MANAGING TERMINOLOGY FOR TRANSLATORS AND IN TRANSLATION

Introduction

Why is it important for translators to work with terms?

Terminology management software

Introduction

• All fields of knowledge or professional activity are characterized by a significant amount of terminology that is used in oral or written texts circulating in the field.
• Terminology in specialized texts is considered to be a ‘translation problem’, i.e., an obstacle that any translator has to overcome  when the source text is decoded and/or the target text is reformulated.
• In fact, it is estimated that over 75% of the time invested in a technical or scientific translation is devoted to solving terminological problems inherent to each text

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�Most Translation Quality Issues Are Terminology Management Related�

Studies find that the number one factor affecting content and translation quality is the inaccurate and inconsistent use of technical terms specific to a particular industry and subject matter.

Inaccurate or inconsistent terms not only cause confusion among readers, but can also lead to poor product quality or usability, emphasizing the vital importance of terminology management as a formal part of the translation and localization workflows.

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�Terminology Management - Definiton

The systematic and purposeful process of arranging, standardizing, and regulating the terminology or particular terms used in a given field, industry, or language is referred to as terminology management.

Ensuring consistency, correctness, and clarity in communication entails locating, defining, and managing the terminology and its equivalents in many languages.

In technical, scientific, legal, medical, and other specialized sectors where precise and consistent terminology is essential for accurate communication, terminology management is particularly significant.

It helps preserve consistency in documentation and communication within a single domain or across languages and cultures, improves translation quality, boosts domain-specific expertise, and prevents misunderstandings.

Terminology management encompasses various activities, including:

Term identification – Identifying relevant terms and concepts within a specific domain or subject area.

Definition and description – Provide clear and precise definitions and explanations for each term to establish a common understanding.

Term extraction – Extracting terms from source texts, documents, or domain-specific resources to compile a list of keywords.

Term validation – Validating and verifying the accuracy and appropriateness of terms through research, consultation with subject matter experts, and reference to reliable resources.

Term standardization – Establishing standardized terms and their translations in different languages to ensure consistency and avoid confusion or ambiguity. 

Term categorization and classification – Organizing terms into categories, classes, or hierarchies based on their relationships and attributes.

Term documentation – Creating and maintaining a repository or database of terms, often referred to as a glossary or termbase, along with their definitions, translations, and relevant contextual information.

Term dissemination and communication – Sharing and communicating the approved terminology to translators, writers, editors, and other stakeholders involved in creating content to ensure consistent usage.

Term maintenance and updating – Regularly reviewing and updating the terminology resources to reflect changes, additions, or modifications in terms due to evolving language, industry developments, or discoveries.

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Effective Term Management

• Uniform terminology is a key element of translation and localization. According to statistics, 15-20% of the total cost of localization is the need to process the material, and the heterogeneity of terminology is the main reason.
• Effective terminology management is one of the key elements that affects the final quality of multilingual content. Modern means of translation and content management make it possible to send only new and updated parts of the documentation for translation, and the translation is performed simultaneously by several translators.

TERMINOLOGY AND THE TRANSLATOR 1

• One of the translation specialties most demanded in our profoundly globalized world is technical and scientific translation.
• There are continuous technical and scientific changes in all parts of the world, created by the minds of researchers and scientists working in different countries and different native languages—who, if they want to communicate their findings to the international community, must do so in a shared language.

TERMINOLOGY AND THE TRANSLATOR 2

• Along with this line of thought, having in-depth knowledge of the scientific terminology used in various international communities is the only way for translators to offer the market translation services that are truly reliable, rigorous, and accurate, a scientific translation that is actually able to effectively convey the ideas of the original author of the scientific text.
• Terminology, the science that studies not only terms but the principles that rule their standardization and classification, is a subject that translators should master as well as their own working languages.

Computer Term Management

• Good management of translation projects, which involves, among others, efficient terminology management as well as the ability to use and benefit from the state-of-the-art language technology has become a necessity for those who wish to remain on the translation market.
• Terminology management tools are part of a larger group of software tools referred to as computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools. CAT is defined as ‘direct translation by humans with the help of a computer interface which makes translational expertise accessible through “translation-intelligent” software’.
• Thanks to terminology management modules even in the case of non-repetitive texts we can still benefit from the workbench packages in terms of speed and quality of translation, even though translation memory is not applicable.

Terms as Sources of Translation Errors

• When translating and localizing content, most of the time is spent working with industry terminology, and about a third of all errors in translated texts are related to the misuse of terms.
• EXAMPLE - “Document storage system”, “information storage system” or “data storage system” - which of these translation options is best in this or that context?
• Terminology management allows you to reduce the cost of work on the creation and translation of content. The sooner employees start using unified terminology, the less time it will take to edit translated materials.
• Agreed terminology significantly improves the quality of machine translation if it is used in a company.

Importance of Consistent Terminology

• Efficient terminology management is crucial for publishers and manufacturers when translating and localizing their products. Translation vendors and translators may change over time - but the quality of the localized product should always adhere to the highest possible standard.
• Consistent terminology is necessary for ensuring continued familiarity with a product, and it is essential for functional compatibility between different versions of a product on one or multiple platforms termbanks, and terminology management tools are indispensable in enhancing the translator’s ability to transmit a correct message in the target language to the recipient.
• Termbanks ensure better quality and consistency and boost the speed of translation, reducing the time spent on performing such pre-translation tasks as terminology extraction or its collection and validation.

Terms in Technical Texts

• Have you ever stared blankly at a page containing scientific, technical or medical text? These documents are full of specialized terminology that can make anyone’s head spin. Technical fields practically have their own language.  Just try reading a medical text in your native tongue without any prior knowledge, and you will see just how difficult it can be!
• Then add translation to the mix. Think about a medical text and all of the specialized terminology that it contains. To properly translate a medical document, you will not only need to know the two languages, but also understand the “language” of medicine. 
• Technical texts are dense with uncommon, specialized terms; non-specialists don't see things like "ventricular tachycardia" every day. Keeping track of all the terms during a translation and staying consistent with those terms throughout a text during the translation process can be difficult.

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Importance of Term Management

• Efficient terminology management in translation can be implemented only through modern terminology management tools, tailored to the needs of particular working environments.
• It is especially important to compile your own glossary of terms in the case of translating large texts, if there are several files for translation with a single terminology (for example, a series of technical manuals).

�Terminology: a critical factor 1�

• Potential for market losses (no effective translation, problems with localisation)
• Potential for communicative losses: mistakes, not ready for possible markets, …
• Liability claims, risk of product failure, human injury (Medtronic, car brands)
• Marketing issues (branding in foreign markets)
• Relative significance of terminology: To the process; To the product.
• Terminology is more critical when you are dealing with complex texts (e.g. legal, administrative systems) or if you sell “intelligent products” such as software, computers, medical equipment etc.

�Terminology: a critical factor 2

• Terminology management is a crucial activity, since it helps:
• 1 ) enable translators to do the following: 0) search for a given term more efficiently when compared to searching in printed dictionaries and other sources;
• 2) ensure the reliability of information retrieval, since terminological records are added and edited by translators on the basis of sources
• they trust and on consultation with experts;􀀳. check how to use a term in context;
• 3) deal more efficiently with several languages;
• 4) store the solutions found for terminological problems to avoid dupli-
• cate research and unnecessary rework;􀀶. record multilingual domain-specific or in-house terms;
• 5) enlarge the database and then increase productivity during the ongoing translation or in a later translation; systematize terminology; to use terminology consistently over the same or similar projects;
• 6) prevent mistakes, or unsuitable usage of terms in a particular
• situation;
• 7) exchange terminological resources with colleagues, institutions, com-
•  panies, etc.

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FIVE GOOD REASONS FOR MANAGING TERMINOLOGY

• Systematic terminology work enables translators to use approved terminology consistently
• Systematic terminology work helps avoid unnecessary costs for editing and revising
• Systematic terminology work enables translators to automate terminology lookup and reuse
• Systematic terminology work enables translators to simplify collaboration on large projects
• Systematic terminology work enables translators to simplify translation quality assurance

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�What is Terminology Management? - 1 �

• Terminology management is the process of documenting terms in a systematized and orderly fashion.
• The process can be as simple as creating a list of terms that appear in a text and their equivalents in the target languages, or as complex as creating concept maps and diagrams of how terms are related to each other.
• In the middle would be a list of terms and equivalents, plus term definitions and perhaps even examples of contextual usage of the terms.

What is Terminology Management? - 2

Terminology management should be used before a document is actually translated. Since terms are the key to meaning in a technical text, documenting them upfront can help a translator become even more familiar with the meaning of a text.

While the step can take a little more time in the short run, it makes translation easier because the linguist has more familiarity with the text and its meaning.

Some theorists think of translation as a decision-making process, and when terminology is managed upfront, many of the decisions are already made before the formal translation has begun.

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�Важливість управління термінологією

• Efficient terminology management in translation can be implemented only through modern terminology management tools, tailored to the needs of particular working environments.
• It is especially important to compile your own glossary of terms in the case of translating large texts, if there are several files for translation with a single terminology (for example, a series of technical manuals).

Terminology Management System - Definition

• A terminology management system is a type of translation software for collecting, processing, and presenting terminology

What Is Involved in Terminology Management

Terminology management can be broken down into a series of activities that permit the accurate treatment of terminology inside an organization. Here are the main operations included:

Collecting the words and phrases of interest. Each organization operates with a series of concepts and specific terms that define them. You need to identify these words and gather them into a unique database or glossary. 

Documenting each term in your collection. For every word and expression, translators should have access to a definition that clearly specifies that part of speech. Besides the official description, you should also add usage guidelines, the subject field, and any product associations that are allowed or recommended.   

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What Is Involved in Terminology Management 2

Reviewing the database with the client. Before proceeding with the translation project, make sure you review all the terms with a representative of the organization. This step allows you to identify and eliminate any errors. It also clarifies preferences for one word as opposed to its synonyms.  

Storing the database in a secure format. Data privacy has become essential for sustainable relationships with clients. Whether your glossary includes confidential data or not, no client wants to hear that its documentation walks free in the internet jungle.  

Sharing your glossary with translators. You should make sure all translators and collaborators involved in the translation project have easy access to the reference materials. 

Updating the database. As companies evolve, their products and business operations can undergo significant transformations. The glossary of terms should reflect this change.  

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��Steps Involved in Terminology Management 1�

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• Several steps are involved with terminology management. The first is to decide what kind of terminology management system should be used. Take, for example, the humble glossary. It’s a simple list of key terms and their equivalents in the target languages.
• To create a glossary, the glossary creator, or terminologist, must first read through the source text and determine which terms are the most important and require documentation.

Steps Involved in Terminology Management 2�

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• One criterion to use for this is the number of times a term appears throughout a text. If a term appears at a high frequency, it certainly deserves to be documented. Another useful criterion is the degree of specialization of the term. If it is not a common, every day term, it should be documented.
• Once the list of key terms is set, the glossary can be translated, and document translation can also begin. If needed, the glossary can be updated during translation, or any other step over the project lifecycle (based on the judgment of any linguist who works on the project).�

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Steps Involved in Terminology Management 3

• Additionally, terminology management can involve documenting terms that should not be translated (and typically are not translated), such as proper names, proprietary terms, company names, trademarked terms and so on.
• This helps to eliminate any “guesswork” for the translators and lessen the time spent fielding queries – some other benefits for all project stakeholders.� Even the simplest terminology management system can produce noticeable benefits for the translation of technical documents.
• It essentially boils down to a list of rules to follow for the translation of highly specialized terms, which are the key to meaning in technical texts. With some simple rules in place, consistency becomes much easier for any translator on the team for a translation project.� As you can see, terminology management can be a key component to the translation process.

Advantages of Term Management

• Translators do not have to spend time searching for and choosing the right translation of terms.
• Translation and localization managers have the ability to control the resources used by their translation agency.
• This reduces the risk of re-submitting materials for change.

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Why Term Management is Important

• Why is it important to manage terminology?
• If left unmanaged, terminology can become inconsistent leading to translations that contain competing definitions, this lack of consistency means that translations cannot be re-used. The result of not being able to leverage terminology is that your translations become more time and resource intensive. This added to the lack of managed terminology can reduce client satisfaction and affect your ability to accept translation projects.
• How does a terminology management tool differ from a translation memory tool?
• A terminology tool is a searchable database that contains a list of approved terms and rules regarding their usage.
• Translation memory is typically used in conjunction with a terminology management application to ensure terms are consistent in the translation.

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�����The terminological research basically consists of the following steps:� �

• 1) research of concept and term description in the source language in the relevant resources,
• 2) documentation of the (re)search result: target term, definition, sources, context, grammatical information etc.,
• 3) research of target language terms and descriptions and contrastive analysis,
• 4) documentation of the (re)search results: target term, definition, sources, context, grammatical information etc.
• In the proactive terminology work the terminological research and documentation is done before the translation process by terminology groups. In the ad-hoc terminology work, the terminological research and documentation is done during the translation process by a single translator.

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Translator-terminologist 1

• The scope of the translators’ role is two-fold. On the one hand, they are translators proper, who act as users of terminological products, and on the other hand, they are translator-terminologists, who conduct terminological research, form new terms, document terminology, etc.
• Apart from the translation, the product of their work is an extraction of terms with a documented terminological research in a form and format that allows traceable and streamlined processing by the reviser and terminologist.

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Translator-terminologists - 2

• They 1) extract terminology from source and target texts, 2)consult written sources (laws, text corpora, handbooks, etc.) or subject-matter experts, to collect information on a specific domain/term in source and target language, 3) find equivalents in the target language, 4)propose and form new terms in target language, if needed , 5) propose definitions, 6) document the results of their terminological research in the form and format designated for this purpose, 7) cooperate in creating (subject-matter-related) concept systems in Ucrainian or/and English, 8) cooperate in selecting reference material in one or more languages and assess its reliability and relevance, 9) propose terminology projects, 10) give feedback on the quality of terminology products (termbases).

Terminology Management - Definiiton

• Terminology Management is the systematic collection, processing and provision of terms in the form of terminological records in order to ensure the consistent use of all words most closely related to the products and services of the company (institute) - in the source language and in all languages translated documents.

�Terminology Management System

• A terminology management system (TMS) is a computer program that allows users to efficiently collect, process, mark, organize in databases and search for terminology and its translations (including in contexts).

What does term management includes

• Terminology management includes the following steps:
• 1) Assessment of the scope of necessary actions for terminology management
• 2) Checking existing terminology, glossaries, style guides, etc., understanding basic customer terminology
• 3) Extraction and translation of terminology. Use of terminology management tools
• 4) Create or update existing glossaries
• 5) Ongoing support of terminology databases
• 6) Create, test, and update style guides
• 7) Management of questions and answers
• 8) Support for translation memory
• 9) Access to terminology databases

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Risks of the Lack of Terminology Management Strategy 1

• Without tools and processes that ensure the coordinated use of approved terms by different participants in external communication during the release of the product on the market, differences in terms will inevitably appear.
• In large organizations, different people use different words to denote the same things, as well as the same words to denote different things. This leads to errors.
• The collective translation of large projects leads to terminological mismatch of the text in the language of translation.

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Risks of lack of terminology management strategy 2

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• Inconsistencies between what the consumer sees when using the product or service and what he learns from the accompanying texts for consumers (user instructions, information leaflets, online materials) can have a negative impact on the consumer's opinion about the product or service.
• It is much worse if the entry of a product into the market has to be delayed due to delays in the regulatory approval process caused by inconsistencies in terminology and / or incorrect use in the submitted documents or terminological discrepancies with the documents of supervisory or regulatory bodies.

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� Areas of application of terminology management 1

•      Translation and localization
• Terminology management increases the quality and speed of translation and localization, providing terminological uniformity and the ability to repeatedly address the same content elements (ie to avoid unnecessary duplication of work).
• This reduces the time to create the final version of the text, saving the project budget.
• Learning machine translation systems
• Terminology controls can be integrated into a machine translation system. This will significantly improve the quality of texts created with this system, saving time and money on editing them.

Areas of application of terminology management 2

• Quality control
• A terminology management system allows you to automate quality control processes. Analyzing the finished translations, it compares the identified terms to those approved by thematic glossaries and identifies translation errors.
• This feature can be integrated into a software solution or (even more efficiently) into a CAT system. In this case, the system will suggest the correct term in the process of creating content or translation, as well as highlight in the text incorrect and out of context terms.

ПЗ для управління термінологією

• Класифікація
• 1) Програми вилучення термінології
• 2) Системи управління термінологією
• 3) Програми перевірки правильності
• перекладу термінів (будуть розглянуті у лекції
• про ПЗ забезпечення якості перекладу(

�What is Term Extraction?�

Term extraction or terminology extraction is an automatic method of analysing text in order to identify phrases which fulfil the criteria for terms.

Terminology extraction has its use in translation and terminology management but also in text analytics where it is used for topic modelling, data mining and information retrieval from unstructured text.

The purpose of terminology extraction tools (TET)

T ETs help users build terminological resources in a (semi-)automatic way. The need for such resources comes mostly fromthe growing needs in information management and translation, which make it more and more necessary to have some automated assistance when performing terminology-related tasks.

Companies, freelancers and professionals in various linguistic fields can resort to these tools to, for example build glossaries, thesauri and terminological dictionaries that they use directly in their work. Moreover, TE is embedded in a number of natural language processing and linguistic research tasks, such as automatic indexing, machine translation, information extraction, creation of ontologies and knowledge bases, and corpus analysis. Although they have such broad range of applications, these tools are often designed for one specific purpose, which consequently makes their usage challenging when employed in a different setting.

�The Best Term Extraction

The best term extraction is one that provides a clean list of terms that requires very little manual cleaning, if any at all. Many traditional methods relying mainly on the frequency in the focus text can only extract term candidates which the user has to go through and clean.

The manual cleaning can be avoided by making use of linguistic criteria in combination with statistics. If a phrase is to qualify as a term, it should fulfil these criteria:

• It matches the structure that a term in the language can have.
• It appears more frequently in the focus text than in general text.

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Standalone Terminology Extraction Tools

Standalone software is probably the most popular type of software today, and TET are no exception. Standalone TETs are tools that can be installed on the computer and operate independently of any other device or system:

SDL MultiTerm Extract 

Simple Extractor 

TermSuite

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Web-Based Terminology Extraction Tools

The advantages are that web-based TET, compared to standalone tools, do not require any prior installation as they can be accessed within a web browser and that they make use of web technologies.

Although most of web-based TET are often integrated as features in cutting-edge web-based applications with a wider purpose, such as managing corpora or terminology (e.g., Sketch Engine and Terminus, respectively), there also exist tools like the TET by Translated, which were developed with the proper purpose of terminology extraction:

Sketch Engine

Translated s.r.l.

Terminus 

The Best Term Extractor Tool

OneClick Terms (https://terms.sketchengine.eu/)

It is a powerful online term extractor with monolingual and bilingual term extraction capabilities. It is powered by the unique term extraction technology from Sketch Engine and it is free.

OneClick Terms can also be used for text analytics and topic modelling to identify the main topic(s) of a large quantity of text through keywords and terms which serve as indicators of the main subject(s).

OneClick Terms can extract terminology from a number of common document formats (TMX, XLIFFv2, PDF, DOC, DOCX, HTML, TXT) and export the results into CSV, XLS or TBX formats.

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Free Online Terminology Tools 1

• Terminology toolbars and add-ons
• Term Wiki Toolbar: The TermWiki Toolbar is a free, powerful tool for quick term reference and translation. Installed in minutes, it is an invaluable tool for all of your terminology management and glossary development needs.�Intelliwebsearch: is a free software utility.  It allows you to query multiple online and local resources by selecting text and then hitting a combination of keys; the results are shown in your browser or local application.
• DictionaryBoss Toolbar: The DictionaryBoss toolbar offers convenient web search, homepage, and default search.�Term-minator: The toolbar features an innovative search function that allows to search at the same time Google and many other websites. Type a term in the search box, press Enter and in the next screen the general Google search is enhanced by a number of links to search the same term.

Free Online Terminology Tools 2

• Proz Toolbar: Tool bar access to KudoZ. Type a term into the KudoZ toolbar to instantly search KudoZ and other ProZ.com resources.�EuroTermBank Add-In for Microsoft Word: accesses over 2 million terminology entries in 27 European languages.�Terminotix Toolbar: a free toolbar which allows users to launch queries directly from MS Word. It provides access to 13 databases available at the click of a mouse, directly from MS Word.

Free Online Terminology Tools 3

• TermWiki Widget: allows global websites to easily embed TermWiki’s vast database of subject-specific terminology content on their own pages for free.�WordWeb: can look up words in virtually any program with just one click: by holding down the Ctrl key and click on the word. When online, with one extra click it is also possible to search web references.� NEW: WordWeb Pro 8 upgrade from versions 3-7.

Termwikі

• Termwiki (http://www.termwiki.com) - соціальна мережа обміну знаннями, заснована на конкретних предметно-орієнтованих областях і термінологічних тезаурусах створюваних та керованих користувачами та експертами.� Має два типи облікових записів:�1) безкоштовну налаштовувану (відкрите і вільне управління термінологією)�2) платну корпоративну (захищене і конфіденційне управління термінологією)? http://www.termwiki.com/About_TermWiki_Pro

Тermbases

• Тermbases (http://www.termbases.eu/page/view/pricing/) має дуже велику функціональність:�    Докладні конфігурації доступу, настройка різних доступу для кожної комбінації термінологічної бази та групи�    Імпорт даних в TBX, XLIFF і CSV форматах�    Експорт даних в TBX, CSV, XSL, HTML формати�    Концептуальна модель (додавання кілька термінів і визначень в одну концепцію)�    Візуальний словник термінологічної бази�    Розширений пошук в термінологічної бази на основі терміна і концепції з налаштованим атрибутами і мовами�    Відносини між термінами: посилання, омонім, паронім�    Відносини між поняттями: посилання, антонім, hyponym, hyperonym, meronym, holonym

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�Terminology extraction 1�

• In many application scenarios of terminology work, the extraction of terminology from (existing) textual material is recommended.
• We can differentiate between the following extraction methods:
• 1 a) Monolingual term extraction (text in electronic form) b) Bilingual term extraction (parallel aligned texts, i.e. TMs) c) Manual (human) term extraction d) Computer-assisted term extraction (tools propose term candidates)
• 2 With statistical methods (for “all” languages, cannot use knowledge about syntax)
• 3 With linguistic methods (better results, but only for
• “important” languages)
• 4 With hybrid methods (combining statistical and linguistic methods)

TermStar – Terminology Management 1

• Effective terminology work with benefits for everyone
• Clear and consistent nomenclature makes it easier for the reader to understand the text and is conducive to successful and consistent product communication. Simplify the work of authors and translators simultaneously. Terminology brings many benefits: It is the foundation that allows you to express the correct phrases with the correct words—in the source language as well as the target languages.
• Terminology is not an end in itself: Even the best terminology serves little purpose if it remains isolated. Successful terminology management requires a work environment that links all participants and offers optimal support to every type of user: From the experienced linguistic expert to the occasional

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TermStar – Terminology Management 2

• Efficient working environment thanks to an individually configurable user interface, views, and dictionary layout
• Comprehensive data model with freely configurable data lists, entry verifications, and filter functions
• Secure consolidation and merging of terminology databases thanks to complex import and synchronization functions

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Term extraction and term selection 2

• In translation-oriented terminology work term extraction is done before or during the translation process. Hence it is the task of the translator-terminologist to extract the terms. In the case of proactive terminology work, the term extraction is done before the translation starts.
• This can be done for example in the so-called terminology groups, consisting of all the translators assigned to the same translation project. Revisers and terminologists can also join the terminology group, if desired or needed.
• In the case of ad-hoc terminology work, the term extraction is done during the translation process by a single translator.
• While performing term extraction, it is important to recognise subject field specific terminological units or phraseological units.

�Term extraction and term selection 1 �

• There are two different methods to extract terms from text:
• 1) manually by reading the texts and excerpting candidate terms,
• 2) semi-automatically or automatically by using dedicated tools.
• For the first method, term extraction and term selection coincide. An extra step of validating potential terms is necessary only for the (semi-)automatic extracted terms.
• There are different types of term extraction tools, using different methods (statistic based, linguistically based and stop-word list based, or mixed methods) to extract terms from texts (semi-)automatically.
• There are freely available open source products (e.g. AntConc17, AntPConc18) or commercial products (e.g. MultiTerm Extract19)
• Since the term extraction in the Sector is done manually, we focus only on the manual extraction in this Manual.

Terminology extraction tools

• Features of (monolingual) term extraction tools:
• 1) Common functionalities from concordance programs (e.g. WordSmith): identify words, word statistics, KWIC index, alphabetic/frequency order
• 2) Reducing inflected word forms to the basic canonical form: needed for real statistics, needs morphological knowledge  Filtering and ignoring function words (articles, conjunctions etc.) and general language words (but what is general language?)
• 3) Filtering and ignoring terms that are already included in a term base  Identifying multi-word terms, noun phases and verbal phases
• 4) Identifying discontinuous elements and elliptical constructions

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�SynchroTerm - Bilingual term�extraction software �

• Програма вилучення термінології з паралельних текстів
• SynchroTerm є потужним інструментом для вилучення термінології з паралельних текстів і пам'яті перекладів.
• Програма має інтуїтивно зрозумілий Windows інтерфейс і реалізує витяг термінів, пошук і функції перевірки контексту.�Автор: http://www.bridgeterm.com�Умови розповсюдження: Платна

�How does SynchroTerm work?�

• First, SynchroTerm scans the two halves of the bitext to compile a list of source and target expressions. Frequently occurring expressions are therefore automatically identifi ed.
• Next, SynchroTerm applies refi ned statistical, syntactical and morpho logical algorithms to the scan results to fi nd possible equivalents for the source expressions.
• You can then use powerful, user-friendly, context-sensitive search tools in SynchroTerm to validate the data for your terminology database. In addition, you can edit, add, delete, import and export terminology records created with SynchroTerm , as well as
• customize the terminology record template at any time.

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How SynchroTerm Works?

• First, SynchroTerm scans both parts of the parallel text and compiles a list of source and target expressions. Common expressions can be identified automatically.
• After that, SynchroTerm uses statistical, syntactic and morphological algorithms to scan search results to identify possible equivalents.
• You can edit, add, delete, import, and export records of detected SynchroTerm terminology, as well as customize templates to search for terminology.

Features and Advantages of SynchroTerm

• Automating the process of detecting terms, the program has extremely fast analysis capabilities and allows you to accurately identify duplicate expressions contained in parallel texts.
• High speed of the terminology extraction process, thanks to powerful implemented statistical, probabilistic, syntactic and morphological algorithms. A complete set of functionality for text search, to save your time during the validation phase.
• The program provides the possibility of batch processing, which adds advantages to the automated method of extracting terminology and increases productivity.

Araya Bilingual Term Extraction Tool 1

• It is an automated terminology extraction service which is based on a statistical method and results in bilingual term pairs.
• Araya extracts terms from TMX files.
• The quality of the pairs found depend on the size of entries in the tmx file, the more entries the better results are gained. As a result, you receive a TBX or csv file containing the extracted terms.

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Araya Bilingual Term Extraction Tool 2

• This automatic term extraction tool creates term proposals which have a quality measurement attached. 1,0 indicates a very high probability that the found term pairs are real translations of each other. Not only one word phrases but multi-word phrases are extracted, too.
• Terminology extraction works very fast and under normal conditions we can provide you with the extracted terminology within one day. If necessary we can clean the extracted terms with known terms from your terminology management systems.
• This is a fast and simple method to get the most out of your translations. You speed up your terminology work, get yourt hands free from routine work and the time consuming search for terminology in your translations.

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Online Term Extractors

• Online Terminology Extraction is the extraction of terms from a text through a web service based on linguistic and/or statistical routines and algorithms. Given some text, it will return a list of terms with (hopefully) the most relevant first. Terms can be returned in a variety of formats and can be used for a variety of things:
• Customization of a Machine Translation system;
• Supporting the translation process (multilingual terminology management);
• Raise a website visibility and SEO by using extracted terms as keywords, tags, and meta-tags;
• Maintaining a company thesaurus (the more classical approach).
• �

Free Online Term Extractors 1

• Online Terminology Extraction is the extraction of terms from a text through a web service based on linguistic and/or statistical routines and algorithms. Given some text it will return a list of terms with (hopefully) the most relevant first. Terms can be returned in a variety of formats and can be used for a variety of things:
• Customisation of a Machine Translation system;
• Supporting the translation process (multilingual terminology management);
• Raise a website visibility and SEO by using extracted terms as keywords, tags and meta-tags;
• Maintaining a company thesaurus (the more classical approach).
• The list is divided into two groups, the first one, with more detailed descriptions, includes the easier-to-use tools where all you have to do is just to specify a source text or paste the source URL, press a button and get the term list. There is no software to install, no manual to read, and, of course, no price to pay.

Free Online Term Extractors 2

• TerMine: Developed specifically for bio medical-area.� Technical terms are important for knowledge mining, especially in the bio-medical area where vast amount of documents are available. The amount of terms (e.g., names of genes, proteins, chemical compounds, drugs, organisms, etc) is increasing at an astounding rate in the bio-medical literature.
• Existing terminological resources and scientific databases cannot keep up-to-date with the growth of neologisms. A domain independent method for term recognition is very useful to automatically� Uploading: Texts may be submitted for analysis through any of the following ways: entering the text you would like to analyze in to the topmost text window;
• specifying a text file (*.txt or *.pdf) from your computer's hard drive; entering a URL of the Web resource (*.html or *.pdf.
• Languages supported: all Unicode-compliant languages.�

Free Online Term Extractors 3

• Terminology Extraction by Translated uses Poisson statistics, the Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inverse Document Frequency between the frequency of words in a given document and a generic corpus of 100 million words per language.
• It uses a probabilistic part of speech tagger to take into account the probability that a particular sequence could be a term. It creates n-grams of words by minimizing the relative entropy.
• Terminology Extraction by Translated can be also used to improve search results in traditional search engines (es. Google) by giving a better estimation of how much a keyword is relevant to a document.� Uploading: Texts may be submitted for analysis through entering it into the text window.� Languages supported: English, Italian, French.� Supported file formats: .txt

Free Online Term Extractors 4

• AlchemyAPI employs sophisticated statistical algorithms and natural language processing technology to analyze data, extracting keywords that can be utilized to index content, generate tag clouds, and more. API endpoints are provided for performing keyword extraction on Internet-accessible URLs and posted HTML files or text content.� Extracted meta-data may be returned in XML, JSON, RDF, and Microformats rel-tag formats.� Topic keywords from HTML, text, or web-based content.� Languages supported:English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish.�

Free Online Term Extractors 5

• File formats supported: text, PDF, Microsoft Word.� Vocab Grabber analyzes any text, generating lists of the most useful vocabulary words and shows how those words are used in context.
• VocabGrabber creates a list of vocabulary from the text, which can be then sorted, filtered, and saved. By selecting any word on the list it is possible to see a snapshot of the Visual Thesaurus map and definitions for that word, along with examples of the word in the text.� Languages supported: English� Supported file formats: all formats.� Uploading: Copy/paste into the box, and click on the "Grab Vocabulary!" button.�

Free Online Term Extractors 6

• Anchovy: a free multilingual cross-platform glossary editor and term extraction tool based on the open Glossary Markup Language (GlossML) format.� ArayaBilingual Terminology Extraction: an automated terminology extraction service which is based on a statistical method and results in bilingual term pairs. 
• Bibclassify - A module in CDS Invenio (CERN’s document server software) for automatic assignment of terms from SKOS vocabularies, developed on the High Energy Physics vocabulary. Developed in the collaboration between CERN and DESY.� Dandelion dataTXT: a web-based multi-lingual named entity extraction extraction API.��

Free Online Term Extractors 7

• Extractor - Commercial software for keyword extraction in different languages. There is also a demo. Developed at the National Research Council of Canada.� Multi-purpose topic indexing algorithm Maui - Suitable for automatic term assignment, subject indexing, keyword extraction, keyphrase extraction, indexing with Wikipedia, autotagging, terminology extraction. Developed at the University of Waikato. Maui is also available on Sourceforge.� Orchestr8 Keyword Extraction - An API based application that uses statistical and natural language processing methods. Applicable to webpages, text files and any input text in several languages.

Free Online Term Extractors 8

• Wikifier – An online demo of detecting Wikipedia articles in text developed at the Language and Information Technologies research group at the University of North Texas.��Wikipedia Miner – An API for accessing Wikipedia data, which also provides a tool for mapping any document to a set of relevant Wikipedia articles, similar to indexing with Wikipedia. Developed at the University of Waikato. Demo 1 and demo 2.��SEO keyword extraction - An online keyword and keyphrase extraction tool for search engine optimization.��TerminologyExtractor - TerminologyExtractor is a tool that extracts word and collocation lists, with frequencies, from Microsoft Word document, HTML, Rich-Text Format and plain text files.

Free Online Term Extractors 9

• Terms-Gekko - online terminology extraction tool for translators and linguists by Gekko-Labs.��TexLexAn - An open-source text summarizer and keyword extractor.��Topia term extractor - Part-of-speech and frequency based term extraction tool implemented in python.��Yahoo term extraction - Web-service based content analysis via term extraction, includes a demo.

OneClick Terms   OneClick Terms is a simple term extractor interface giving easy access to terminology extraction functionality.

OneClickTerms in Sketch Engine

Once you are logged in for your free trial, OneClickTerms accepts the formats tmx, xliff (2.x), pdf, doc(x), html, txt. The languages supported are Czech, German, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional.

The settings include:

how rare or common should the extracted terms be

would you like to see the word form as it appears in the text or the base form

how often should a term candidate occur in the text in order to make it to the list of results

do you want numbers to appear in your results

how many terms should your list of results contain

Terminology Management Systems 1

• A Terminology management system (TMS) is a software tool specifically designed to collect, maintain, and access terminological data. It is used by translators, terminologists, technical writers, and various other users.
• Brief Product Review�Acrolinx: Content optimization platform that integrates with writing tools, points out language problems, and gives suggestions for improvement.�AcrossTerm (Web): Across Language Server serves as a central pool for the entire company terminology, including the translations of the terms
• Anylexic: is a new generation of the terminology management programs, and is not tied to any particular terminology. It can help you on each stage of translation terminology management process: creation, editing, search, and exchange.
• ApSICXbench: provides simple and powerful Quality Assurance and Terminology Management in a single package. Just load files in any of the dozens of CAT formats supported and get your translation quality to the next level.�

Terminology Management Systems 2

• Interplex: Glossary Software for Interpreters and Translators. Also for iPad and iPhone. �InterpretBank: terminology management tool specifically designed for interpreters. It helps to create, learn and look up glossaries, even in the booth. NEW!
• i-Term: state-of-the-art terminology and knowledge management tool which allows you to store, structure and search for knowledge about concepts, online.�LogiTerm Web: LogiTerm Web features a user-friendly Web interface that provides access to four databases: Terminology, Bitexts, Full Text and Reference. Terminology records for the Terminology database can be created, modified and viewed in the Web interface or Microsoft Word.

Terminology Management Systems 3

• Multitrans Prism: an innovative client-server software solution integrating project and business management, translation memory, and terminology management to enable multilingual communication and workflow automation from authoring to publication.
• MultiTrans Prism Terminology Management System: The  is easy to use, fully TBX (industry standard format for terminology data exchange) compliant, and has many automated features that save you time and money. When integrated with MultiTrans Prism‘ suite of tools, it can ensure terminology consistency at the start of a translation project and check completed translations for fidelity to approved vocabulary. This eliminates the factor of human error in maintaining terminology consistency.

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Terminology Management Systems 4

• qTerm™:  web-based terminology management software. It identifies, defines, and translates critical terminology. It provides also a detailed explanation of each term’s use, including the context, language, and history of use.
• SDL Multiterm: SDL MultiTerm Desktop is the desktop terminology management tool from SDL. It can be used out-of-the-box as a standalone desktop tool to manage all corporate terminology, or its power can be enhanced in the translation environment through integration with SDL Trados Studio. 
• TermStar: TermStar is the optimal solution for creating, managing and displaying electronic dictionaries using centralized, single-source data storage. Open system architecture, ease of use, flexible but structured data storage and ease of integration. 

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Terminology Management Systems 5

• Termbases: Powerful web-based software for creating and managing multilingual terminology resources. �TermWeb:  TermWeb, enables consistency of language translation and brand equity across all touchpoints—from country to country and around the world.
• TermWikiPro: A secure, cloud-based terminology management system designed to help global enterprises accelerate business, TermWiki Pro delivers full turnkey solutions for improved content quality while reducing authoring and translation costs.

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Terminology Management Systems 6

• Taas - Cloud Services for Terminology Work: provides multilingual and collaborative terminology services to:�Identify term candidates in your documents and extract them automatically;
• Retrieve translation candidates from various sources;
• Refine terms and their translations;
• Share your terminology with other users;
• Use your terminology in other working environment.
• TippyTerm: TippyTerm, made for all MS Windows systems, provides consistent use of terminology, easy availability, easy handling, easy maintenance.

Terminology Management Systems 7

• TManager: T-Manager is a Microsoft Excel-based terminology tool, designed in Visual Basic, to automatically analyze, customize and manage terminology on the fly. T-Manager can also be used with terminology exported from third-party tools such as WorldServer GMS and Systran's Machine Translation (MT) dictionaries.
• Tshwaneterm: tlTerm (aka TshwaneTerm) is a fully internationalized, off-the-shelf software application for compiling terminology lists (termbase editor). tlTerm brings the power of the widely recognized TLex dictionary compilation software to terminology. Try it now to see how it can save your organization time and money.
• UniTerm Terminology Management System: System designed to create, edit and manage professionally corporate terminologies and special language dictionaries. Developed on the requirements of today´s terminology management systems, UniTerm offers a unique set of funcionalities.

termXplorer

• This product developed by the company TermTechnologies allows web-based multilingual terminology management.
• It is possible to manage several databases using a common internet browser. In addition to freely definable data categories and other functionalities, the definition of access rights is an interesting feature for companies and organizations.
• TermTechnologies has also launched a product for checking terminology: termXact. This tool can be used for checking terminology while writing texts in Microsoft Office programs.

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�TransSearch�

• http://www.tsrali3.com
• AN ONLINE BILINGUAL CONCORDANCER SERVICE
• TransSearch is a bilingual concordancer. You enter a word or expression in French, English or Spanish and TransSearch displays all sentences containing that word or expression, as well as their translation.
• TransSearch provides a wide range of solutions to common translation problems. Bilingual documents show how experienced translators have rendered idiomatic expressions and specialized terms, and resolved other language issues faced by all translators, both generalists and specialists.
• TransSearch is an online service that provides access to a translation database containing millions of sentences in six document collections. �

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Terminotix

• What is the Terminotix Toolbar? The Terminotix toolbar is an add-on to the Ribbon in Microsoft Word that brings together a host of translation tools from the Web, so that they are one click away when you work on your translations.
• Once the Terminotix tool bar is installed, an additional tab appears in Microsoft Word.

�WeBiText�

• http://www.webitext.com
• An online multilingual concordancer service
• What is WeBiText?
• WeBiText is an online reference tool that enables language professionals to perform searches in a corpus comprised of more than 10 million web pages from the Government of Canada but also in almost any Web site. An Internet connection is the only prerequisite to get the most out of this powerful tool! � Looking for an idiomatic expression or a specific equivalent in a precise field? WeBiText enables you to find relevant terms in context, plus view the source HTML file and the bitext (sentence by sentence). You have quick access to a larger context which helps you validate the equivalent.�

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MultiTerm Extract 1

• Сайт розробника: http://www.sdl.comУмови розповсюдження: Входить до складу системи Trados MultiTerm, система платна.Опис: Перш за все, відзначимо, що для роботи з програмою, вам знадобиться версія Java 1.4.2_08, ні з якою іншою версією Java програма працювати не буде! Не забудьте видалити новішу версію Java перед установкою. Перевірити вашу поточну версію Java, ви можете набравши в командному рядку Windows, команду: JAVA -version.Дуже функціональна програма. Серед найбільш корисних функцій можна виділити:• витяг термінології з одномовних текстів;• витяг термінології із двомовних (паралельних) текстів з можливістю подальшого переказу витягнутих термінів методом їх зіставлення зі словами з тексту другої мови

MultiTerm Extract 2

• • переклад описаним вище методом існуючої неперекладеної бази термінів;
• • аналіз і поліпшення якості термінології існуючих баз термінів і документів;
• • витяг термінів з файлів зі спеціальним форматуванням (.asp, .jsp, .html, SGML, XML.)
• • наявність власного "чорного списку" термінів і можливість додавання користувацького списку;
• • настройка точності пошуку термінів - мін / макс кількість слів у словосполученні, налаштування відношення Тиша / шум при пошуку (безпосередньо задає кількісним або ж якісним має бути пошук).

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Word Tabulator

• • Сайт розробника: http://www.rvb.ru
• • Умови розповсюдження: Безкоштовно.
• • Посилання на скачування: Word Tabulator 2.2.3 (обов'язково перевірте наявність нової версії на сайті розробника)
• • Опис: Швидка і проста програма. Однак через відсутність можливості встановлення "чорного списку" термінів, також видає велику кількість прийменників, артиклів і загальних слів, таким чином, час і зусилля, необхідні на редактуру збільшуються.

Best Term Management Software

• • Based on testing, it was concluded that SDLX Termbase and MultiTerm Extract commercial products can be considered as leaders among automated terminology management programs.
• These products support a large number of functions, significantly improve efficiency and reduce the time required to edit the data.
• Of the free programs, we can highlight the Simple Concordance Program - a very easy to use program, has a reasonable number of settings to search and offers good processing results.

Terminology Management Tools for Interpreters

• There are several efficient international terminology management tools for interpreters which are glossaries and some programs accessible from different platforms:
• 1 Freshterm.eu
• 2 Glossary assistant
• 3 Interplex
• 4 InterpretBank
• 5 Interpreters’ Help
• 6 Intragloss
• 7 Lookup
• 8 Terminus

Robot Translators 1

• Japan is set to take its love affair with robots to the next level next year by offering small devices that can bridge the language barrier between tourists and locals.
• With Japan experiencing a tourism boom, Kinki Nippon Tourist and Japanese technology firm FueTrek have teamed up to make robot translators a reality.
• TTG Asia reports that “the companies are planning to launch a new service in early 2016 that will provide small robots capable of acting as translators, as well as tablet computers and wearable devices that will be able to translate speech in a number of languages.”
• The devices will use specially designed speech recognition and text translation software to help business owners communicate effectively with Japan’s influx of foreign visitors.

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Robot Translators 2

• Driven by an increase in travelers from China, Korea and other Asian countries, the numbers of foreign visitors to Japan topped the 10 million mark for the first time in 2013, before rising to 13.4 million in 2014. The figures continue to grow, with more than 2 million people travelling to Japan in July 2015 alone.
• While the robots will certainly serve a purpose, it can’t be denied that it’s an impersonal solution. Brushing up on your ‘konichiwas’ and ‘arigatos’ will go a long way towards enriching your Japanese experience. The locals will appreciate it too.
• As James Mundy, PR manager at Inside Japan Tours told TTG Asia: “I think Japanese people will still appreciate a foreigner making the effort to actually speak their language with the use of a phrasebook. The effort goes a long way and makes for more meaningful interactions with the people of Japan.”

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Conclusion

To recapitulate, terminology management plays a significant role in consistent and accurate translation.

For any technical, scientific, legal, medical, and other specialized fields, translator must be meticulous about the meaning of the terms.

Literature

1. TERMINOLOGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - HTTPS://WWW.NIMDZI.COM/LANGUAGE-TECHNOLOGY-TOOLS/TERMINOLOGY-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEM/

2. Terminology management tools for interpreters - https://termcoord.eu/interpretation/terminology-management-tools-for-interpreters/

3. The Management of Terminology in Translations - https://www.truelanguage.com/management-of-terminology-in-translations/

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