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Nearpod Media Literacy Lesson

Please go to Nearpod.com to join this session:

RNSXY

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Media Literacy Today:

Research for a Changing World

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What is Media Literacy?

Media Literacy = Vocabulary + Medium + Understanding

...But my understanding is not the same as yours.

“Once you learn to read, you will be forever free.”

― Frederick Douglass

Aristotle = Ethos (author credibility) / Pathos (emotional appeal) / Logos (reasoning and logic) / Kairos (relevance at the time) / Topos (theme or connection to listeners and readers lives)

Rhetoric is all around us. Media literacy is about understanding digital rhetoric

Vocabulary - Building technical vocabulary - Close reading in English is the same as art analysis is the same thing as historical thinking

Ie using the same skills (More later)

Traditional broad definition: Media literacy = ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act upon medi, Ie, digital rhetoric.

In order to be media literate, you must be able to understand complex messages from the various forms of media.

Media literacy empowers people to be critical thinkers and makers, effective communicators and active citizens.

One important element, especially online: Credibility of the author, content, and publication.

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What is Credibility?

Trustworthiness + Expertise = Credibility

Objective - Established Reliability & Authority

Subjective - Personal Association & Perceived Knowledge

Fact or Fiction?

Believability - Attractiveness

“Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.”

Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus

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How can we tell if a source is credible?

C.urrency: The timeliness of the info
R.elevance: The importance of the info for your needs
A.uthority: The source of the info
A.ccuracy: The reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content
P.urpose: The reason the info exists

“Healthy Skepticism is the basis of all accurate observation.”

Arthur Conan Doyle, The Vital Message

Could score category on a scale from 1 to 10 (1 = worst, 10=best possible) you can give each site a grade on a 50 point scale for how high-quality it is!

45 - 50 Excellent | 40 - 44 Good | 35 - 39 Average | 30 - 34 Borderline Acceptable | Below 30 - Unacceptable

Currency: the timeliness of the information

When was the information published or posted?
Has the information been revised or updated?
Is the information current or out-of date for your topic?
Are the links functional?

Relevance: the importance of the information for your needs

Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question?
Who is the intended audience?
Is the information at an appropriate level (i.e. not too elementary or advanced for your needs)?
Have you looked at a variety of sources before determining this is one you will use?
Would you be comfortable using this source for a research paper?

Authority: the source of the information

Who is the author/publisher/source/sponsor?
Are the author's credentials or organizational affiliations given?
What are the author's credentials or organizational affiliations given?
What are the author's qualifications to write on the topic?
Is there contact information, such as a publisher or e-mail address?
Does the URL reveal anything about the author or source?

examples: .com (commercial), .edu (educational), .gov (U.S. government),

.org (nonprofit organization), or .net (network)

Accuracy: the reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content, and

Where does the information come from?
Is the information supported by evidence?
Has the information been reviewed or refereed?
Can you verify any of the information in another source or from personal knowledge?
Does the language or tone seem biased and free of emotion?
Are there spelling, grammar, or other typographical errors?

Purpose: the reason the information exists

What is the purpose of the information? to inform? teach? sell? entertain? persuade?
Do the authors/sponsors make their intentions or purpose clear?
Is the information fact? opinion? propaganda?
Does the point of view appear objective and impartial?
Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional, or personal biases?

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Lateral Reading

How many tabs do you have open at once?

- Reading vertically, our eyes go up and down a screen to evaluate the features of a site.

Does it look professional, free of typos and banner ads?
Does it quote well-known sources?
Are bias or faulty logic detectable?

- In contrast, lateral readers paid little attention to such features, leaping off a site after a few seconds and opening new tabs.

Investigate a site by leaving it
Corraboration
Fact-Checking

Sam Wineburg and Sarah McGrew, Standford School of Education, Lateral Reading: Reading Less and Learning More When Evaluating Digital Information

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How can we determine the credibility of an image?

Primary Source Photographs

C.urrency
R.elevancy
A.uthority
A.ccuracy
P.urpose

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Students are Digital Natives?

Ha!

“... When it comes to evaluating information that flows through social media channels, [students] are easily duped.”

-Stanford History Education Group. “Evaluating Information: The Cornerstone of Civic Online Reasoning.”

Our “digital natives” may be able to fit between Facebook and Twitter while simultaneously uploading a selfie to Instagram and texting a friend. But when it comes to evaluating information that flows through social media channels, they are easily duped.

In one of the most extensive think-aloud studies to date, Hargittai, Fullerton, Menchen Trevino, and Thomas (2010) observed over a hundred college students as they searched online. Screen and audio recordings of the sessions produced a trove of data: over 80 hours of tape and 770 pages of transcribed interviews.

Students overwhelmingly ceded to Google the responsibility for determining the credibility of information—the higher it ranked in Google’s results, the more reliable they considered the site to be.

Another study found that undergraduates ignored the valuable information contained in Google’s snippets (the few sentences accompanying each result), clicking instead on websites in higher positions even when they were “less relevant to the task” (Pan, Hembrooke, & Joachims, 2007, p. 816).

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3048994

https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf

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Google Search - “Martin Luther King”

“Cloaked Websites”

“...sites published by individuals or groups who conceal authorship in order to disguise deliberately a hidden political agenda.”

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444809105345

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Bing Search - “Martin Luther King”

“Cloaked Websites”

“...sites published by individuals or groups who conceal authorship in order to disguise deliberately a hidden political agenda.”

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444809105345

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Yahoo Search - “Martin Luther King”

“Cloaked Websites”

“...sites published by individuals or groups who conceal authorship in order to disguise deliberately a hidden political agenda.”

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444809105345

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Why might this tweet be a useful source about NRA members’ opinions on background checks? Why, or why not?

https://twitter.com/moveon/status/666772893846675456

Links to CAP - What is it?

“

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How do people read online?

Article

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How do people read online?

Google Search

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How do people read online?

Facebook

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How does untruth spread?

Search for “Pizzagate”

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Ideological Placement of Each Source’s Audience

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What is FAKE NEWS?!

Plain and simple…

Fake News = Propaganda

White Propaganda: Clearly labeled origin and transparent purpose

Gray Propaganda: Questionable origin, unsourced, and doubtful accuracy

Black Propaganda: Looks legitimate, is believable, and is intended to be subversive

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Fake News… Disinformation… Propaganda… Satire…

What to look out for

Consider the source

Click away from the story to investigate the site and its contact info.

Check the author

Do a quick search on the author. Are they real? Credible?

Check the date

Reposting old news stories doesn’t mean they’re relevant to current events.

Check your own biases

Consider if your own beliefs could affect your judgement.

Read beyond the headlines

Headlines can be outrageous to boost clicks. What’s the whole story?

Are there supporting sources?

Click on the links in the article. Do the links support the story?

Is it a joke?

If it is too outlandish, it might be satire. Research the site and author to be sure.

Ask the experts

Ask a librarian, or consult an unbiased fact-checking site.

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What about Historical Thinking?

Five aspects of Historical Thinking

Multiple Accounts and Perspectives

Corroboration… Perspective… Bias...

Analysis of Primary Sources

Reconstruct the argument… but read closely

Sourcing

Author’s purpose?

Understanding Historical Context

Ideologies of before and after

Claim-Evidence Connection

History isn’t fiction

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AASL Standards State....

Students should use an “inquiry-based process” to “inquire, think critically, and gain knowledge”; “draw conclusions, make informed decisions, apply knowledge to new situations, and create new knowledge”; and “share knowledge and participate ethically and productively as members of our democratic society” (AASL 2007, 4,5,6)

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Nearpod Media Literacy Lesson

Please go to Nearpod.com to join this session:

RNSXY

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So, How Do You�Find the Good Stuff?

Searching for Information on the Internet the Smart Way

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Subscription Database Credibility

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Steps to Create a Website

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Review…

1. B______
2.S______D_____
3. S_____E______

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Quizzlet.live Review

Code:

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Finding Information�on the Internet

It’s as easy as

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3. Search Engines

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It All Begins With The Words Typed in the Search Box

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So, Where Am I, Anyway?

Where are you now?

Hulstrom K-8 School

How do you tell someone else?

11551 Wyco Drive
Northglenn, CO 80233

A Web page has an address, too…

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

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So, Where Am I, Anyway?

Decoding the URL

com
org
edu
gov
net
info
biz
tv

commercial
organization
education
government
network
information
biz (business)

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Decoding the URL

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Evaluating a Web Site

Author

Content

Name?
Expertise?
Association?

Current?
Useful?
Factual?
Accurate?
Bias?

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RADCAB

Relevancy
Appropriateness
Detail
Currency
Authority
Bias

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Social Media Evaluation

Media Insight Data Study found that Millennials do not visit news sites, read print newspapers, watch television news, or seek out news in great numbers. This generation, instead, spends more time on social networks, often on mobile devices.

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Social Media As Primary Source

ARS Primary Source Set of Social Media Posts.

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Should Educators Design Google-Proof Questions?

Teacher question: How do modern novels represent the characteristics of humanity?

Intended outcome of teacher: Students to take a moment to think, figure out what type of information they needed, how to evaluate the data and how to reconcile conflicting viewpoints.

What really happened....

Students started Googling the question, 'How does a novel represent humanity?'

He did not intend for them to immediately Google the question, word by word — eliminating the process of critical thinking.

Tan, Zhai Yun. "OK, Google, Where Did I Put My Thinking Cap?" All Tech Considered TECH, CULTURE AND CONNECTION. NPR, 5 Feb. 2016. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.

Writer Nicholas Carr in a 2008 article for The Atlantic titled "Is Google Making Us Stupid,"contends that the Internet will take away our ability for contemplation due to the plasticity of our brains. "... what the [Internet] seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation," Carr wrote. The few studies available, however, do not seem to bode well for the Google generation. A 2008 study commissioned by the British Library found that young people go through information online very quickly without evaluating it for accuracy. A 2011 study in the journal Science showed that when people know they have future access to information, they tend to have a better memory of how and where to find the information — instead of recalling the information itself. That phenomenon is similar to not remembering your friend's birthday because you know you can find it on Facebook. When we know that we can access this information whenever we want, we are not motivated to remember it.

"Google really lubricates that access to information and while that is fantastic, it makes us have to change a bit the way we think about things," Terry Heick, founder of TeachThought, a company that produces content to support teachers in "innovation in teaching and learning for a 21st century audience." says. "Because we're so busy, we have this false security that we understand something because we Googled it. Now we're moving on to the next thing instead of really rolling around with this idea and trying to understand it." One of his recommendations is to make questions "Google-proof." "Design it so that Google is crucial to creating a response rather than finding one. If students can Google answers — stumble on (what) you want them to remember in a few clicks — there's a problem with the instructional design."

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Age of Data

Inquiry-based research models allow for data to show:

Development of information literacy skills
Growth of knowledge in curriculum topic
Student reflections of interests, feelings and experiences on learning.

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Inquiry vs. Research

Inquiry requires students to engage in active learning by generating their own driving questions, seeking out answers, and exploring complex problems.

Research though often a component of inquiry, addresses the process of finding answers.

Holland, Beth. “Inquiry and the Research Process.” Edutopia, Edutopia, 26 Oct. 2017, www.edutopia.org/article/inquiry-and-research-process.

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Inquiry = Curiosity

Through inquiry students discover:

Real questions about academic topics, which blossom into research;
Inquiry supports deep understandings within the content of the curriculum; and
Allows students to create products worth sharing (Maniotes and Kuhlthau 8-17)

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Question Formulation Technique^(TM)

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Media Literacy Resources

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How do we bring Kids to the table of understanding?

* Scaffolded Activities
* Critical Thinking
* Solid Research

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What is an Annotated Resource Set?

* Organizational Tool

* Research Thought process

* Critical Thinking STrategy

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Printed Samples: Let’s Look Together!

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Comments? Questions?

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www.twogeekyteachers.com

Or

bit.ly/medialiteracyncss