuance in markets that allow the use of the SSF can be easily created

Before

After

Source: ADB Consultant for SF1 + Inukai

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Economies

Existence of Professional Investor Concept

プロ投資家コンセプト�の存在の有無

Existence of Professional Bond Market or Segment

プロ投資家市場セグメントの存在の有無

Name of Market or Segment, Type of Offer

プロ投資家向け市場・市場セグメント又はオファータイプの名前

2012

2024

2012

2024

2024

Brunei Darussalam

 

 

Offering of Debentures to Sophisticated Investors

Cambodia

 

 

Debt Securities Offerings to Qualified Investors

China, People’s Republic of

 

 

1. Placement to Qualified Investors (Exchange Market) �2. Private Placements of Debt Financing Instruments to Designated or Specialized Institutional Investors (CIBM)

Hong Kong, China

Professional Investors Only Market

Indonesia

 

 

1. Public Offerings to Professional Investors�2. Debt Securities/Sukuk Not Through a Public Offering

Japan

TOKYO PRO-BOND Market

Korea, Republic of

QIB Market

Lao PDR

 

 

 

 

 

Malaysia

Excluded Offers – Sophisticated Investors Market

Philippines

 

 

Qualified Buyers’ Market

Singapore

Wholesale Market (Institutional Investors Market)

Thailand

PP-AI (Accredited Inv.) → PP-II (Institutional Inv.) Regime

Viet Nam

 

 

New PP (Institutional Investors & HNWI) Market

Notes: CIBM = China Inter-Bank Bond Market, PP = private placement, QIB = Qualified Institutional Buyer;

At a Glance: The evolution of professional investors and the professional market segmentプロ投資家とプロ向け市場セグメントの進化の一覧Starting with 6 market segments in 2012, to 12 market segments by 2024

2012年の6市場セグメントからスタートし, 2024年には12市場セグメントに

Source: ADB Consultant for SF1 + Inukai.

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Figure: AMBIF-PARTICIPATING MARKETS

現時点でAMBIF債の発行実績のある市場一覧�

KH

HK

JP

MY

TH

SG

PH

Cambodia; Hong Kong, China; Japan; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand

カンボジア; 香港; 日本; マレーシア; フィリピン; シンガポール; タイ

Source: ADB Consultant for SF1 + Inukai

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AMBIF Bond Issuance List� (as of End of May 2024)

CNH = offshore Chinese yuan; �KHR = Cambodian riel; �JPY = Japanese yen; �MYR = Malaysian ringgit; �PHP = Philippine peso; �SGD = Singapore dollar; �THB = Thai baht.

* Guaranteed by the Credit Guarantee and Investment Facility.

Source: Asian Development Bank. https://asianbondsonline.adb.org/ambif.php#bond-issuance

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���Chapter 4�Change From “Paper” to “Digital Data” as Media for Representing Corporate Bond Rights社債権を表象する媒体としての「紙」から「デジタル電子データ」への変化

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  • Most digital security tokens represent corporate bond rights digitally. In other words, one type is fully dematerialized bonds on the centralized CSD book-entry system, and the other is the decentralized DLT-Blockchain systems. The methods are different, but in both cases, corporate bond rights are represented by digital data.
  • The digitization of securities and the conversion to electronic data have a rich history that predates the DLT blockchain. They began in Indonesia/Japan in 2000/2003, making a significant milestone in the capital market’s development history.
  • Fully dematerialized book-entry bond data can be considered a Digital Asset, an evolving term.

デジタル証券トークンの多くは社債の権利をデジタルで表現しています。つまり、1つは集中型CSD振替システム上の完全無券面化された振替債、もう1つは分散型DLTブロックチェーンシステムです。方法は異なりますが、どちらも社債の権利はデジタルデータで表現されています。

証券のデジタル化と電子データ化は、DLTブロックチェーンよりも前から豊かな歴史を持っています。2000年と2003年にインドネシアと日本で始まり、資本市場の歴史において重要なマイルストーンとなりました。完全に無券面化されたブックエントリーの振替債データは、デジタル資産とみなすことができます。

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  • The current trend in every country seems to be, to a greater or lesser extent, to view the currently mainstream book-entry transfer securities and their securities settlement systems using each country's CSDs as being high-cost. I understand such a point.

現在の風潮は、どの国においても、多かれ少なかれ、現在主流となっている各国のCSDを利用したブックエントリー型振替証券とその証券決済システムを、高コストであると否定的にとらえているようです。確かにそのような指摘も理解できます。

  • At the very least, digital bond tokens are a digital representation of corporate bonds, so there is no difference between book-entry bonds and digital bond tokens in that they both represent corporate bonds using digital data. �Therefore, we should first consider whether we can somehow effectively utilize the current legal system, securities law principles, transaction rules, and market rules that have been accumulated in the market system, even in the digitalized environment of the future.

少なくとも、デジタル債券トークンは、社債権をデジタル的に表象したものであるわけですから、振替型債券もデジタル債券トークンも、デジタルデータによって社債権を表象するということ自体に違いはありません。従って、これからのデジタル化された環境の下でも、せっかく市場システムの中で蓄積されてきた今ある法制度、有価証券法理、取引ルール、市場ルールを、何とか有効活用することができないかを、まず検討すべきではないでしょうか。

  • However, I cannot agree at all with the movement toward crypto assets and asset tokens as completely new digital assets with no regulatory burden. I believe that the legal and regulatory systems and trading rules related to securities trading that have been accumulated up until now based on the premise of transferable securities are unnecessary.

しかし、さらにこれまでその振替型証券を前提として蓄積されてきた証券取引関連の法規制システムや取引ルールも不要と考えて、規制負担のない全く新しいデジタル資産としての暗号資産やアセット・トークンを指向する動きがあることには、全く賛同できません。

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The need for a more advanced understanding of paper bonds, immobilized/dematerialized bonds, and digital bond tokens using DLT blockchains紙の債券、振替型債券(Immobilized/Dematerialized)、DLTブロックチェーンを使ったデジタル債券トークンへの発展的理解の必要性

  1. Paper-Based Bonds

紙ベースの債券

Paper bonds are physical certificates that represent the value of the bond securities, and the existence of the paper securities assures a proprietary right or a movable property interest in the relevant jurisdiction, depending on the legal framework in place

紙の債券は、債券有価証券の価値を表した物理的な証明書であり、当該法域において適用される法的枠組みに応じ、その紙ベースの有価証券の存在が、物権的権利ないし動産権を保証します

They incur high transaction costs and related risks due to the need for physical handling, storage, and security

物理的な取扱、保管、セキュリティが必要となるため取引コスト及びリスクが高くなります

The process of transfer, verification, and record-keeping is manual and time-consuming

転送、検証、記録保存のプロセスは手作業で時間がかかります

  1. Dematerialized Bonds

完全無券面化された債券

Dematerialized (completely paperless) bonds The premise is the existence of new legal principles or transaction rules other than paper-based, such as electronic data-based transfer settlement legislation in the relevant jurisdiction. It is possible to replace physical �certificates with electronic records. It has �legal stability while also offering the convenience of electronic transactions.

非物質化(完全にペーパーレス化された)債券

当該法域において電子データをベースとする振替決済法制等による、紙ベース以外の新たな法理ないし取引ルールの存在により、物理的な証明書を電子記録に置き換えることが可能となっています

法的安定性を有すると同時に電子取引の利便性も享受できます

This reduces costs associated with physical handling and storage

これにより物理的な取扱いや保管に関連するコストが削減されます

However, they still rely on traditional financial systems and intermediaries for transactions, record-keeping, and verification, which can be costly and less efficient

しかし、取引、記録保存、検証には依然として従来の金融システムや仲介業者に依存しており、コストがかかり、効率も低い

  1. Digital Bond Token

デジタル債券トークン

Tokenized bonds are digital representations of bonds on a DLT blockchain, and usually, it is not subject �to a centralized CSD-run book-entry �settlement system

トークン化された債券は、DLTブロックチェーン上の債券のデジタル表現であり、中央集権化されたCSDによる振替決済システムの対象ではありません

Transaction cost savings can occur depending on the extent and extent to which intermediaries involved in the bond issuance and management process can be eliminated

債券の発行と管理プロセスに関与する仲介業者を削減できる範囲と程度次第で、取引コストが節約可能となります

We may be able to have a perception the new technology enables automated, secure, and transparent transactions, record-keeping, and verification, making the process more efficient and cost-effective

新技術により、自動化され、安全で透明な取引、記録保存、検証が可能になり、プロセス効率とコスト効率が向上するとの認識が可能

  1. Immobilized Bonds �(with global certificates or notes)

大券のあるイモビライズド債券

A bond involves physical securities (global �certificates or global notes). However, the �transaction is settled electronically, and the �electronic data records are stored in a central �depository (CSD) along with the paper certificates. �Physical securities can be used as legal evidence, �subject to the existing legal framework in the �relevant jurisdiction, and provide legal stability �while also allowing the convenience of electronic �transactions.

債券には物理的な証券(大券)が含まれますが、取引は電子的に決済され、電子データ記録は紙の証明書と共に中央保管機関(CSD)に保管されます

物理的な証券は、関連する法域の既存の法的枠組みに従って法的証拠として使用され、法的安定性を提供しながら、電子取引の利便性も提供します

They incur transaction costs due to the need for physical handling, storage, and security

物理的な取扱、保管、セキュリティが必要となるため取引コストが発生します

However, they still rely on traditional financial systems and intermediaries for transactions, record-keeping, and verification, which can be costly and less efficient

しかし、取引、記録保存、検証には依然として従来の金融システムや仲介業者に依存しており、コストがかかり、効率も低い

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  1. Paper bonds 紙の証券
  • In regard to securities such as corporate bonds, in every jurisdiction, they have traditionally been treated for a long time on the premise that they exist in paper form. Paper bonds require physical and complicated management and procedures for registration at the time of issuance and transfer, and there is also a risk of loss or counterfeiting.
  • However, in each jurisdiction, the legal systems regarding the issuance and transaction of securities have developed over a long period of time based on paper securities. Every jurisdiction has established securities law principles and market rules, and there is a high level of legal stability.

社債などの有価証券に関しては、どの法域においても伝統的に長い期間にわたって紙の証券の存在を前提として取扱われてきました。紙の債券は、その発行時の登録や移転時の登記に際して、物理的かつ煩雑な管理と手続きが必要であり、さらに紛失や偽造のリスクがあります。しかし、各国では証券の発行や取引に関する法制度は紙の証券を前提として長い時間をかけて発展してきましたので、どの国も有価証券法理と市場ルールが確立しており、法的な安定性は高いといえます。

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  1. Immobilized bonds 振替型証券 (Immobilized 証券)
  • In the latter half of the 20th century, central securities depositories (CSDs/ICSDs) such as DTCC in the US, Euroclear and Clearstream in Europe developed book-entry securities. In particular, the physical certificates of bonds were not abolished but were kept formally as global certificates or notes and stored in central depositories within CSDs/ICSDs. The era of immobilized securities arrived, where transactions were actually conducted electronically through a book-entry (account transfer) system. However, since this method basically assumes the existence of paper securities, there was little need to make changes to the paper-based trading rules (securities law principles) of each jurisdiction up to that point, and as for the concept of securities, even though it was a book-entry type of securities using electronic data, it was possible to conceive of property rights in the same way as before, assuming the existence of paper.20世紀の後半に、米国のDTCC、欧州のユーロクリア、クリアストリームなどの中央証券保管振替機関(CSD/ICSD)において開発されたのが、振替型の証券です。特に、債券の物理的な証書は廃止されず大券として形式的に存在させて中央保管機関CSD/ICSDに保管され、それらのCSD/ICSDの中で、実際上はブックエントリー(口座振替)システムによって取引が電子的に行われる Immobilized 証券の時代が到来しました。しかし基本的にこの方式は、紙の証券の存在が前提となっていますので、それまでの各法域の紙ベースの取引ルール(有価証券法理)に変更を加える必要があまりなく、有価証券の概念としても、電子データによる振替型でありながら、紙の存在を前提として従来同様に財産権を観念することが可能でした。
  • In particular, in jurisdictions with a tradition of common law that accumulates experience and precedents, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, it was difficult to suddenly recognize the legal "concept of paperless securities" or "concept of possession" when paper as a tangible object had completely disappeared. It was also difficult to immediately make the conceptual switch and "imagine or conceive of completely dematerialized securities," so the "immobilized securities method" continued to be adopted for a long time.特にアメリカやイギリスなどの、経験と判例を積み重ねていくコモンローの伝統のある国々では、有体物としての紙を完全に消滅させたところに突然法的な「紙のない有価証券概念」や「占有の概念」を認めることは困難で、概念の切り替えを行って「完全無券面化した証券自体を想像したり観念したりすること」がすぐには難しかったために、この「Immobilized 証券方式」が長く採用され続けました。
  • However, assuming the hierarchical holding structure of book-entry securities, when investors deposit their own corporate bonds with custody via a broker, the actual paper bonds themselves are held as global certificates or notes at the CSD, which means that possession and control are separated, making it unclear what is actually being deposited with custody. As a result, measures have been taken to increase legal stability by inventing the concept of "security entitlement" in the United States and using the concept of "trust beneficiary interest" in the United Kingdom, which makes it possible to conceive of corporate bonds rights in a hierarchical holding structure.ただし後程述べる振替証券の階層構造による保有を前提として、投資家がブローカーを介してカストディに自ら保有する社債権を預けている場合には、現実の紙の債券自体は大券としてCSDに保管されているわけで、占有と支配が分離してしまい、実際にはカストディに預けているものは一体何なのか理屈がつかないので、米国では「セキュリティ・エンタイトルメント」という概念を発明し、また英国では「信託受益権」という概念を使って、階層保有構造における社債権を観念できるようにすることで、法的安定性を高める措置が取られてきました。
  • Many markets in the Asian region, such as Indonesia and Japan, have been immobilized and dematerialized before some Western markets.�インドネシアや日本などアジア地域の多くの市場は、一部の西洋市場よりも早くImmobilizeされ、さらにDematerializedされました。
  • In recent years, “fully dematerialized securities” have become increasingly common in jurisdictions with a tradition of civil law, including Indonesia, Japan, PRC, South Korea, etc. For example, even in the United States, which has a tradition of common law, the UCC has been recently revised to make it possible for customers, i.e. institutional investors around the world, to choose fully paperless dematerialized securities at their discretion at DTCC, the US central securities depository (CSD). �なお、近年、インドネシアや日本や中国や韓国をはじめ、シビルローの伝統を持つ国においては、どんどん「完全無券面化した振替型証券(Dematerialized 証券)」が一般的になってきたこともあり、例えばコモンローの伝統を持つ米国においても、最近になってUCCの改定を行うなどして、米国内の中央証券保管振替機関(CSD)であるDTCCにおいても、この方式が可能となっています。

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  1. Dematerialized bonds 完全無券面化された振替型証券 (Dematerialized 証券)
  • The trend of fully dematerialized securities, which began in Indonesia in 2000 has since spread rapidly, especially in jurisdictions with a tradition of civil law. As you may know, Japan and South Korea have allowed the holding of securities through dematerialized securities since 2003 and 2019 respectively. With dematerialized securities, there are no physical certificates, and all transactions are recorded electronically as digital data through a book-entry (account transfer) system.�2000年に世界で初めてインドネシアから始まった完全無券面化された振替型証券(Dematerialized 証券)の流れは、その後、特にシビルローの伝統を持つ国々において、急速に広がりました。ご承知のように、日本では2003年に、また韓国でも2019年に、Dematerialized 証券による証券保有が可能になっています。このDematerialized証券においては、物理的な証書はまったく存在せず、すべての取引が、ブックエントリー(口座振替)システムによって、電子的に、デジタルデータによって記録されます。 
  • In addition, we cannot generalize but the book-entry securities are often held under the premise of a hierarchical structure with the central securities depository (CSD: who manages the settlement activity) at the top, i.e., (1) CSD – (2) custodian (relevant intermediaries, such as financial institutions and securities companies, also called account management institution in Japan and Korea) – (3) investor. �This book-entry system is not uniform across jurisdictions, but in some cases, both the CSD and the custodian, or custodian manage the account of the investor who is the account holder, and the account information in the records of related parties may be linked and managed. �なお、一般化はできませんが、振替型証券は中央証券保管振替機関(CSD: 証券の決済を管理する)を頂点として「(1) CSD – (2) 金融機関や証券会社などのカストディ(relevant intermediary: 日本と韓国では口座管理機関とも言う) – (3) 投資家」という階層構造を前提として保有されることがあるため、この振替制度は、法域によりすべて一様ではありませんが、CSDとカストディの両方、もしくはカストディが、口座名義人である投資家の口座を管理し、関係者の記録における口座情報がリンクされて管理されるような証券保有制度となっています。

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UNIDROIT Convention on Substantive Rules for Intermediated Securities�振替証券法制に関するユニドロア条約

  • Regarding the holding, transfer, and security transactions of securities under indirect holding and hierarchical holding, the UNIDROIT Convention on Substantive Rules for Intermediated Securities was adopted in October 2009 for the purpose of coordinating national laws at the private law level.
  • It is believed that many countries that have established CSDs, including Japan, have already established their own "book-entry bond legislation and bond settlement systems" that are consistent with the UNIDROIT Convention.
  • In other words, each country's book-entry bond legislation, based on book-entry securities (dematerialized securities), is equipped with transaction rules (securities law doctrine) for this purpose and, therefore, is considered to have a high level of legal stability.
  • However, as will be explained in detail later, in order to move on to the next step, that is, to "structure digital bond tokens as linked assets" in the future, it will be necessary to confirm this with the CSDs of each jurisdiction in the region in advance.�なお、間接保有と階層保有状態の下でなされている証券の保有及び譲渡・担保取引等については、私法レベルでの各国法の調整を目的として、2009年10月に採択された「振替証券法制に関するユニドロア条約 UNIDROIT Convention on Substantive Rules for Intermediated Securities」が存在しています。CSDを設置している多くの国では、日本をはじめとして、基本的には、このユニドロア条約と整合的な自国の「振替型の債券法制と債券決済システム」を既に構築していると考えられます。すなわち、振替型証券 (Dematerialized 証券)を前提とした各国の振替債券法制には、そのための取引ルール(有価証券法理)が備わっており、したがって、高い法的な安定性を備えていると考えられます。しかしこの点は、次のステップに進むため、つまり今後「デジタル債券トークンをリンクトアセットとして構成する」ために、域内の各国のCSDに対して予め確認しておくことが必要となるでしょう。

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  1. Digital bond tokens using DLT blockchains デジタル債券トークン

I will explain about “tokenized bonds = digital bond tokens,” which have been attracting attention recently.

First, (1) they are a representation of rights to securities such as corporate bonds on a DLT blockchain using digital data. In addition, (2) due to the structure of the DLT blockchain, securities holdings do not have a hierarchical structure like book-entry bonds. In addition, (3) since digital bond tokens are not tangible objects, the concepts of “possession” and “ownership” that are specific to tangible objects cannot be applied in each jurisdiction unless a special legal system is established. In reality, digital bond tokens have the characteristics of being “proprietary rights” as a de facto concept unique to digital assets, and “electronic records that can be exclusively controllable.” (This point will be explained in more detail in the UNIDROIT DA Principles, which will be explained later.) In addition, (4) one advantage of digital bond tokens is that the management process is light, and the management costs specific to the book-entry securities system mentioned above are unnecessary. However, on the other hand,

(5) Digital bond tokens cannot be said to have the same level of legal stability as the transferable securities that have been used so far. In particular, in cases where digital assets such as digital bond tokens are not legally regulated in the relevant jurisdiction and the transaction rules are not clear regarding the processes of their generation, transfer (including pledge setting), and extinction, legal stability cannot be said to be sufficient. 最近注目されている「トークン化された債券=デジタル債券トークン」について説明します。(1) それは、DLTブロックチェーン上の、社債等の証券の権利のデジタルデータを用いた表現です。また、(2) DLTブロックチェーンの構造上、証券保有について、振替型債券のような階層構造は取りません。また、(3) デジタル債券トークンは有体物ではないので、各法域においては、特別な法制度の整備が行われない限り、法的に有体物に特有の「占有」や「所有」の概念は適用されません。実際のところ、デジタル・セキュリティ・トークンは、デジタル資産固有の、事実上の概念としての「物権的権利の対象である」と共に「支配可能な電子記録」であるという特徴を持つことになります。また、(4) デジタル債券トークンのメリットとしては、管理プロセスが軽微で、上記の振替型証券システムに固有の管理コストが不要であるということが言えます。しかしその一方で、(5) これまで使われてきた振替型証券の持つ法的安定性と同等の安定性を備えているとは言えません。特に、当該法域において、デジタル債券トークンなどのデジタルアセットが法的に規律されておらず、発生、移転(担保設定を含む)、消滅のプロセスなどについて、取引ルールが明確でない場合には、法的安定性が十分とは言えません。

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Chapter 5�Definition of Digital Asset in the UNIDROIT DA Principles�UNIDROIT DA原則におけるデジタル資産の定義

Electronic record means information, which is (i) stored in an electronic medium and (ii) capable of being retrieved.

Digital asset means an electronic record capable of being subject to control.

電子記録とは、(i)電子媒体に保存され、(ii)検索可能な情報を意味します

デジタル資産とは、支配の対象となりうる電子記録のことです

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Electronic medium

'Electronic record'

Information

NOT capable of being subject to Control

Capable of being subject to control

'Digital Asset' under UNIDROIT DA Principles

Definition of Digital Asset in the UNIDROIT DA Principles�UNIDROIT DA原則におけるデジタル資産の定義

Digital asset means an electronic record capable of being subject to control.

“Only what is subject to control” is called a digital asset! 

デジタル資産とは、支配の対象となりうる電子記録のことです。「支配の対象になるものだけ」がデジタル資産と呼ばれます!

Electronic record means information, which is (i) stored in an electronic medium and (ii) capable of being retrieved. 電子記録とは、(i)電子媒体に保存され、(ii)検索可能な情報を意味します。

Source: Original materials prepared by Professor Hideki Kanda, partly revised by Inukai

Controllable Electronic Record 「支配可能な電子記録」

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Chapter 6Disadvantages and Questions about Digital Assets, including Digital Bond Tokens and the possible solutionデジタル債券トークンを含むデジタル資産についてのデメリットないし疑問とその解決策の例

Example of how to structure digital bond tokens as linked assets: For example, by agreement between the parties concerned, both the CSD operator and the custodian (and sub-custodian) can become part of a consortium-type closed blockchain node and put in place a certain mechanism that operates on a smart contract, so that the effect of relevant laws and regulations on existing book-entry transfer securities, which are the same electronic records, can be extended to digital bond tokens and their transactions. In this way, it is possible to structure digital bond tokens as linked assets linked to the securities law doctrine, transaction rules and market rules that have been accumulated based on existing book-entry transfer bonds. Of course, in addition to the agreement of the parties to the transaction, sufficient verification and consent by the regulatory authorities are required, but by doing so, it may be possible to ensure the equivalent legal stability for digital bond tokens as for existing book-entry transfer bonds, without creating a relevant legal discipline of digital assets in the jurisdiction.

デジタル債券トークンをリンクトアセットとして構成する方法の例: 例えば、関係当事者間の合意の上で、CSD運営者とカストディの双方がコンソーシアム型のクローズドブロックチェーンのノードの一員となり、スマートコントラクト上で作動する一定の仕組みを整えることで、同じ電子記録である既存の振替証券に関する関連法規制の効力が、デジタル債券トークンとその取引にも及ぶようにできる可能性があります。こうすることで、既存の振替型債券をベースとして蓄積されてきた有価証券法理や市場ルールにリンクしたリンクトアセットとしてデジタル債券トークンを構成することが可能となると考えられます。もちろん、取引当事者の合意に加え、規制当局による十分な検証と同意が必要となりますが、そうすることで、管轄法域において、デジタル資産に関する新たな規律を創設することなく、デジタル債券トークンに対して既存の振替債券におけるものと同等の法的安定性を確保することができる可能性があります。

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This page is the core of �my presentation for today

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Disadvantages and Questions about Digital Assets, including Digital Bond Tokensデジタル債券トークンを含むデジタル資産についてのデメリットないし疑問

Many economies are just beginning to discuss and consider the national legal definitions for Digital Assets (DAs), each with its different functions and properties, and what regulations should be imposed. The disadvantages and questions that are pointed out are likely due in large part to the lack of legal stability, as it is not clear how digital assets should be handled within each country's private law and legal regulatory systems. Specifically, the following points will be considered in due course:

  1. How to classify and define digital assets, including digital bond tokens, in the first place?
  2. Should only those that exist through DLT or blockchain technology be considered digital assets?
  3. From the perspective of non-tangible property rights, can digital data on a distributed ledger using DLT be recognized as a legally valid final ledger?
  4. Are they recognizable as property or property rights in its private law? How can those assets be recognized under domestic private laws?
  5. Can it be treated as a financial service instrument and by a securities-related regulation (how to differentiate payment instruments /investment-grade products/securities)? Also, can a fair price be formed when trading on the public market?
  6. If DA becomes an investment instrument, what should the information disclosure and unfair trade regulations be? Who can deal with them? What should the regulations be for business providers?   What should the regulations be for issuers?
  7. Is it possible to make the DA profile listed?
  8. What is the relationship with the traditional asset registration system?
  9. What should the third-party effectiveness be in transfers of DA?
  10. Does the principle of Good Faith Acquisition apply to DA?
  11. Can DA be considered collateral property or security interest?
  12. How can investors be protected if DA is an investment instrument?
  13. How should it be treated for tax purposes (income gains tax, capital gain tax, withholding tax, etc.)?
  14. In the event of a custodian's bankruptcy, can the customer's DAs be protected as the customer's property with ownership rights rather than included in the bankruptcy estate?
  15. How can the issue of determining the governing law and jurisdiction be resolved when a private international law-related dispute arises in those transactions?
  16. How can a digital bond token, a DA with an uncertain place of issue, be called a domestic bond?
  17. If DA is denominated in a particular currency, is it possible to submit a foreign exchange report at the place of issuance or payment?

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Disadvantages/ Questions about Digital Assets, including Digital Bond Tokensデジタル債券トークンを含むデジタル資産についてのデメリットないし疑問

多くの経済圏では、それぞれ異なる機能と特性を持つデジタル資産(DA)の国内法上の定義と、どのような規律/規制を課すべきかについて議論と検討が始まったばかりです。やはりデメリットや疑問点として指摘されるのは、各国の私法制度や法規制システムの中で、どのようにデジタル資産を扱うべきかはっきりしておらず、法的な安定性が欠けていることによるところが大きいのではないかと思われます。具体的には、以下の点が今後検討されると思われます。

  1. そもそもデジタル債券トークンを含むデジタル資産を、どのように区分しまた定義したらいいのかがよくわからない?
  2. DLTもしくはブロックチェーン技術によって存在するもののみをデジタル資産と位置付けるべきなのか?
  3. 有体物以外の財産権の観点から、DLTによる分散台帳上のデジタルデータを、法的に有効な確定元帳と認定できるのか?
  4. 私法上の財産または財産権として認識できるか?これらの資産は国内私法でどのように認識できるか?
  5. 金融サービス手段として、証券関連規制の対象として扱うことができるか(決済手段/投資適格商品/証券をどのように区別するか)? �また、公開市場で取引する際に公正な価格を形成できるか?
  6. DAが投資手段になった場合、情報開示や不公正取引規制はどうあるべきか?誰が対処できるか?�事業者に対する規制はどうあるべきか? 発行体に対する規制はどうあるべきか?
  7. デジタル資産のプロファイル・リスティングは可能か?
  8. 従来の資産登録・登記システムとの関係は?
  9. DAの譲渡における第三者宛ての効力はどうあるべきか?
  10. 善意取得の原則はDAに適用されるか?
  11. DAは担保財産または担保権とみなされるか?
  12. DA が投資手段である場合、投資家はどのように保護されるか?
  13. 税務上(所得税、譲渡所得税、源泉徴収税など)はどのように扱われるべきか?
  14. カストディアンの破産の場合、顧客の DA は破産財団に含まれるのではなく、所有権のある顧客の財産として保護されるか?
  15. これらの取引で国際私法関連の紛争が発生した場合、準拠法と管轄を決定する問題をどのように解決するか?
  16. 発行地が定かでないDAであるデジタル債券トークンを、どうすれば国内債と言えるのか?
  17. DAが特定の通貨建てである場合に、発行地もしくは支払地における外国為替報告書の提出は可能か?

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Chapter 7�Creation of a new concept of property rights in jurisdictions with a common law traditionコモンローの伝統を持つ国における新たな財産権概念の創設

The UK and the US have recently created new property rights disciplines. Those are equivalent to the concept of the “electronic records that can be exclusively controllable” of the UNIDROIT DA Principles.�英国および米国では、最近、新たな財産権に関する規律を創設しています。これらは、UNIDROIT DA原則の「排他的に制御可能な電子記録」の概念に相当します。

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Creation of new property rights �in common law jurisdictions

コモンローの法域における新たな財産権に関する規律の創設 (英国と米国の例)

Real Property

不動産

Land, Buildings

(UK)

土地, 建物

     Personal �

通常の財産権

Things in Possession (UK)

Things in Action�(UK)

動産, 有体物

債権等

Property

新たな財産権

Newly Created

Things that are Digital in Nature

(UK)

デジタル資産

Controllable Electronic Records (ECRs)(US)

支配可能な電磁的記録

Equivalent to the concept of the “Electronic records that can be exclusively controllable” of the UNIDROIT DA Principles

Source: Shigehito Inukai

Movable Property, �Tangible Thing

Claims, etc.

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Chapter 8�Digital Bond Tokens as Linked Assets

The UNIDROIT DA Principles consider the concept of "linked assets" (issuance of digital assets based on existing traditional assets, such as corporate bonds or other digital assets).

We introduced an example of how digital bond tokens can be structured as linked assets in Chapter 6 above. Still, it shows that by both the CSD operator and the custodian becoming members of a consortium-type closed blockchain node, the effectiveness of the relevant laws and regulations regarding existing electronic transfer securities, which are the same electronic records, may also apply to digital bond tokens and their transactions.

We have shown that the idea of ​​linked assets may be used to bridge the gap between the securities law principles and trading rules that have been accumulated so far in existing dematerialized transferable bonds and new digital bond tokens for which trading rules have not yet been accumulated.

Until now, little thought has been given to linking existing assets to other new assets and reusing the legal effects and transaction rules that belonged to the existing assets in the new assets. However, the UNIDROIT Digital Assets Principles introduce the concept and methods of flexibly usable linked assets, which I think is groundbreaking, and there is no reason not to use them.

It is also important to remember that the concept of linked assets is extremely flexible and does not necessarily mean creating a digital twin of the underlying assets.

UNIDROIT DA原則では、「リンクされた資産」(社債など、既存の従来型の資産、またはその他のデジタル資産に基づいたデジタル資産の発行)の概念を検討しています。デジタル債券トークンをリンクトアセットとして構成する方法の例については、第6章で紹介しましたが、CSD運営者とカストディの双方がコンソーシアム型のクローズドブロックチェーンのノードの一員となることで、同じ電子記録である既存の電子振替証券に関する関連法規制の効力が、デジタル債券トークンとその取引にも適用可能となる可能性があることを示しています。既存のDematerializedの振替型債券においてこれまで蓄積されてきた有価証券法理や取引ルールと、新しくて取引ルールというものがまだ蓄積されていないデジタル債券トークンとの間の、いわば橋渡し(ブリッジ)を行う機能として、リンクトアセットの考え方が使える可能性があるのだということを、お示ししたものです。これまでは、既存の資産を別の新資産にリンクさせて、既存の資産に属していた法的効果や取引ルールをいわば別の新資産において再利用するというような発想が乏しかったわけですが、UNIDROITのDA原則において、柔軟に利用可能なリンクトアセットの概念と手法が紹介されたことは、画期的であり、利用しない手はないと感じます。なお、リンクトアセットの概念は非常に柔軟にできており、必ずしも原資産のデジタルツインを作ることを意味していないことも、念頭に置いておく必要があるでしょう。

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Digital asset, such as Crypto assets

Digital asset, such as Digital Bond Token

Digital asset

Digital asset

Non-digital asset*

Native digital asset

Non-native digital asset

link

link

UNIDROIT Principles apply

other assets

  • Existence, requirements for and legal effect of the link is a matter of other lawリンクの存在、要件、法的効果は、他の法律の問題です
  • Commentary on PRINCIPLES gives examples and guidance原則に関する解説で、例と指針が示されています

* Examples:

  • Contractual right
  • Debt securities�(Book-entry securities)
  • Equity securities
  • Gold

Linked Asset

Original materials prepared by Professor Hideki Kanda, partly revised by Inukai

Digital Bond Tokens as Linked Assets�リンクされた資産としてのデジタル債券トークン

UNIDROIT Principle 4 (Linked assets) states that “a digital asset may be linked to another asset which could also be a digital asset.”

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Nature

Native

Non-native

Characteristics

  • Native coins and tokens have a mining mechanism and the characteristics of self-propagating their value.
  • They do not have the concept of an ‘issuer.’
  • They cannot be described as linked assets.
  • These are not real-world asset (RWA) tokens.

  • The value of non-native tokens is based on or represented by the value of another (underlying) asset, such as a monetary claim, corporate bond rights, gold, real estate, etc.
  • Have the concept of an ‘issuer.’
  • Can be described as linked assets.
  • Many of them are RWA tokens.
  • These are issued with specific purposes and functions.

Example(s)

A Coin and altcoin (Native coin or Native token) is a native crypto-asset with its blockchain or DLT network ecosystem.

  • Coins on existing blockchain ecosystems

Coin: BTC

Altcoin: ETH, etc.

  • Coins that exist on DLT ecosystems other than blockchains

Examples of these tokens include;

  • Security Tokens (Digital Bond Token),
  • NFTs, and
  • asset-backed/pegged stablecoins issued on the Ethereum blockchain platform and pegged to the US dollar, etc.

Table: Nature of Digital Asset or Token [Native or Non-native]

デジタル資産またはトークンの性質 [ネイティブまたは非ネイティブ]

Source: Inukai

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Appendix�CSIF Briefs� No.3: An Introduction to Digital Assets, and    No.4: Key Aspects of UNIDROIT Principles� on Digital Assets and Private Law

I want to introduce two CSIF Briefs, Nos.3 and 4, which ADB will publish in this August. I am one of the authors, and I believe that the information in these Briefs is essential for further consideration and more profound discussion of the topics covered in this seminar. �I hope you will look forward to their publication.

ADBが8月に発行するCSIFブリーフ第3号と第4号をご紹介します。私は執筆者の一人ですが、これらのブリーフの情報は、このセミナーで取り上げたトピックをさらに検討し、より深い議論を行うために不可欠であると考えています。発行を楽しみにお待ちください。

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THANK YOU

犬飼 重仁🍀SHIGEHITO INUKAI

shige.inukai@me.com🍀⌘🍀⌘🍀⌘🍀⌘🍀⌘🍀⌘🍀⌘🍀⌘🍀

CMAA:

Capital Markets Association for Asia

https://sites.google.com/cmaa-group.org/cmaa/home