Classification of Non Chordates

Dr. Sajjan M. B.

Dept of Zoology

Raje Ramrao Mahavidyalaya, Jath

CLASSIFICATION OF NON-CHORDATES

Kingdom: Protista

General characters

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1. These are microscopic, acellular or unicellular animals.
2. These are aquatic, fresh water or marine, some are found in damp soil and some are parasitic.
3. Body is made up of a mass of protoplasm with one or many nuclei.
4. Locomotory organs are pseudopodia, cilia or flagella.
5. Nutrition is generally, holozoic or holophytic or saprozoic or sometimes parasitic.
6. Respiration and excretion occur through general body surface by diffusion.
7. In freshwaters osmoregulation by contractile vacuoles.
8. Reproduction sexual or asexual
9. Kingdom Protista is divided into following four phyla
10. Phylum : Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Zoomastigina and Sporozoa

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AMOEBA

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Classification

Kingdom : Protista

Phylum : Sarcodina

Class : Rhizopoda

Type : Ameoba

COMMENTS

• Amoeba is found in mud, fresh water ponds, streams and ditches in which bacteria and decaying vegetation are rich.
• Shape of body is irregular.
• Body is covered by very thin and semi-permeable membrane called plasma lemma.
• Protoplasm is divisible into an outer ectoplasm and an inner endoplasm.
• The endoplasm is having single nucleus, a large single contractile vacuole and many food vacuoles.
• Pseudopodia are locomotory organs, which are short and blunt.
• Nutrition is holozoic.
• Reproduction is by binary fission.

EUGLENA

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Classification

Kingdom : Protista

Phylum : Zoomastigina

Class : Mastigophora

Type :Euglena

COMMENTS

• Euglena is fresh water flagellate, found abundantly in ponds, ditches, pools and slow running streams.
• The body is spindle – shaped, green colored, measuring about 50-100 microns length.
• The outer covering is called pellicle. The pellicle is marked by spiral striations.
• The cytoplasm divisible into an outer ectoplasm and an inner endoplasm.
• The endoplasm contains nucleus, chloroplast, paramylum and pyrenoids.
• The anterior end contains flask shaped cytopharynx or gullet.
• Just below the cytopharynx lies a large contractile vacuole which is surrounded by accessory vacuoles.
• Just above the contractile vacuole lie stigmata or eye spot which serves as photosensitive organ. It is a mass of red hematochrome granules.
• A long flagellum originating from blepharoplast projects through the cell gullet.
• Locomotion is due to the lashing movements of the flagellum, i.e. euglenoid movement.
• Chloroplast is made up of a central pyrenoids enclosed in paramylum.
• Nutrition is holophytic or saprophytic.
• Reproduction usually by the binary fission.

PLASMODIUM

Classification

KINGDOM: PROTISTA

Phylum : Sporozoa

Class : Telosporea

Type :plasmodium

COMMENTS

• Plasmodium is a malaria parasite.
• Life cycle of plasmodium is complicated and is completed in two hosts, man and mosquito.
• Asexual cycle is passed in man in two phases. First phase in liver schizogony and second phase is completed in red blood cells and is known as erythrocytic schizogony.
• Signet ring stage is a part of the erythrocytic schizogony.
• After liver schizogony a stage called micro-metacryptomerozoite invades the red blood cells and becomes rounded to form a young trophozoite.
• As the trophozoite grows in size, a central vacuole is developed.
• As a result of this the nucleus is pushed to one side into peripheral cytoplasm.
• This stage is clinically referred to as signet – ring sage.
• Signet- ring trophozoite secretes digestive enzymes which bring lyses of haemoglobin into protein and haematin.
• Protein is utilized by the trophozoite and he unused haematin toxic material pigment called haemozoin.

PARAMOECIUM

Kingdom : Protista

Phylum : Ciliophora

Class : Ciliata

Type :Paramoecium

COMMENTS

• Paramecium is found in the mud, fresh water ponds, ditches in which organic matter and decaying vegetation is rich.
• It is commonly known as slipper animalcule.
• Body is slipper-shaped covered by the pellicle and cilia.
• The cilia are arranged uniformly throughout the body, while at the posterior end of the body they are longer.
• Protoplasm is divisible into an outer ectoplasm and an inner endoplasm.
• The ectoplasm lies under the pellicle which contents trichocysts.
• The endoplasm contains two nuclei, i.e. Macronucleus and micronucleus, two contractile vacuoles, i.e. anterior and posterior contractile vacuoles and many food vacuoles containing food material.
• The oral groove runs backwards and ends into the mouth or cytostome.
• Cytostome leads into a narrow cytopharynx, at the base of which food vacuoles are developed.
• Cilia are the locomotory organs.
• Nutrition is holozoic.
• Asexual reproduction is by binary fission and sexual reproduction is by conjugation, endomixis, autogamy and hemixis.

PHYLUM: PORIFERA

GENERAL CHARACTERS

1. These are strictly aquatic, fresh water or marine.
2. Multicellular body but cells are present in loose aggregation and tissues are not formed.
3. These are diploblastic. The outer layer is ectoderm and inner layer is endoderm. In between these two there is a gelatinous layer called mesoglea.
4. Presence of Ostia, osculum, incurrent pores and excurrent pores. Presence of canal system. Spongin fibres and spicules form skeleton.
5. Reproduction by sexual as well as asexual.
6. Phylum Porifera is divided into following three classes ie class – Calcaria, Hexactinellida and Demospongia.

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SYCON

Classification

Kingdom : Animalia

Subkingdom : Parazoa

Phylum : Porifera

Class : Calcarea

Type :Sycon

COMMENTS

• Sycon is a solitary colonial sponge, found attached to the rocks and other substratum in shallow sea water.
• The body is slender vase-like or cylindrical.
• The surface of the body is perforated by numerous pores called ostia.
• Each cylinder is attached to the substratum by base and opens to the exterior by an opening called osculum.
• Osculum is fringed by monaxon spicules.
• The body wall is made up of the dermal epithelium.
• Skeleton mainly consists of the calcareous spicules, which project out from the epithelium.
• Each cylinder has a central large cavity called the spongocoel.
• The spongocoel opens outside through the osculum.
• Nutrition, respiration and excretion are performed by canal system.
• Reproduction by both asexual and sexual mode.

EUPLECTELLA

Kingdom : Animalia

Subkingdom : Parazoa

Phylum : Porifera

Class : Hexactinellida

Type : Euplectella.

COMMENTS

• It is commonly called as Venus flower basket due to its beautiful elegant glassy shape.
• The animal measures 15-30 cm. in diameter.
• The body is long, rigidly curved and cylindrical.
• Body is composed of 4 and 6 rayed spicules forming 3 dimensional networks with parietal gaps.
• The spicules are joined together forming a network.
• It has knitted basket shaped body, ostia and oscular sieve plate hence it is euplectella.

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HYALONEMA

Kingdom : Animalia

Subkingdom : Parazoa

Phylum : Porifera

Class : Hexactinellida

Type : Hyalonema

COMMENTS

• It is exclusively marine in habitat found at the depths of 100-150 meters.
• Body shape is variable, usually rounded or oval.
• The body looks like a structure of glass wool with projecting tufts of glass spicules.
• Body is supported by spicules of six – rays and small amphidiscs.
• Body is raised from the substratum by a stalk – like root tuft which is twisted like a rope.
• Root tuft is made up of a bundle of very long anchoring spicules.
• Root tuft also traverses the body as an axis or columella and usually project above as gastral cone.

SPONGILLA

Spongillkingdom : Animalia

Subkingdom : Parazoa

Phylum : Porifera

Class : Demospongilla

Type :Spongilla

COMMENTS

• Spongilla is fresh water, colonial sponge which occurs in streams, lakes and ponds.
• It is found attached as branching tubes to the submerged objects.
• It is yellow or green in colour due to the presence of green algae, zoochlorellae.
• The body wall is perforated by dermal pores or ostia and several osculae.
• Te skeleton consists of both spongine fibres and the siliceous spicules.
• Canal system is of rhagon type.

CYTOLOGICAL PREPARATION OF MITOCHONDRIA

• Take a smear of oral mucosa or a peel of onion on a clean dry slide.
• Stain the material with dilute Janus green B stains for few minutes.
• Observe under microscope, initially under low power and then under high power.
• Mitochondria appear as bluish green stained granules.

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PHYLUM: COELENTERATA

GENERAL CHARACTERS

1. These are aquatic animals; some are fresh water while some are marine water.
2. They may be solitary, colonial, and sedentary or free swimming.
3. They possess a cavity called coelenteron and are diploblastic having non cellular mesoglea.
4. The animals are radially symmetrical and appear in two forms polyp and medusa.
5. Reproduction sexual as well as asexual.
6. Digestion both extracellular and intra cellular.
7. Special types of cells i.e. stinging cells are present.
8. This phylum is divided in to following three classes
9. Phylum – Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa

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OBELIA

Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Eumetazoa

Phylum: Cnidaria /Coelenterata

Class: Hydrozoa

COMMENTS

• Obelia is a colonial, marine, sedentary coelenterate, attached to seaweeds, shell and rocks.
• The colony of Obelia is made up of the branches and zooids.
• The colony of the obelia is dimorphic i.e. it shows two types of zooids.
• The zooids are the polyps or hydranths and blastostyles.
• The polyps or hydranths are nutritive in function and called as gastro zooids.
• The blastostyles are reproductive in function, so called as gonozooids.
• The perisarc is a protective layer made up of the cuticle.

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JELLY FISH /AURELIA

Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Eumetasoa

Phylum: Cnidaria /Coelenterata

Class: Scyphozoa

COMMENTS

• It is exclusively marine and commonly known as jelly fish.
• Body is soft bell or umbrella-shaped, perfectly transparent and bluish in colour.
• The reddish or pinkish horseshoe-shaped, gonads are clearly visible from the surface.
• The circular body presents a concave oral or subumbrellar surface.
• From the centre of sub – umbrella surface hangs down a short manubrium.
• Each oral arm has ventral ciliated groove leading into mouth.
• The edges of arms are beset with stinging cells called nematocysts.
• The free edge of umbrella is base with closely set delicate hollow marginal tentacles.

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GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PLATYHELMINTHES

• Soft bodied, dorsoventrally flattened, free living, triploblastic, coelomate and some are endoparasitic.
• For the first time in the animal kingdom, the head region, definite organ systems like digestive, excretory, nervous and reproductive system is getting formed. Digestive system is incomplete due to absence of anus.
• Ingestion through mouth or through general body surface.
• Excretory system consists of flame cells. These are mostly bisexual and fertilization is internal.
• This phylum is divided into following three classes
• Class – Turbellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda

TAPEWORM OR TAENIA SOLIUM

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Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Eumetazoa

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Cestoda

Type : Taenia solium

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• It is an endoparasite in the intestine of man.
• The body is ribbon like, differentiated in to scolex, neck and about 700-900 segments.
• Scolex contains 4 suckers and a rounded rostellum.
• Rostellum is crowned at its base by a double row of 28-32 hooks.
• Below the scolex there is a area of segmentation called the neck.
• Neck is followed by a large number of immature, mature and gravid proglotids or segments.
• Mature segments contain fully developed hermaphroditic genital organs.
• Male reproductive system consists of testes, vasa efferentia, vas deferens and cirrus.
• Female system consists of a single bilobed ovary, oviduct, vitellaria and vagina.
• Ingestion of improperly cooked pork beef leads to the infection.
• It causes various diseases in man like anaemia, eosinophilia, diarrhoea, haemorrhage, abdominal pain, nausea etc.

ASCARIS

Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Eumetazoa

Phylum: Aschelminthes

Class: Nematoda

• Ascaris is a common endoparasite in the small intestine of man.
• It is commonly known as round worm.
• Body is elongated, cylindrical, pointed at both the ends.
• Body is marked with mid –dorsal, mid-ventral and two lateral lines.
• Mouth is situated at the anterior end.
• Posterior end of the male is ventrally curved, having cloacal aperture.
• Through the cloacal aperture two spicules project out, known as penial setae.
• Posterior end of the female is bluntly pointed, having anus.
• Excretory pore in male and female is situated at the anterior end just below the mouth.
• Female genital aperture or gonopore lies about 1/3 of the length of the body from the anterior end.
• Male is smaller than the female.
• Anus, in case of male opens into the cloacal aperture.