Higher Geography @ Gairloch High School

Name:

​

Lesson 1 - Which process shape our coastlines?

Lesson 2 - How does geology affect the formation of headlands and bays?

Lesson 3 - What’s the story of the Old Man of Stoer?

Lesson 4 - Where are our coastlines growing?

Revision Tasks

Understanding Standards

Lesson 5 - How do glaciers shape our landscapes?

Lesson 6 - Where do glaciers begin?

Lesson 7 - How did a glacier carve out Glen Torridon?

Lesson 8 - What happens when glaciers get too warm?

Revision Tasks

Understanding Standards

Practice Questions

Guided Revision

​

Page 2

Date: Lesson 1 - Which processes shape our coastlines?

Where are our coastlines?

​

Scotland has almost 10,000 km of coastline, from the calmest of white sandy beaches to the roughest of battered cliffs. As part of our lithosphere topic, we’ll study the processes at work at our coastlines and the features which form as a result of their action.

​

Where does the power to shape our coastline come from?

​

Our coastlines are shaped by weathering and also erosional and depositional processes which occur as a result of wave action.

​

In some parts of Scotland, waves created by winds in the North Atlantic travel a very long distance before they reach our shores. This distance is called the fetch of the waves. Waves with a large fetch, or which have been created during periods of strong winds, have a lot of energy which is released upon hitting our coastline. This causes erosion to occur at the coast. Waves which arrive at the coast with a lot of energy are referred to as destructive waves.

​

Our coastline is varied - in places the seabed rises gently �to sheltered lochs and beaches. The shape and depth of �the seabed is called it’s bathymetry. Where the �bathymetry changes slowly towards the coast, waves lose �their energy slowly and, as a result, by the time they reach �the coastline they have little energy left. They are likely to �deposit material they have carried, creating beaches �formed of sand or pebbles. These are constructive waves.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Which four erosional processes take place at the coast?

​

The erosional processes which occur at the coast are the�same as those which occur in fluvial (river) environments. �They are:

• Hydraulic action which is when pounding waves �compress trapped air in the rocks, creating �pressure which weakens and loosens rock �fragments.
• Abrasion which is where rock fragments carried in �the waves are thrown against the headland, �creating a blasting action and wearing away the �rock
• Attrition where rock fragments are slowly ground down by friction from wave action as they bash into each other. This makes them smaller and rounder over time, until they form sand.
• Solution is where slightly acidic sea water dissolves the minerals in some rocks (e.g. limestone and chalk). They are then carried away in the sea water.

​

This map shows the bathymetry of the seabed around the UK. By examining the Western Isles, we can see that the west coast of Lewis has deep waters (green) right up to it’s coast. This coastline is dominated by erosional features such as cliffs. In contrast, the west coast of Harris and Uist is dominated by expansive, white sandy beaches. This makes sense when the bathymetry is examined, as the waters here are much shallower (red/orange).

A

B

Page 3

Lesson 1 - Which processes shape our coastlines?

Which depositional processes take place at the coast?

​

Coastlines are dynamic environments which are always changing. This means that the processes of transportation and deposition are constantly moving material around.

​

Longshore drift is a process which transports sediment along a coastline. Waves arrive at the coast at an angle, determined by the prevailing wind. This is the usual wind direction in an area. Sediment is pushed up the beach at this angle, and then falls back at a right-angle because of gravity. The upward movement is called swash, whilst the downward movement is called backwash. As sediment is moved in the direction of the prevailing wind, longshore drift can cause some areas of beach to become depleted whilst others are built up with sediment. This is seen when groynes (a coastal defence method trying to prevent erosion) are installed.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Which weathering processes take place at the coast?

​

Physical, biological and chemical weathering can all take place at the coast. They are collectively referred to as sub-aerial processes because they happen at the bottom of the atmosphere.

​

• Freeze-thaw weathering occurs when rainwater enters cracks in rocks and freezes. This puts pressure on the surrounding rock and weakens it. When this is repeated many times over a long period, small fragments of rock break off from the solid bedrock.
• The action of plants growing on our coasts can break down rocks as biological weathering. Roots hold plants to the rock and when they are exposed to wind this force transfers down into the rock, weakening it.
• In the same way that sea water can erode rocks by solution, slightly acidic rainwater can weather rocks by dissolving minerals.

​

Weathered material may build up at the coast, forming scree at the base of cliffs before being transported away during times of high energy wave action.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 4

Lesson 1 - Which processes shape our coastlines?

Task 1

​

Watch the Time for Geography video on Types of Waves. Answer the following questions:

​

1. What two things are created when winds blow over the sea? ………………………………………………………
2. What three things determine the size and energy of waves? ………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• When waves are approaching the coastline they develop a shorter …………………………………
• When happens when a wave gets too steep? …………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• What kind of wave is created when the swash is the most powerful process? ……………………………………
• The direction of longshore drift is determined by the direction of what? …………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 2 Constructive Destructive

Draw a diagram of �each type of wave:

�

Task 3

​

Look at the bathymetry map on page 2. Explain why the waves which arrive at A have higher energy than those which arrive at B. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

Task 4

​

The geology of the coastlines around Gairloch are primarily Torridonian Sandstone. This is a very hard rock, which formed over 1.2 billion years ago. Which coastal erosional process is unlikely to occur in the Gairloch area? Explain your answer. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 5

​

Watch the Time for Geography video on Marine Erosional Processes. Answer the following questions.

1. What names are given to the horizontal and vertical cracks in the bedrock? ………………………………………
2. What happens to material that has been eroded by hydraulic action? ……………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Which part of the cliff is eroded by both hydraulic action and abrasion? …………………………………………
• What kind of particles are dissolved by solution? ……………………………………………………………………

Page 5

Lesson 1 - Which processes shape our coastlines?

Task 6

​

Annotate this diagram to explain the process of longshore drift. You should use geographical terms in your annotations.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Task 7

​

​

​

​

​

1. Which of these coasts will have the highest energy waves? Explain your answer. ………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Refer to the bathymetry map shown on page 2. Name two areas of the UK coastline which show a shallow coastal slope, and two areas which show a steep coastal slope. ……………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 8

Watch the Time for Geography video on Sub-Aerial Processes.

1. How can salt crystals, which are splashed onto cliffs by waves, weather rock? ……………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• What happens when the wind blows plants which are growing in cliff faces? ……………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Chemical weathering can be driven by slightly acidic rainwater and what else? …………………………………
• Name two types of rocks which are susceptible to chemical weathering. …………………………………………
• What causes landslides (an example of a mass movement) to happen at the coast? ……………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• The boulder clay collapses by landslide, whilst the chalk collapses as a …………………………………………

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

A - shallow coastal slope

B - steep coastal slope

Page 6

Date: Lesson 2 - How does geology affect the formation of headlands and bays?

In lesson 1, we discovered that cliffs made of limestone and chalk are more susceptible to some types of weathering and erosion. The geology of an area and the rocks it possesses can have an influence on the coastal features which form.

​

How can we describe the geology of coasts?

​

When you learned about the formation of a waterfall, you discovered that more resistant rocks eroded slowly, whilst less resistant rocks eroded more quickly. The same applies at coastlines.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

How do headlands and bays form? [Model answer]

​

1. Setting

​

Headlands and bays are formed by differential erosion, where softer, less resistant rocks erode more quickly than harder, more resistant rocks. At a discordant coastline, alternate areas of rock have different properties and erode at different rates.

​

• Processes

​

Erosion can take place in three main ways. Hydraulic action is when the pounding waves compress trapped air in the rocks, creating pressure which weakens and loosens rock fragments over time. Abrasion is when rock fragments carried in the waves are thrown against the rock, wearing it away over time. In some areas, rocks which are susceptible to erosion by solution (e.g. limestone and chalk) have minerals dissolved away by slightly acidic seawater. These processes all work together to erode the less resistant rock at a quicker rate.

​

• Develops and changes

​

Headlands form where more resistant rock juts out into the sea. Bays form as a sheltered area between headlands. Constructive waves build a small beach in the sheltered bay between the headlands. Over time, both the headland and bay continue to be eroded and the shape of the coastline may change.

​

What other aspects of geology can influence the formation of headlands and bays?

​

The type of rock found in an area isn’t the only thing which could create differential erosion.

​

Faults are natural weaknesses in rocks, where movement has occurred in the past. Areas which have undergone faulting on a large or small scale can also be eroded quickly, no matter the geology of the bedrock.

​

Many sea lochs (which look like bays) in the NW Highlands formed as a result of glaciers travelling down them. These are known as fjords in Scandinavian countries such as Norway and are often very deep.

Concordant coastlines occur when the geology of an area runs parallel to the coastline. Here, only one type of rock is exposed to marine erosional processes. If this rock is more resistant, it will protect the coastline from erosion.

Discordant coastlines occur when the geology of an area runs perpendicular to the coastline. The different types of rock are all exposed to marine erosional processes and it is likely that they will erode at different rates.

Page 7

Lesson 2 - How does geology affect the formation of headlands and bays?

Task 1

​

The following maps show Kilmuir Bay, Isle of Skye. They show the same area of coastline.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Basalt (an igneous rock) Limestone (a sedimentary rock) Siltstone (a sedimentary rock)

​

1. Is the coastline at Kilmuir Bay concordant or discordant? Give a reason for your answer. ………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Suggest whether the rock coloured is a sedimentary or igneous rock. What is your evidence for this?�………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• On the satellite image, draw what this coastline may look like in 2000 years time.
• Explain how Kilmuir Bay has formed. You should refer to at least three marine erosional processes in your answer. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Figure 1 - Geological map (made by the British Geological Survey)

Figure 2 - Satellite Imagery

Kilmuir Bay

Kilmuir Bay

Page 8

Date: Lesson 3 - What’s the story of the Old Man of Stoer?

The Old Man of Stoer is a sea stack in Assynt, NW Highlands. It is popular with experienced climbers and is visited every year by tourists. In this lesson, we’ll find out how it - and other sea stacks - form.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

As cliffs are eroded by the action of marine erosional processes and sub-aerial processes, a series of features form including sea stacks. For Higher, you must be able to explain the formation of: a wave-cut platform, a cave, a natural arch and a stack.

​

What is a wave-cut platform and how does it form? [Model answer]

​

A wave-cut platform is a flat area of rock which forms at the base of a cliff. At high tide, it is under the water and so it erodes at a slower rate than the exposed cliff.

​

1. Setting

​

At the coast, cliffs are found along shorelines where the coastal slope is �steep. If the geology of these includes natural weaknesses such as joints, �faults or cracks these are undercut by erosion, forming a wave-cut �notch.

​

• Processes

​

At high tide and when waves have a lot of energy, they can erode the�cliff. Hydraulic action occurs when water enters cracks in the rock, �compressing the air in them and causing pressure on the surrounding �rock. When this is repeated over a long period of time, it breaks the rock �apart. This rock falls in the sea, where it becomes a tool for abrasion. �Abrasion is when fragments of rock are thrown by waves against the cliff face, breaking it apart. If cliffs are formed of limestone or chalk, they may be susceptible to erosion by the process of solution. This is when weak acid in seawater dissolves minerals, which over time weakens the rock.

​

• Develops and changes

​

As the wave-cut notch is eroded at a faster rate, an overhang is left above. The notch gets further into the cliff face until the unsupported overhang collapses due to the weight. The process then repeats and, over time, a low wave-cut platform is left under the high tide line.

​

An example of a wave-cut platform is at the base of the Old Man of Stoer, in the NW Highlands.

​

In the NW Highlands, the dip of the rock beds (the angle that they are at) means that wave-cut platforms are not flat, and instead form dangerous slabs which slope down into the sea.

Page 9

Lesson 3 - What’s the story of the Old Man of Stoer?

How do sea stacks form? [Model Answer]

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

1. Setting

​

When a headland juts out into the sea, it is continually attacked by marine erosional processes. If the geology of this headland includes weaknesses such as joints, faults or cracks they are eroded at a faster rate. Over time, the erosion of these weaknesses will form caves, natural arches and stacks.

​

• Processes

​

Erosion of the headland takes place via a number of marine processes. As waves hit against the headland, air in these cracks is compressed and there is increased pressure on the surrounding rock. This is called hydraulic action. As this repeats, it will eventually break the cliff down. The rock fragments which have been broken off can also be used for abrasion, where the force of them being thrown against the cliff causes it to weaken and loosen rock. In areas which are formed of limestone or chalk, slightly acidic seawater can cause minerals to dissolve from the cliff face which, over time, breaks the rock down by the process of solution. All of these erosional processes cause rocks at the natural weaknesses to erode quicker.

​

• Develops and changes

​

When cracks are eroded by the erosional processes, they widen and deepen. This creates a sea cave. In some cases, a blowhole can form in the roof of the cave as compressed air is pushed upwards by the power of the waves, causing vertical erosion. Over time, erosion on both sides of the headland cuts through the back-wall of the cave and enlarges it to create a natural arch. Continued erosion at the bottom of the arch makes it less stable, and sub-aerial processes attack the roof of the arch. This weakens it, eventually resulting in the collapse of the arch roof and leaving a sea stack isolated from the headland.

​

What does the future hold for the Old Man of Stoer?

​

As high energy, destructive waves continue to arrive on the coastline of the NW Highlands, the Old Man of Stoer may not survive for long. It is made of resistant Torridonian Sandstone, but over time, even that may give up to erosion by marine processes and weathering from sub-aerial processes. When a sea stack collapses or is worn down over time, it leaves a stump of rock which lies between the high and low tide marks. At this point, the whole headland has retreated and the shape of the coastline has changed.

Page 10

Lesson 3 - What’s the story of the Old Man of Stoer?

Task 1

​

Watch the Time for Geography video on the Formation of a wave-cut platform. Answer the following questions:

​

1. Where does the high energy zone occur? ………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• What happens in the high energy zone? ………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• What happens when the cliff collapses? ………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Why is the surface of the wave-cut platform uneven? ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 2

Look at the diagram of a wave-cut platform on page 8. Describe, or explain, what is happening at each of the letters on the diagram.

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 3

​

Research two methods of coastal management. One should be an example of hard engineering and the other an example of soft engineering. You could use the videos on Time for Geography as your research.

​

​

​

​

​

Page 11

Lesson 3 - What’s the story of the Old Man of Stoer?

Task 4

​

Draw an annotated diagram - or series of diagrams - showing the formation of a sea cave, natural arch and sea stack. You should refer to at least three marine erosional processes in your annotations.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 12

Date: Lesson 4 - Where are our coastlines growing?

Coastlines are disappearing where erosion is the dominant

process. However, in other areas of coastline material is �transported and deposited. This creates features of coastal �deposition.

​

​

​

​

​

​

Where do beaches get sediment from?

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

What is a sand spit and how does it form? [Model answer]

​

1. Setting

​

A sand spit forms when there is a change in the direction of a coastline. This allows a sheltered area to form where deposition is the dominant marine process. Over a long period of time, longshore drift means that material builds up until it is out of the water.

​

• Processes

​

Sand spits are mainly formed through the process of longshore drift. Waves which arrive at the coastline are driven by the prevailing wind and push material up the beach at an angle. This is called swash. The wave then returns to the sea at right angles to the coast, as a result of gravity. This takes material with it and is called backwash.

​

• Develops and changes

​

The spit develops as long as the supply of deposits is �greater than the amount of erosion. The shape can �become hooked or curved in response to changes in �currents or the wind direction. In the sheltered area �behind the curved spit, a salt marsh may develop.

​

An example of a sand spit is at Culbin Sands, Nairn.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Exam tip: Just like you are used to for erosional river and coastal features, explaining the processes for each of these is the same. Longshore drift is the dominant process in the formation of spits, tombolos and bars.

N

Page 13

Lesson 4 - Where are our coastlines growing?

What is a bar and how does it form? [Model answer]

​

1. Setting

​

A sand bar forms when a spit grows across the entrance to a bay, connecting two headlands. They form when there is a change in direction on a coastline, for example a bay, which allows a sheltered area for deposition.

​

• Processes

​

Firstly, the spit forms via the process of longshore drift. Waves, driven by the prevailing winds, push material up the beach at an angle. This is called the swash. The returning backwash is dragged back by gravity , down the beach at right angles.

​

• Develops and changes

​

When a bar crosses a bay, it creates a sheltered lagoon behind it. When there is no strong flow of water from a river into the sea, the lagoon gets cut off and no longer has a supply of water. Through time it is is infilled by deposition.

​

An example of a bar which has created a lagoon is at Culbin Sands, Nairn.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

What is a tombolo and how does it form?

​

A tombolo forms when sediment is deposited so that an island is �connected to the mainland by sand or shingle. Some tombolos are�formed by longshore drift, when a spit extends out from a headland.�(Focus on this one, mainly, as your SQA answer!)

Other tombolos, such as the ones at Firemore and Red Point Beaches,

are formed when the process of wave refraction occurs around the �island. Approaching waves are bent around the island, causing deposition �to occur in the sheltered area behind it. Over time, this builds up to form �a permanent area of sand or shingle.

​

​

​

Called the Bar, but actually a spit!

Bar, which has created a salt marsh lagoon

RSPB Nature Reserve

Page 14

Lesson 4 - Where are our coastlines growing?

Task 1

​

Determine the direction of longshore drift of:

1. The diagram at the top of page 12 ……………………………………………………………………………………
2. The photograph at the bottom of page 12 ……………………………………………………………………………�

Task 2

Explain four places that beaches get their sediment from. You should refer to the names of marine erosional processes in your answer. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 3

The RSPB Nature Reserve at Culbin Sands is home to a variety of birds, all of which thrive in salt marsh environments. Use the RSPB Nature Reserve page to answer the following questions.

1. How has the habitat here been shaped? ………………………………………………………………………………
2. The nature reserve is a SSSI? What does this stand for? ……………………………………………………………
3. What is one way that the nature reserve is managed, by humans, but to benefit animals and plants?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Identify the following bird species, all of which depend on the habitat of the salt marsh.

​

​

Page 15

Lesson 4 - Where are our coastlines growing?

Task 4

​

Using the structure shown below, explain the formation of a tombolo. You should focus on how it forms from longshore drift. Your answer will largely look like the formation of a spit - with the addition of some detail to make it a tombolo!

​

1. Setting

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Processes

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Develops and changes

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 5

Visit the following locations on Google Maps and Streetview. Identify the feature of coastal erosion or deposition which occurs there. There may be more than one.

1. Chesil Beach …………………………………………………………………………………
2. Lulworth Cove …………………………………………………………………………………
3. Green Lane, Skipsea …………………………………………………………………………………
4. Spurn Head …………………………………………………………………………………
5. Duncansby, near John o’Groats ………………………………………………………………

​

​

​

​

Page 16

Revision Tasks To be completed by:

​

Task 1

​

Our study of coastal environments has included lots of new geographical terms. For homework, create written flashcards including the following words and their definitions. Start with the terms you are most unsure of, leaving the ones you know well until last.

​

• Fetch
• Destructive waves
• Bathymetry
• Constructive waves
• Hydraulic action
• Abrasion
• Attrition
• Solution
• Longshore drift
• Swash
• Backwash
• Prevailing Wind

​

Task 2

​

Choose any three words from the lists above. Construct a sentence which includes all of them. You should try and link them together. Do this at least three times, to create three different sentences.

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

• Weathering
• Freeze-thaw
• Scree
• Concordant
• Discordant
• Differential erosion
• Headland
• Bay
• Faults
• Wave-cut notch
• Wave-cut platform

​

• Overhang
• Sea cave
• Blowhole
• Natural arch
• Stack
• Stump
• Sub-aerial processes
• Spit
• Tombolo
• Bar
• Salt marsh

Page 17

Understanding Standards

​

Shown below is an example of a question from the 2019 Higher Geography Exam.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

This is the mark scheme for the question. It tells the marker what to give marks for and gives some examples of what might be said.

​

​

​

Page 18

Task 1

​

Using the question and mark scheme, mark the answer shown below. Use a different colour of tick to identify which marks are given for processes.

​

Page 19

Task 2

​

Using the question and mark scheme, mark the answer shown below. Use a different colour of tick to identify which marks are given for processes.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Task 3

​

Which answer is more successful? Explain your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

Page 20

Date: Lesson 5 - How do glaciers shape our landscape?

Ice ages have occurred throughout Earth’s history. Ice forms in cold regions close to the poles or on our highest mountain slopes. At times, as a result of past climate change, ice has formed and covered areas where it no longer does. Scotland is an example of this.

​

In Scotland we know that glaciers and ice sheets covered our landscape in the past because of the evidence that is left behind. Erosional glacial features such as corries and u-shaped valleys were carved out by glaciers as they travelled across the landscape. Depositional glacial features such as drumlins and moraines remain to this day, where the ice left them.

​

When were Scotland’s recent ice ages?

​

The last major glacial period in Scotland was the Late Devensian. At �its peak, around 22,000 years ago, a large ice sheet covered the whole �of Scotland.

​

Around 15,000 years ago the climate warmed rapidly and the ice �melted. This didn’t last long though, and by 13,000 years ago ice caps �had developed in the West of Scotland and valleys were filled with �glaciers. This is known as the Loch Lomond Readvance.

​

In the NW Highlands, the Loch Lomond Readvance was not enough to �form ice sheets thick enough to cover our highest mountains. The �peaks stuck out and continued to be exposed to weathering. This is �why some of our highest mountains have rounded slopes and jagged �peaks. An example of this is Slioch.

​

How does a glacier work as a system?

​

Glaciers are large rivers of ice which are capable of eroding, �transporting and depositing material.

​

​

​

In the cold periods or high mountains, snow falls. When this doesn’t melt in the summer, the next year’s snow falls on top. This puts pressure on the underlying snow and eventually compacts it into ice. It is by this process that a glacier accumulates ice.

The glacier travels down slopes and valleys because of gravity. Eventually, depending on the climate, it reaches an area where temperatures are higher. This causes the glacier to melt. Meltwater streams travel through and under the glacier, washing sediment that has been carried out. This is the area of ablation.

Page 21

Lesson 5 - How do glaciers shape our landscape?

How do glaciers accumulate?

​

Glaciers consist predominantly of ice but can also include water, air pockets and �debris, sometimes in large amounts.

​

Glaciers form when there is so much snowfall and/or the air temperature is so �cold that some of the snow survives through the summer and is still present �when the next winter’s snowfall arrives. The old snow is then known as firn.

​

If old snow builds up for several years in a row then the firn becomes more & �more compacted as it gets buried under more recent snow layers. The air which �was originally trapped between the snowflakes is gradually squeezed out by the �weight of the layers above. Eventually the firn becomes ice, with just a few small �bubbles of air trapped between individual ice crystals.

​

Slopes which face north or north-east have an aspect which means that they do�not get the sun during the day. This makes them colder and they are often where

accumulation begins.

​

How do glaciers erode the landscape?

​

Glaciers erode in two main ways:

​

• Plucking happens when water at the base of a �glacier gets into cracks in the underlying bedrock. �It freezes, picking up the fragments of rock and �carrying them in the base of the glacier. Plucking �creates angular, jagged surfaces.
• The rocks which are frozen into the base and side �of a glacier can become tools for abrasion. As the �glacier moves downhill these angular rocks grind �against the landscape in an action similar to �sandpaper. This deepens and widens the glacier’s �valley with smoothed surfaces. Striations are �formed when large, angular rocks scrape along �surfaces. They can be used by geographers to �determine the direction that glaciers travelled in.

​

Glacial landscapes are also affected by weathering �processes during and after ice ages. Freeze-thaw �weathering is very common due to the low temperatures. �This steepens cliffs and provides lots of loose rock which is �supplied to the glacier or builds up as scree.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Striations on a rock surface, Orkney

Page 22

Lesson 5 - How do glaciers shape our landscape?

Task 1

​

Watch the Time for Geography video on Glacier Mass Balance. Answer the following questions:

​

1. In what two areas of the world do glaciers shape landscapes? ………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Name two things that people rely on glaciers for. ……………………………………………………………………
• How quickly do glaciers flow downhill? …………………………………………………………………………………
• What name is given to the area of the glacier where snow and firn are building up? ……………………………
• In what situation could a glacier calve icebergs, rather than melt? …………………………………………………
• What name is given to the dividing line where there is neither accumulation or ablation? ……………………
• What happens to these zones when there is a warmer climate? ……………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• What does it mean if a glacier has a negative regime? ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• What three things are happening to glaciers as a result of our warming climate? ………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 2

​

Explain what the following words mean:

​

1. Ice sheet ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Glacier ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Zone of accumulation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Zone of ablation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

Task 3

​

Using your understanding of the physical causes of climate change, explain what may cause a climate to enter an ice age. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

​

​

​

Page 23

Lesson 5 - How do glaciers shape our landscape?

Task 4

​

Using different colours, sort these statements into whether they apply to:

Accumulation Plucking Abrasion Freeze-Thaw Weathering

1. This can produce striations.
2. Firn is formed as snow builds up year after year
3. Water gets into cracks and freezes which exerts pressure on the surrounding bedrock
4. Angular rocks are stuck in the base of a glacier. They act like sandpaper.
5. Angular rock fragments are broken off. These fall to the base of the cliff as scree.
6. This happens more often on the north or north-east facing slopes.
7. This rounds and smooths surfaces. It produces rolling hills.
8. This can happen before, during and after glaciation.

​

Task 5

Explain the difference between glaciation that is dominated by ice sheets and glaciation that is dominated by valley glaciers. You should describe what they look like and the features they leave after glaciation has ended.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 6

Match the definition to the feature formed by glacial processes. Use Google images to help you get your answer.�

• Corrie
• Arete
• Pyramidal Peak
• U-shaped Valley
• Hanging Valley
• Terminal Moraine
• Drumlin
• Esker

​

​

​

​

​

​

• A feature formed by three corries back-to-back
• Sediment pushed along by a glacier which is dumped at its furthest limit
• A hollow which forms where accumulation of snow forms a glacier
• A smaller valley where a tributary glacier has had less erosive power
• A winding ridge of glacial sediment which is deposited along a meltwater channel
• A sharp ridge which forms at two adjacent corries or u-shaped valleys
• A deep and wide valley which forms in the path of a glacier
• An egg-shaped mound of sediment which is aligned by glacial movement

Page 24

Date: Lesson 6 - Where do glacier begin?

In the last lesson, we learned that snow accumulates on mountains. Where this happens, a corrie is created.

​

What is a corrie and how does it form? [Model answer]

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

1. Setting

​

Snow accumulates in north facing hollows where more snow falls in winter than melts in the summer. North and north-east facing slopes are more shaded so snow lies longer with accumulated snow compressed into firn and eventually ice.

​

• Processes

​

Plucking takes place when ice freezes on to bedrock, pulling loose rocks away from the back wall of the corrie. This steepens the back wall. When these rocks are frozen into the base of the glacier they can become tools for abrasion, when the angular rock grinds the hollow. This deepens the base of the corrie. Freeze-thaw weathering occurs on the back wall above the glacier. This is when water in cracks in the rock freezes, expands and contracts weakening the rock over time until fragments break off. This supplies sediment which is then carried on and in the glacier.

​

• Develops and changes

​

Glaciers move downhill due to gravity. The Bergschrund crevasse opens up at the back of the hollow as the ice begins to flow. This allows meltwater and rock fragments to get to the base of the glacier, increasing erosive power. The weight of the glacier pushes down causing rotational sliding, which deepens the hollow. Friction causes the ice to slow down at the front edge of the corrie, allowing a rock lip to form which traps rainwater. This creates a corrie lochan, a small loch which fills up with rainwater long after the glacier has gone.

​

An example of a corrie is Coire Mhic Fhearchair, Beinn Eighe.

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 25

Lesson 6 - Where do glacier begin?

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

What happens when more than one corrie forms in an area?

​

When two corries form back-to-back on a mountain, the back wall of each becomes steeper creating a narrow ridge between the two corries. This is called an arête. An arête can also form where two u-shaped valleys run adjacent to each other.

​

When three or more corries form back-to-back on a mountain, the back wall of all of them becomes steeper. This creates a series of ridges and a jagged pyramidal peak in the centre.

​

​

​

Steep, weathered back wall

Scree formed as a result of freeze-thaw weathering

Corrie lochan

Smooth, abraded rock

Carn Mor Dearg Arete, Ben Nevis

Exam Tip: When asked to explain the formation of an arete or pyramidal peak, you begin by outlining how a corrie forms as written in the model answer on page 24. Then, add a couple of sentences explaining how the corrie develops into an arete or pyramidal peak.

Coire Mhic Fhearchair, Beinn Eighe

Pyramidal Peak

Arete

Corrie

Corrie

Corrie Lochan

Page 26

Lesson 6 - Where do glacier begin?

Task 1

​

Explain the process of:

​

1. Plucking ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Abrasion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Freeze-thaw weathering …………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 2

Correct these sentences so that they correctly explain the formation of a corrie.

1. The Bergschrund is a large crevasse which forms at the base of the glacier.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Freeze-thaw weathering often occurs on the back wall of a corrie. It wears away the rock as a result of rotational sliding.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Glaciers move downhill as a result of gravity. When ablation has built up a heavy mass of ice, the glacier moves out of the mountain hollow.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Plucking is when water at the top of a glacier gets into cracks in the bedrock. It thaws, which means that the glacier moves away and pulls the rocks out.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• A rock lip is created when erosion at the front of the hollow is greatest. I

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• A corrie lochan forms when meltwater from the glacier collects in the hollow.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 27

Lesson 6 - Where do glacier begin?

Task 3

​

Label the picture of the Coire at the top of page 25 with the statements in the adjacent boxes.

​

Task 4

​

Using Google Earth in 3D mode, explore the following current and past glaciated landscapes. In each, try to identify at least three different glacial features.

• Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland
• Snowdon, Wales
• Lake District, England
• Matterhorn, Switzerland
• Mt Everest, Nepal

Task 5

Watch the BBC Earth video on How Do Glaciers Move? When you have finished, explain the role that meltwater plays in glacier movement and structure.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 6 - Practice Question

Explain the formation of a pyramidal peak. You may wish to use an annotated diagram(s) in your answer. [2019 - 8 marks] …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

​

Page 28

Date: Lesson 7 - How did a glacier carve out Glen Torridon?

Glen Torridon, in the NW Highlands, is located in an area which underwent extensive glaciation in both the Late Devensian and Loch Lomond Readvance. It is a wide u-shaped valley, which formed as a result of erosion by a glacier.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

What is a u-shaped valley and how does it form? [Model Answer]

​

1. Setting�

Snow accumulates in north facing hollows where more snow falls in winter than melts in the summer. North and north-east facing slopes are more shaded so snow lies longer with accumulated snow compressed into firn and eventually ice. The ice begins to move downhill as a result of gravity. Glaciers will use v-shaped valleys which have been carved by rivers, as they are the path of least resistance.

​

• Processes

​

As the glacier travels down the v-shaped valleys erosional processes are at work. Plucking of rocks at the base and sides of the glacier happens when ice freezes on to bedrock, particularly in areas with natural weaknesses. When the ice continues on its journey it takes the rock with it, plucking it out of place and carrying it in the glacial ice. This rock has now become a tool for abrasion - as it is dragged along it smooths the rock underneath it in an action similar to sandpaper. This widens and deepens the valley floor, turning it from a v-shape to a u-shape. During and after glaciation, freeze-thaw weathering will occur on the steep cliffs which rise above the glacier. This happens when water gets into cracks in rocks, freezes and by doing so puts pressure on the surrounding rock. This process repeats over a long period of time, loosening rock fragments which can fall onto the glacier or valley floor as scree.

​

• Develops and changes

​

Former interlocking spurs may be cut off by the glacier as it flows downhill leaving truncated spurs and steep valley sides. The width and shape of the resulting glacial trough will depend on the nature of the rock type and the intensity and weight of the glacier and its erosion. When a period of glaciation is over, a wider and straighter valley is left, often with a misfit stream which no longer fits the valley floor.

​

An example of a u-shaped valley is Glen Torridon, NW Highlands.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 29

Lesson 7 - How did a glacier carve out Glen Torridon?

​

​

​

​

​

What is a hanging valley and how does it form?

​

A hanging valley is a smaller �valley which has been formed �by a tributary glacier. Because �the tributary glacier weighs less, �it has less erosive power. When �the tributary glacier joins the �main glacier, the valley is cut off. �A steep drop is found where the �hanging valley meets the main �u-shaped valley. If there is a �misfit stream in the hanging �valley, this drops suddenly as a �large waterfall. An example of a �hanging valley is Coire Dubh �Mor, which joins Glen Torridon.

​

What is a ribbon loch and how

does it form?

​

A ribbon loch is a long, thin loch which forms on the floor of a u-shaped valley. They form where differential erosion has created a deeper area of less resistant rock, surrounded by more resistant rock. Ribbon lochs can also form where the deposition of glacial sediment has created a dam. An example of a ribbon loch is Loch Maree.

​

You should now be able to identify and explain the formation of all the features shown in this diagram.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Exam Tip: When asked to explain the formation of a hanging valley or ribbon loch, you begin by outlining how a u-shaped valley forms as written in the model answer on page 28. Then, add a couple of sentences explaining how the u-shaped valley can also feature a hanging valley or ribbon loch.

Ribbon loch

Page 30

Lesson 7 - How did a glacier carve out Glen Torridon?

Task 1

​

Describe how this landscape will be changed�by glaciation. �

Steep sided v-shaped valley: ………………………�…………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………

Interlocking spurs: …………………………………�…………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

River, filling the bottom of the valley: ……………………………………………………………………………………………�……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 2

Label the following image with the processes shown. Then, in the larger box, explain how the process happens.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Task 3

Define these terms:

• Scree …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Misfit stream ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Hanging valley ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Ribbon loch …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

​

​

​

As the ice flows over surfaces, it smooths the rock underneath…

As the ice flows over rougher areas…

Page 31

Lesson 7 - How did a glacier carve out Glen Torridon?

Task 4

​

Using different colours, sort these statements into whether they apply to [or more than one]:

Corries U-Shaped Valleys Ribbon Lakes

1. These are formed by differential erosion.
2. These are formed by the processes of plucking and abrasion acting on bedrock.
3. These are formed on the north or north-east facing side of a mountain.
4. When two or more of these form back-to-back, an arete is created.
5. These can be created from glacial deposition.
6. Rotational sliding enhances the deepening of these.
7. A greater mass of ice in the glacier will deepen these.

​

Task 5

Describe what is shown in each stage of valley development.

Stage 1 - ………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

Stage 2 - ………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

Stage 3 - ………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

​

Task 6

Erratics are large boulders which have been moved by a glacier from �one location to another. They often don’t match the geology of the �area they end up in, or are perched in precarious positions. Can you �think about your local area and whether there are any potential �erratics?

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Stage 1 - V-Shaped Valley

Stage 2 - During glaciation

Stage 3 - After glaciation

An erratic at Gruinard Bay

Page 32

Date: Lesson 8 - What happens when glaciers get too warm?

So far, all the glacial features we have examined have been primarily formed through glacial erosion. In this lesson, we’ll look at three features which are formed primarily by glacial deposition.

​

What is an esker and how does it form? [Model answer]

​

Eskers are meandering ridges of sediment along a valley floor, formed by meltwater streams in or underneath a glacier. In the zone of ablation, the glacier is primarily losing mass via melting. Meltwater streams which travel through the glacier deposit sand and gravel in the channels and tunnels that they make. These are sorted by size because heavier stones are dropped first by flowing water. The stones are more rounded compared to those

deposited by a glacier because of the action of flowing water around

the edges which wear them down by erosion. When the glacial period

is over and the ice has melted, the raised ridges can be seen � on the valley floor.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

What is a terminal moraine and how does it form? [Model answer]

​

Terminal moraine is a ridge across a u-shaped �valley which is made up of unsorted glacial �deposits. As the glacier moves downhill it acts �like a bulldozer, pushing sediment in front of its �snout as it goes. On reaching lower altitudes, or �when temperatures rise, the glacier melts, losing �power and depositing the moraine. Terminal �moraine marks the furthest point the glacier �reaches. Multiple periods of glaciation may �produce different terminal moraines in the same �valley. Once the ice has retreated, the terminal �(or end) moraine can sometimes form a natural �dam, creating a ribbon loch.

​

What is a drumlin and how does it form? [Model answer]

​

Drumlins are elongated hills made up of �unsorted glacial deposits. Drumlins are formed �as the glacier becomes overloaded with �sediment and deposits it. As it continues to �flow past the sediment it streamlines it. The �steep stoss side faces up-valley and the more �gently sloping lee side faces down valley. If there is a small obstacle on the ground, this may act as a trigger point and glacial sediment can build up around it. Drumlins may be reshaped by further ice movements after being originally deposited. Drumlins are found in swarms described as ‘basket of eggs’ topography.

​

​

​

Page 33

Task 1

​

Explain how a glacier picks up sediment. ………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 2

Complete the labels on this diagram to �show features of glacial deposition.

Task 3

Look at the photograph on page 32. How many �periods of glaciation are seen here? Give �evidence for your answer.

………………………………………………………�……………………………………………………………………�……………………………………………………………………………�………………………………………………………………………………………�…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 4

Look at the diagram of drumlins on page 32. Answer the following questions:

1. Add labels which show the lee and stoss side.
2. Add an arrow showing the direction of ice flow.
3. What name is given to a collection of drumlins which are found together? ………………………………………
4. Explain why drumlins are unsorted, while eskers are sorted. ………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 5

Open the GIS web page and choose the tab “Explore drumlin cross sections.” Here, 6 drumlin cross-sections in a Yorkshire valley are shown.

1. Using these, calculate the direction of ice flow. You should describe your answer using compass directions.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• What other evidence could be examined in the valley which would show the direction of ice flow?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

​

​

Lesson 8 - What happens when glaciers get too warm?

Page 34

Revision Tasks To be completed by:

​

Task 1

​

Draw an annotated diagram(s) showing the formation of a corrie or a u-shaped valley. Your annotations should include references to the glacial erosional processes which take place.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Task 2

​

Complete the summary table for features of glacial deposition.

​

Page 35

Understanding Standards

​

Shown below is an example of a question from the 2019 Higher Geography Exam.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

This is the mark scheme for the question. It tells the marker what to give marks for and gives some examples of what might be said.

​

​

​

Page 36

Task 1

​

This answer was awarded 8 out of 8 marks, although the candidate wrote enough for 11 marks! Can you spot where those marks would be given?

​

Page 37

Task 2

​

The second candidate achieved 4 out of 8 marks.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

1. Two marks were awarded for the formation of a glacier. What were these given for? Put a tick on the answer.�
2. Neither freeze-thaw or plucking get a full mark, as they haven’t been explained. Rewrite the sentences below to a standard which would receive a mark.

�Freeze-thaw occurs ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Rock is plucked, through plucking ………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• One more mark was awarded in this answer. What sentence was it given for? Write out the sentence here:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Task 3

​

Which answer is more successful? Explain your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

Page 38

Practice Questions

2025 Paper - Arete

​

​

​

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 39

Practice Questions

2025 Paper - Headland & Bay

​

​

​

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 40

Practice Questions

2024 Paper - Corrie

​

​

​

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 41

Practice Questions

2024 Paper - Glacial Deposition

​

​

​

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 42

Practice Questions

2023 Paper

​

​

​

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 43

Practice Questions

2023 Paper

​

​

​

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 44

Practice Questions

2022 Paper

​

​

​

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 45

Practice Questions

SQA Sample Paper

​

​

​

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 46

Practice Questions

SQA Sample Paper

​

​

​

​

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page 47

Practice Questions

2019 Paper

​

​

​

​

​

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 48

Practice Questions

2018 Paper

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 49

Guided Revision

Page 50

Guided Revision

Page 51

Guided Revision

Page 52

Guided Revision

Page 53

Practice Questions

2024 Paper Marking Instructions - Corrie

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

2024 Paper Marking Instructions - Glacial Deposition

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 54

Practice Questions

2023 Paper Marking Instructions - Ribbon Lake

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

2023 Paper Marking Instructions - Sand Bar

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 55

Practice Questions

2022 Paper Marking Instructions - Arete

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

2022 Paper Marking Instructions - Stack

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 56

Practice Questions

SQA Sample Paper Marking Instructions - U-Shaped Valley

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

SQA Sample Paper Marking Instructions - Esker or Terminal Moraine

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 57

Practice Questions

2019 Paper Marking Instructions - Sand Spit

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Page 58

Practice Questions

2018 Paper - Marking Instructions

​

The way that the Higher Geography Paper is marked was changed after the 2018 paper. This means that the answers in these marking instructions are correct, but they would now be awarded more marks. Please look at the 2019 marking instructions for how to award marks.

​