• Consider a simple RL circuit in which resistor, R and inductor, L are connected in series with a voltage supply of V volts. Let us think the current flowing in the circuit is I (amp) and current through resistor and inductor is I_R and I_L respectively. Since both resistance and inductor are connected in series, so the current in both the elements and the circuit remains the same. i.e I_R = I_L = I. Let V_R and V_l be the voltage drop across resistor and inductor.
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• Applying Kirchhoff voltage law (i.e sum of voltage drop must be equal to apply voltage) to this circuit we get,

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• Phasor Diagram for RL Circuit
• Before drawing the phasor diagram of series RL circuit, one should know the relationship between voltage and current in case of resistor and inductor. Resistor In case of resistor, the voltage and the current are in same phase or we can say that the phase angle difference between voltage and current is zero.
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1. Inductor In inductor, the voltage and the current are not in phase. The voltage leads that of current by 90^o or in other words, voltage attains its maximum and zero value 90^o before the current attains it.

• RL Circuit For drawing the phasor diagram of series RL circuit; follow the following steps:
• Step- I. In case of series RL circuit, resistor and inductor are connected in series, so current flowing in both the elements are same i.e I_R = I_L = I. So, take current phasor as reference and draw it on horizontal axis as shown in diagram. Step- II. In case of resistor, both voltage and current are in same phase. So draw the voltage phasor, V_R along same axis or direction as that of current phasor. i.e V_R is in phase with I.
• Step- III. We know that in inductor, voltage leads current by 90^o, so draw V_L (voltage drop across inductor) perpendicular to current phasor. Step- IV. Now we have two voltages V_R and V_L. Draw the resultant vector(V_G) of these two voltages. Such as, and from right angle triangle we get, phase angle

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Impedance of Series RL Circuit�

• The impedance of series RL circuit opposes the flow of alternating current. The impedance of series RL Circuit is nothing but the combine effect of resistance (R) and inductive reactance (X_L) of the circuit as a whole. The impedance Z in ohms is given by, Z = (R² + X_L²)^0.5 and from right angle triangle, phase angle θ = tan^{- 1}(X_L/R).

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Series RL Circuit Analysis�

• In series RL circuit, the values of frequency f, voltage V, resistance R and Inductance L are known and there is no instrument for directly measuring the value of inductive reactance and impedance; so, for complete analysis of series RL circuit, follow these simple steps:
• Step 1.Since the value of frequency and inductor are known, so firstly calculate the value of inductive reactance X_L: X_L = 2πfL ohms. Step 2. From the value of X_L and R, calculate the total impedance of the circuit which is given by

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Step 3. Calculate the total phase angle for the circuit θ = tan ^{- 1}(X_L/ R). Step 4. Use Ohm’s Law and find the value of the total current: I = V/Z amp. Step 5. Calculate the voltages across resistor R and inductor L by using Ohm’s Law. Since the resistor and the inductor are connected in series, so current in them remains the same.

• Power in RL Circuit
• In series RL circuit, some energy is dissipated by the resistor and some energy is alternately stored and returned by the inductor- The instantaneous power deliver by voltage source V is P = VI (watts).
• Power dissipated by the resistor in the form of heat, P = I²R (watts).
• The rate at which energy is stored in inductor,

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So, total power in series RL circuit is given by adding the power dissipated by the resistor and the power absorbed by the inductor.

Power triangle for series RL circuit is shown below, �

• Expression for Current flowing in Series RL Circuit
• Consider a circuit in which resistance is connected in series with inductor and voltage source of V volts, is applied across it. Initially the switch is open. Let us say at time 't' we close the switch and the current 'i' starts flowing in the circuit but it does not attains its maximum value rapidly due to the presence of inductor in the circuit as we know inductor has a property to oppose the change in the current flowing through it.

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