Decline of the Qing Dynasty

1644- 1911

By: Baimon Paphawee Assavatesanon, Lee Kawalee Techasupatkul

1800s - The Qing Dynasty starts to slowly declines

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• China’s population increases rapidly

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• The government start facing problems

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• Internal & External issues

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The First Opium War (1839-1842)

• Cause: The unbalance trade between British and China
• Opium got China into many troubles
• Britain responded by attacking China
• China was defeated

Treaty of Nanjing:

• china have to pay for all war cost,
• limit taxes for British goods
• give Hong Kong to Britain
• forced to opened five new port to trade with British only

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

• Background: China’s government failure to address economic problems

• Cause: rebellion was led by Hong Xiuquan

• Failed because internal fight and European aid

• Result: One of the most devastating war

• The “Arrow” incident.

Second Opium War (sometimes called arrow war) (1856-1860)

• Background: treaty that China signed with France and United States allowed for negotiation after 12 years.

• Cause: Western became angry

Ye Mingchen captured after the fall of Canton

Treaty of Tientsin

• demanded for full rights for Christians (also, freedom of religion)
• opening of Tianjin
• giving No. 1 District of Kowloon to Britain
• British ships allowed to carry indentured Chinese to the U.S
• China pays 8 million taels to Britain and France, and opium trade was legalized

Extraterritorial

• An area in China, where the Europeans were using their own laws

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• EX: First Opium War

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Failing to reform (self-strengthening) (Late 1870s)

• Qing court starts to listen to reforming ideas.

• Reformers brought up an idea called “self-strengthening”

• This idea failed since most reformers thinks it is too rapid for such things to happen.

• Railroads, Shipyards, and Weapon factories were built

Spheres of Influence

• In 1897, Chinese rioters killed two German missionaries, which Germany used this to demand territories in Shandong, which China approved.

• Europeans began creating sphere of influence

• In 1894, Japan and China became at war over Japan inroads into Korea

• This led to other European nations wanting Chinese territory.

Internal Crisis (Ci Xi vs. Guang Xu) (1898)

• Young emperor Guang Xu introduced the idea of modernizing China.

• “One Hundred Days of Reform”

• Many people in the court opposed this idea

• The Empress (Ci Xi) opposed this reform

Boxer Rebellion - 1900

• Background:Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious , The Westerns called them Boxer.
• Cause: push the foreigners out of China and get rid of Europeans and Japanese influence in China.
• killed all foreigners
• Result: The allied force which consist of Western countries and Japan defeated them.
• China forbidden from importing arms for two years and they need to pay more indemnity to those country.

Revolution 1911

(Xinhai Revolution)

Result: Ended the imperial system

Started the Republic of China

Cause of the Revolution

1908- Emperor Guang Xu and Emperor’s aunt, Ci Xi, died

Throne fell to Emperor Pu Yi(infant)

Qing Dynasty is weaker.

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With both internal and external pressure, Qing Dynasty become weak.

TaiPing Rebellion

Qing Dynasty Flag

Emperor Aunt CiXi

Emperor Guang Xu

Emperor PuYI

Open Door Policy

Sign of a Revolution

1890-Sun Yat Sen form his own party “The Revive China Society”

Why he form his own party ?

• Qing Dynasty isn’t strong enough
• China needed to be modernized.
• China suit more with democracy.

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Sun Yat Sen

The Revive China Society

Three Principles of the People

Sun Yat Sen Idea.

The Beginning of the Revolution

October 1911-The revolution occurred.

Sun Yat-Sen party uprised at the central of china.

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BUT! Sun Yat-Sen not the leader.

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Why is Sun Yat-Sen not there?

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When Sun Yat Sen and his party plan the revolution, the Qing government knows

Capture and kill those revolutionaries.

Sun escape to Hong Kong

Travel to Japan, US, and Britain (promote a Chinese revolution and get some money)

Sun Yat Sen in Japan

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Blue Sky with a White Sun flag

Flag of the Kuomintang(KMT)Party

The Revolution

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The revolutionaries success in the first city(Wuchang)

Followed by other cities.

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Yuan Shikai came up against

December 1911, Yuan Shikai change his mind

Negotiate with Sun’s Party.

Result: The uprising success

BUT! Sun Yat Sen party doesn’t have power to control China.

Turn to Yuan Shikai.

The Iron blood 18-star flag

Nanjing Road of Shanghai

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Yuan Shikai

End of the Revolution

February,1912 Emperor Pu Yi forced to abdicate.

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December, 1911

Sun Yat Sen came back to China

Elected to be a provisional president.

Came to an agreement with Yuan Shigai.

Sun Yat Sen resigned.

Emperor Pu Yi

Provisional Government

Provisional Government Meeting

The Start of Republic of China

March 1912, Yuan Shikai become a president.

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Result: Ruled china as a dictator.

China doesn’t change much under his rule.

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BUT! Doesn’t have a developing mind.

Yuan Shikai

Yuan Shikai at Temple of Heaven

Beiyang Government

Five color Flag.

Flag of the Republic of China

Reference

Goldfinger, S., (-). The Second Opium War. Retrieved from: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~goldf20s/politics116/secondwar.html

• ., (-). Introduction The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1871. Retrieved from:http://taipingrebellion.com

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• .,(-). Courtiers in the Qing Dynasty. Retrived from: http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/45K4782K10937.html

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• .,(-). Boxer Rebellion. Retrieved from:http://www.history.com/topics/boxer-rebellion

Office of the Historian, (-). The Chinese Revolution of 1911. Retrieved from: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/chinese-rev

George Washington University Libraries, (-). China’s 1911 Revolution: A Centenary Retrospective Overview. Retrived from: http://exhibits.library.gwu.edu/exhibits/show/1911revolution/overview

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