Mutations!

Mutations

Any change in DNA sequence (genetic code)

The Effect of Mutations

Mutations can be good, bad, or have no affect at all. They produce genetic diversity.

Two Kinds of Mutations

• Gene Mutations –

change a single gene

• Chromosomal Mutations –

change part of a whole chromosome

Point Mutations

Change in one or a few nucleotides; happen at a single point in the DNA sequence.

Substitution

One nucleotide is traded for another; usually affect no more than one amino acid

Frameshift Mutations

The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons.

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Insertion

An extra base is inserted into a base sequence

Deletion (Gene)

The loss of a single nitrogenous base; changes the codons after it.

Deletion (Chromosomal)

The loss of all or part of a chromosome.

Duplication

Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.

Inversion

Inversions reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes.