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EQL 671: �QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD IN EDUCATION ��Chapters 9 – 10 (Video E)

Dr Kim Teng Siang

kskim2007@gmail.com

012-4661131

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9. CONTENT ANALYSIS

a method of analysing written, verbal or visual communication messages (Cole 1988)

for interpretation of text through a systematic method of coding and identifying themes or patterns. Shannon and Hsiu (2005)

analysis of texts using step-by-step procedures to explore the underlying meanings of messages and grouping them into themes and to draw inferences from them Mayring (2000)

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Types of Text

Written text, such as books and papers

Oral text, such as speeches and theatrical performances

Iconic text, such as drawings, paintings, and images

Audio-Visual text, such as TV programmes, movies, and videos

Hypertexts which are texts found on the internet such as websites, social media, blogs and others

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Power of Words

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MANIFEST CONTENT AND LATENT CONTENT�

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WHAT TO COUNT or UNIT OF ANALYSIS�

Words
Themes
Characters
Paragraphs
Items
Concepts
Semantics - sentiment

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Methods of Analysis

Non-invasive manner
Deductive
Inductive

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The Deductive Process

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INDUCTIVE ANALYSIS

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(a general idea,

summary)

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10. HISTORICAL METHOD

History = study of the past that involves dates

and events

can be organized chronologically, culturally, territorially, and thematically

can be studied with some practical or theoretical aim, or out of simple intellectual curiosity.

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Historical Method

collect data from primary sources and other evidence, including the evidence of archaeology
Thucydides viewed history as the product of the choices and actions of human beings – can be studied as cause and effect
Ibn Khaldun- introduced scientific method
Modern historians – treat history more as a social science rather than as an art

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What is the Historical Method?

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The Purpose of the Historical Method in Educational Education

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Steps in Using the Historical Method

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External Criticism

establishing the authenticity and genuineness of the data

Test of date and author like:
Test of signature, handwriting, script, type, spelling, language, usage and documentation
Chemical and physical test of materials of data

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Internal Criticism

deals with the meaning and trustworthiness of statements that remain within the document.
Accuracy of the statement

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Pros and Cons of Historical Method

Pro	Limitation
Only method for study the past Use a wide range of evidence Provide alternatives and richer information on topics that can be studied with other methodologies	Not able to use control of threats to internal validity Possibility of Bias More than just get good materials Only give a fractional view of the past Require different method in interpretation Absence of technical terminology Disagreement in generalization among the historians History is life