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Penn State Extension’s Mission

We believe that all people should have access to science-based education.

IMAGE CREDIT:

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About Penn State Extension

Who We Are

The Penn State Extension team consists of a collection of educators, associates, and faculty that come together when their expertise is needed. Since team members live and work alongside you, they have a vested interest in ensuring our products and services better their communities.

Our team members live and work alongside you.

Our extension educators meet your needs online or on-site.

Pennsylvania residents are our customers and our advisers.

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Penn State Extension’s Areas of Expertise

Areas We Cover

4-H Youth

Development

Agronomy and

Natural Resources

Animal

Systems

Energy,

Business, and Community

Vitality

Food, Families,

and Health

Food Safety

and Quality

Horticulture

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National Safe Tractor and Machinery Operation Program (NSTMOP)

Section 3: Agricultural Hazards

DELIVERING EDUCATION YOU CAN TRUST

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NSTMOP

This material is based upon work originally supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement Nos. 2001-41521-01263 and 2010-41521-20839.

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Mechanical Hazards

Pinch Point

Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Define
Examples
Injury types
Prevention

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety Team

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Mechanical Hazards

Wrap Point

Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Define
Examples
Injury types
Prevention

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety Team

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Mechanical Hazards

Crush Point

Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Define
Examples
Injury types
Prevention

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety Team

Mechanical Hazards – Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Learning Goals

Identify the mechanical hazards associated with agricultural machinery.
Avoid mechanical hazards.

Crush point hazard occurs when two objects are moving towards each other or when one object is moving towards a stationary object.

Give an example of a crush point.

Attaching an implement to the drawbar of the tractor, when equipment is raised or lowered with a 3-point hitch, when components are moved by hydraulic cylinders.

What types of potential injuries could result from a crush point hazard?

Crushed tissue, cuts, broken bones, and some fatalities.

What are some ways to avoid a crush point hazard?

Identify machines with crush points.
Do not allow anyone to stand or place any body parts in the space between the 2 objects that form the crush point.
When hitching an implement, wait until the tractor has completely stopped before approaching the hitch point.
If possible, hitch a tractor and implement without having a person positioned between the tractor and the implement.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.1.

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Mechanical Hazards

Pull-in Point

Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Define
Examples
Injury types
Prevention

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety Team

Mechanical Hazards – Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Learning Goals

Identify the mechanical hazards associated with agricultural machinery.
Avoid mechanical hazards.

Pull-in hazard is typically associated with crops being fed into a harvesting machine. Most pull-in incidents occur when a person attempts to remove material from a machine while the machine is still running.

Give an example of a pull-in hazard.

Harvesting machinery that has rotating parts such as feed rolls, that form pull-in points where they come together. Examples include combine headers, feel or bale chambers, pull-behind corn pickers, forage chopper headers, and grinders.

What types of potential injuries could result from a pull-in hazard?

Amputation of extremities, crushed tissue, broken bones, and some fatalities.

What are some ways to avoid a pull-in hazard?

Identify machines with pull-in hazards.
Shut off the engine and power source, including any power-take off (PTO) before attempting to clear any plugged areas or completing repairs.
Remember that machines are always faster than people.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.1.

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Mechanical Hazards

Stored Energy

Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Define
Examples
Injury types
Prevention

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety Team

Mechanical Hazards – Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Learning Goals

Identify the mechanical hazards associated with agricultural machinery.
Avoid mechanical hazards.

Stored-energy hazards occur when confined energy is unintentionally released.

Give an example of a stored energy hazard.

1) Compressed spring, hydraulics, and pneumatics and 2) Compressed air, pressure washers, winches, and electrical systems.

What types of potential injuries could result from a stored energy hazard?

Contusions, abrasions, lacerations, injection injuries (hydraulic fluid) & crush injury.

What are some ways to avoid a stored energy hazard?

Identify machines that have stored energy.
Prior to using equipment, examine the hoses & fittings for wear. Use a mirror or piece of cardboards to check for hydraulic leaks. Never use your hand!
Turn off the engine and relieve hydraulic pressure before disconnecting hydraulic hoses or completing repairs.
Lower hydraulic components to the ground before shutting off the engine & dismounting the tractor.
Use supports (e.g., jacks, stands, blocks) to prevent unintentional movement.
Know the direction the spring could move and stay away from the spring’s path.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.1.

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Mechanical Hazards

Shear/Cut Point Hazard

Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Define
Examples
Injury types
Prevention

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety Team

Mechanical Hazards – Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Learning Goals

Identify the mechanical hazards associated with agricultural machinery.
Avoid mechanical hazards.

Shear or cut point hazard occurs when the edges of two machine parts move across or close enough to each other to cut a relatively soft material.

Give an example of a shear or cut point hazard.

Hedge trimmers, grain auger, forage harvester cutter heads, rotary mower blades, and windrow cutter bars.

What types of potential injuries could result from a shear/cut point hazard?

Amputations, lacerations, contusions, crushed tissues, and broken bones. Projectile injuries can also occur.

What are some ways to avoid a shear or cut point hazard?

Identify machines that have this hazard.
Make sure all covers & protective shields are in place. Replace shields if worn or broken.
Turn off machine and wait for any rotating parts to stop.
Do not wear loose fitting clothing or jewelry. Remove draw strings on hooded sweatshirts and jackets.
Secure long hair by pulling it back under a hat.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.1.

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Mechanical Hazards

Burn Point Hazard

Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Define
Examples
Injury types
Prevention

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety Team

Mechanical Hazards – Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Learning Goals

Identify the mechanical hazards associated with agricultural machinery.
Avoid mechanical hazards.

Burn point hazards are associated with tractors and equipment that have components that can cause burns when they contact skin.

Give an example of a burn point hazard.

Tractors, self-propelled equipment, and pull-type machinery.
Mufflers, manifolds, engine block, gear case, pipes, and hot fluids.

What types of potential injuries could result from a burn point hazard?

Burns. However, additional injuries can occur if the operator is startled by contact with the burn point hazard. Example: a producer might contact a hot muffler and fall back and sustain a back injury.

What are some ways to avoid a burn point hazard?

Avoid the burn point hazard on equipment.
Shut down the engine and allow time for fluids and parts to cool before completing any fueling, inspections, or maintenance.
Determine whether a part is hot by holding your hand near the surface of the part.
Wear leather gloves to protect your hands.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.1.

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Mechanical Hazards

Freewheeling Parts Hazard

Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Define
Examples
Injury types
Prevention

Photo Credit: Linda Fetzer

Mechanical Hazards – Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Learning Goals

Identify the mechanical hazards associated with agricultural machinery.
Avoid mechanical hazards.

Freewheeling parts hazard are parts of a machine that continue to move after power to the machine has been turned off. Freewheeling parts continue to move because some machines require large amounts of rotational energy to operate smoothly in varying conditions, and the part cannot stop abruptly without the application of a braking system. The heavier the rotating part, the longer and faster it will continue to rotate after being shut off.

Give an example of a freewheeling parts hazard.

Flywheels on small square baler, rotary mower blades, cutter heads on forage harvester, hammer mills of feed grinder, and fans on silage blower.

What types of potential injuries could result from a freewheeling parts hazard?

Cuts, abrasions, bruises, entanglement, crushing, and amputations.

What are some ways to avoid a freewheeling parts hazard?

Before carrying out any activity near a freewheeling part, shut off the tractor, disengage the PTO, and wait for the freewheeling part to come to a complete stop.
Never touch a freewheeling part while it is moving.
Listen for freewheeling parts because they often make a whirring or humming sound when they are rotating.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.1.

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Mechanical Hazards

Thrown Object Hazard

Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Define
Examples
Injury types
Prevention

Photo Credit: Linda Fetzer

Mechanical Hazards – Task Sheet 3.1 (Core)

Learning Goals

Identify the mechanical hazards associated with agricultural machinery.
Avoid mechanical hazards.

Thrown object hazards occurs when an object is thrown from a piece of equipment. Objects can be thrown from some pieces of equipment at speeds up to 200 MPH.

Give an example of a thrown object hazard -- Typically associated with pieces of equipment, such as rotary mowers, cutters, and shredders, that have rotating fans or knife blades. Can also occurs with machines that chop or grind feed and manure spreaders.

What types of potential injuries could result from a thrown object hazard?

Contusions, abrasions, lacerations, bruises, and eye or head injuries.
Thrown objects can cause property damage & serious injury to people/animals in the area.

What are some ways to avoid a thrown object hazard?

Make sure machine guards or shields are securely in place and properly maintained.
Make sure a machine & all its moving parts have completely stopped before nearing the discharge area.
Never point a mower discharge chute towards people, pets, structures, streets, etc.
Always wear eye protection when working with machinery that cuts, grinds, or chops material.
When working with machinery that can throw objects, do not allow others in that area.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.1.

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Working with Livestock

Task Sheet 3.4 (Core)

Dangers of working with livestock
HOOA prohibits some jobs with livestock
Animal behavior
Moving animals

Photo Credit: Angie Hissong

Working with Livestock – Task Sheet 3.4 (Core)

Learning Goals:

Recognize hazards associated with caring for livestock.
Learn how to work safely with livestock.

Animals have their own patterns of behavior and can become frightened or react suddenly. Review the animal behavior facts and moving animals in Task Sheet 3.4.

According to the Hazardous Occupations Order in Ag (HOOA) regulations, youth under 16 are prohibited from working in a yard, pen, or stall with which animals?

Cows with newborn calves; bulls; boars; stud horses kept for breeding purposes; and sows with nursing piglets.

Discuss tasks that are acceptable for youth to complete on the farm:

Examples include caring for poultry; milking cows; cleaning barns; riding or exercising horses; feeding calves.

What are 2 important concepts to understand when moving livestock?

The animal’s flight zone and point of balance. Explain both concepts and why they are important.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.4.

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Agricultural Pesticides

Task Sheet 3.5 (Core)

Chemicals used in agriculture
Pesticide categories
HOOA restrictions

Photo Credit Andy Mylin:

Agricultural Pesticides – Task Sheet 3.5 (Core)

Learning Goals:

Understand that 14-and-15-year-old workers cannot use some agricultural chemicals.
Understand the warning signs and symbols used on agricultural pesticides.

Ask student to name examples of chemicals used in agriculture.

Fertilizers, pesticides, cleaners or sanitizers, crop preservatives, fuels, and solvents.

How are the categories of toxicity pesticides defined?

Category 1 pesticides are identified by the signal words ‘Danger – Poison’. Category 1 products are highly toxic by at least 1 route of exposure.
Category 2 pesticides are identified by the signal word ‘Warning’. These pesticides are called restricted-use pesticides.
Category 3 or 4 use the signal word ‘caution’ and typically sold over the counter to users.

Based on HOOA, at what age are you prohibited from handling or applying agricultural chemicals classifieds as toxicity Category 1 or 2?

Youth under the age of 18 are prohibited from doing these activities.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.5.

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Agricultural Pesticides

Task Sheet 3.5 (Core)

Pesticide exposure
Routes of exposure
Personal protective equipment

Photo Credit Andy Mylin:

Agricultural Pesticides – Task Sheet 3.5 (Core)

Learning Goals:

Understand that 14-and-15-year-old workers cannot use some agricultural chemicals.
Understand the warning signs and symbols used on agricultural pesticides.

Exposure to pesticides can be harmful.

What 4 ways can you be exposed to chemicals on the farm?

Oral (mouth), 2) Dermal (skin), 3) Inhalation (lungs) and 4) Ocular (eye)

Which route is the fastest?

Inhalation provides the fastest route of exposure into the bloodstream.

What is the best way to reduce your exposure to pesticides? Be specific.

Personal protective equipment including chemical resistant clothing; face shield; goggles; respirators, and gloves. (Have examples to show the students.)

How do you know what PPE should be worn when using a pesticide?

Read the label on the pesticide container.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.5.

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Electric Hazards

Task Sheet 3.6 (Core)

Effects on the body
Electrical system
Overhead power lines
Electrical hazards

Photo Credit: Linda Fetzer

Electrical Hazards – Task Sheet 3.6 (Core)

Learning Goals:

Understand electrical hazards.
Safely work with electrical equipment used in agriculture.

Ask students to name things powered by electricity on the farm operation.

Definition of electric shock. -- Electric shock is a sudden violent response to electrical current flowing through a person’s body which could result in tissue damage. Electrocution is death caused by electrical shock. Electricity will seek the path of least resistance.

List 4 ways that can produce increased heat in electrical conductors:

Wire size is too small to carry the current; 2) Electrical load is too great 3) Electrical load is too far away from the electrical sources; and 4) Electrical connections are loose, and increased resistance develops.

Electrical Components:

Distribution panel – Circuit breaker or fuse box may contain many circuits where circuit breaker devices stop the flow to an electrical circuit.
Circuit breakers and fuses – Found in the distribution panel, these devices protect the wires of the circuit from overheating.
Switches and receptacles – Switches energize circuits and receptacles connect the appliance to the circuit.
Electrical components must meet the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) standard.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.6.

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Electric Hazards

Task Sheet 3.6 (Core)

Overhead power lines
Electrical hazards

Photo Credit: Linda Fetzer

Electrical Hazards – Task Sheet 3.6 (Core)

Learning Goals:

Understand electrical hazards.
Safely work with electrical equipment used in agriculture.

How can you tell if an electrical circuit is overloaded? --- Circuit breaker keeps tripping off or the fuse blows.

Name some potential hazards of overhead power lines on the farm.

Examples include moving elevators, augers, metal ladders, and irrigation pipes.

How can you reduce the risk of objects coming in direct contact with overhead power lines?

Lower augers and elevators for transport.
Look up and take notices of the location of overhead power lines.
Use a ‘spotter’ while moving equipment under utility wires.

What are some additional farm hazards on the farm?

Dust, moisture, corrosive materials, gases (e.g., manure), and physical damage are hard on electrical equipment.
Overloading extension cords - Should not be used as permanent wiring & do not jerk the cord from the wall receptacle.

If you need to dig a trench on the farm, how do you know if utility cables are buried under ground? -- 811 is the national ‘call-before-you-dig’ phone number to request the approximate location of buried utilities be marked with paint or flags.

Activities can be found at the end of Task Sheet 3.6.

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Confined Spaces

Task Sheet 3.8 (Core)

Definitions
Examples in agriculture
Health risks

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety Team

Confined Spaces – Task Sheet 3.8 (Core)

Learning Goal: Understand the hazards of confined work areas.

According to OSHA, a confined space is defined as the following:

Large enough and so configured that a person can enter and perform assigned work
Limited in openings for entry and exit purposes.
Not intended for continuous human occupancy

Ask students to give examples of confined space on the farm.

Silos, manure pits, grain bins, grain dryers, milk tanks, and liquid manure spreader.

Discuss with students the health risks associated with confined spaces.

Oxygen deficient atmosphere – When working, oxygen levels can be decreased by the presences of other gases and vapors.
Toxic atmosphere – Depending on the structure, toxic material may be present. An example is cleaning or scaping a tank could release toxic chemicals.
Flammable atmosphere – Materials such as gas, vapor, or dust in the proper combination with oxygen can be flammable when there is a source of ignition (e.g., welder, etc.)
Exposure to dusts and molds that ca result in breathing issues and allergies. Permanent lung damage is also possible.

We will be talking about the various types of confined spaces and their various hazards and safety precautions.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.8.

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Silos

Task Sheet 3.9 (Core)

Purpose
Potential Hazards
Safety precautions

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety and Health Team

Silos – Task Sheet 3.9 (Core)

Learning Goals:

Understand how silo storage structures and equipment present hazards.
Develop safe work skills to use while working around silos.

Purpose of a silo is a controlled fermentation and storage space for finely chopped forages. Silos come in many forms such as upright or trench. Fermentation is the process of controlling bacterial actions that break down plant fibers of corn, hay, and other crops.

Hazards of Silos:

1) Silo gas – Carbon dioxide & nitrogen dioxide produced during fermentation process. Nitrogen dioxide is heavy yellowish-brown colored gas & can result in severe irritation & inflammation of the lungs. High concentration/prolonged exposure can result in death; 2) Filling silo involved several pieces of equipment & job is done in a short time period; 3) Falls – Falls down the chute or the exterior ladder; 4) Silo fires; and 5) Entrapment.

Safety Precautions –

Gas forms after the silo is filled. Stay out of newly filled silos for at least 3 weeks after filling. After 3 weeks, if you need to enter the silo ventilate for 30-45 minutes. Use the buddy system. If you need to go into a silo, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and a safety harness. Post signs about ‘Danger – Deadly Silo Gas’ outside the silo. Use lockout tagout on the power supply of the silo if someone needs to enter.
Machinery guards need to be in place. Shut down equipment prior to making any repairs.
Use 3-points of contact when climbing silo. Face ladder. Stay in protective cage.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.9.

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Horizontal Silo Safety

Task Sheet 3.9.1

Purpose
Potential Hazards
Safety precautions

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety and Health Team

Silos – Task Sheet 3.9.1

Learning Goals:

Understand the hazards involved with horizontal silos.
Fill horizontal silos safely.
Practice safe silage removal procedures.

Some people are transitioning from upright silos to horizontal, bunk or trench silos. These have some issues with silo gases and safety issues related to packing & loading silage. Packing silage in a bunk silo is a fast-paced operation with increased risk for an injury/fatality.

Horizontal silos can be a trench cut into the ground, foraged piled on top of the soil, or a bunker-type silo with concrete or wooden sides.

Potential hazards: Machinery entanglements, tractor overturn, dump truck incidents, roadway incidents, falls from bunk, and silage feed-out injury.

Safety precautions:

Bunk silos should be equipped with sight rails to give the operator a visual clue to the edge of the bunker while backing, unloading, and packing.
As depth of the silage increases so does risk for a tractor/dump truck rollover incident. Reduce speed & do not get too close to the sides. Use progressive wedge with a maximum slope of 1’ (rise) to 3’ (run) to minimize the risk of a rollover.
Do not fill the trench or bunker higher than the sides of the retaining wall.
Reduce risk of silage face collapse by using a silage defacer to eliminate undercutting.
Use only tractors equipped with ROPS and seat belts when packing silage.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.9.1.

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Grain Bins

Task Sheet 3.10 (Core)

Purpose
Potential Hazards
Safety precautions

Photo Credit: Linda Fetzer

Task Sheet 3.10 (Core)

Learning Goals:

Understand that flowing grain can be a deadly hazard.
Understand how to prevent flowing grain hazards while working with bins, wagons, and trucks.

Grain bins are used to store grain and wagons and trucks are typically used to move grain between locations. ---- A 150-pound person can be pulled waist deep in a column of flowing grain in about 10 seconds.

Name three of the four common hazards that can lead to death inside a grain bin.

Being caught in flowing grain while the unloading auger is running – A 10” auger can move 65 bushels of grain per minute
Falling into a cavity caused by bridging grain materials
Being buried by a wall of grain due to a grain avalanche
Grain vacuums

Precautions:

If you need to go into the grain bin, shut off the auger and use lockout tagout to secure the power source. When entering, wear a safety harness that is tied off to an approved anchor point and use the buddy system.
Store grain at the proper moisture level. Out of condition grain can lead to grain bridging or stick to the sidewalls and could lead to a grain avalanche.
When using a grain vacuum, hold the vacuum at an angle away from your body.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.10.

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Manure Storage

Task Sheet 3.11 (Core)

Purpose
Potential Hazards
Safety precautions

Photo Credit: Linda Fetzer

Manure Storage – Task Sheet 3.11 (Core)

Learning Goal: Understand the hazards of liquid and semisolid manure storage

Manure storage is a confined space work area. Type of storage is based on number of animals, storage time, & soil structure. Manure storage can be above or below ground. Semi-solid manure may be removed with a loader. Liquid manure is agitated & pumped to manure spreaders.

Discuss the potential hazards: 1) Expose to manure gas – Manure gas is poisonous. Exposure can cause lung & eye irritation, dizziness & headaches. High level exposure can result in unconsciousness & death from suffocation. Four types of manure gas: hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and methane. The most dangerous is hydrogen sulfide. & 2) Drowning in a manure storage.

Safety Precautions:

People need to stay out of confinement building during manure agitation and pumping.
Ventilate the area for several hours after pumping activities.
No smoking near manure storage facilities.
Allow 1-2 feet of air space above manure surface for gases.
Never drive on crusted manure surfaces of aboveground, open-air manure storage tanks because the crust is not solid and will break.
Put up signs about the hazards of manure storage and warn visitors.
Use a gas detection monitor to measure oxygen, toxic, and explosive gases.
Do not enter a manure storage area! If entry is necessary, wear a safety harness, lifeline, gas meter, and self-contained breathing apparatus.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.11.

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Anhydrous Ammonia

Task Sheet 3.12 (Core)

Photo Credit: Andy Mylin

Anhydrous Ammonia – Task Sheet 3.12 (Core)

Learning Goal: Understand the uses of anhydrous ammonia and the risks this material can cause.

What is anhydrous ammonia and why is it used on the farm? -- It is a powerful source of nitrogen containing 82% nitrogen. It is primarily used as a fertilizer material but sometimes used as a silage preservative/additive.

What are the physical properties in storage and in the air?

It is stored under pressure as a liquid. In the air, it is a gas. It is injected into the soil.

Anhydrous means without water so it is highly attracted to moist soil and becomes available to the plant through its root system.

Why is it dangerous to humans?

Because its attraction to humans. If it is released into the air, it will quickly attract and attach to any moist area such as eyes, nose, mouth, or any places on the body that might be sweaty. Anhydrous is very caustic and can cause permanent damage to a person’s lungs and eyes.

What PPE should be used around anhydrous ammonia? Splash proof goggles, rubber gloves, heavy-duty long-sleeved shirt, and pants.

What is required to carry on each anhydrous ammonia transport vehicle? At least 5 gallons of clean fresh water.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.12.

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Chemicals Used on Farms

Task Sheet 3.13 (Core)

Examples of chemicals
What is a pesticide
Absorption of chemicals
Safety precautions

Photo Credit: PSU Ag Safety Team

Chemical Used on Farms – Task Sheet 3.13 (Core)

Learning Goals:

Identifying chemicals used in agriculture
Handle chemicals safely

Ask student to give examples of various types of chemicals used on the farm.

Examples include pesticides, solvents, cleansers, animal medicines, fuels, fertilizers, battery acid, lubricants, paints, lime, antifreeze, solvents, etc.

Pesticides control pests which can include weeds, insects, fungus, algae, rodents, bacteria, and nematodes.

Name 3 ways that chemicals can enter your body: ingestion, inhalation (breath into lungs), and dermal (through the skin)

Ways that you can protect yourself and others from chemicals.

Use chemical for their intended use.
Read the label to learn about how the chemical can be absorbed by your body and wear the proper personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, goggles, etc.).
Always store the farm chemical in its original container or packaging.
Shop rags used to soak up toxic materials and could pose a fire hazard. Dispose of the rag to reduce the risk of a fire.

Activities are located at the end of Task Sheet 3.13.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following people and organizations for giving us permission to use their photos or illustrations for the sole purpose of providing educational support to the NSTMOP certificate course.

Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM) Pictorial Database
Andy Mylan, Illustrator
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)
Jeff Mathison, Illustrator
National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health & Safety
Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences and the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Ag Safety Team

No copying or duplication of these images or illustrations is allowed.

Created February 2015 by Dennis J. Murphy, Nationwide Insurance Professor, Emeritus, and Davis E. Hill, Extension Associate, The Pennsylvania State University. Revised January 2020. Revised 2023 by Linda Fetzer, Extension Program Specialist.

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Resources

Find more resources at extension.psu.edu

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Question Prompt

Questions?

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Affirmative Action Statement

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