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Human Body

Assessing Health, Blood, and Microbes�

HS20-HB1 Analyze the anatomy and physiology of a healthy human.

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Assessing Health

This is kind of a lead-in to our diagnostics and treatment unit later!

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Vital Signs

  • What is a vital sign?� ��
  • Why are they important to healthcare?�� �
  • What are some common vital signs?
    • _____________ - ________ (when heart pumps) and ________ (when it relaxes) pressure of your blood. Measures how hard your heart pumps and the pressure it puts on arteries.
    • ______________ - how many breaths we take in a minute.
    • ___________ - our ideal body temperature.
    • ____________ - amount of oxygen our blood is holding (of its maximum capacity)
    • _____________ - heart beats per minute!

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Vital Signs

  • What is a vital sign?�A form of measuring healthy functioning of the human body’s most basic functions.�
  • Why are they important to healthcare?�It can be a part of triage & are reliable, simple measurements of health and well-being.�
  • What are some common vital signs?
    • Blood pressure - Systolic (when heart pumps) and Diastolic (when it relaxes) pressure of your blood. Measures how hard your heart pumps and the pressure it puts on arteries.
    • Respiratory rate - how many breaths we take in a minute.
    • Temperature - our ideal body temperature.
    • O2 saturation - amount of oxygen our blood is holding (of its maximum capacity)
    • Heart rate (pulse) - heart beats per minute!

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Vital Sign Optimal Ranges

  • Blood pressure
    • Systolic - ___________
    • Diastolic - ___________
  • Respiratory rate - ______________________
  • Temperature - ______________________
  • O2 saturation - ___________
  • Heart rate (pulse) - ____________________

mm Hg is a unit of pressure!

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Vital Sign Optimal Ranges

  • Blood pressure
    • Systolic - 90-120 mm Hg
    • Diastolic - 60-80 mm Hg
  • Respiratory rate - 12-18 breaths/min
  • Temperature - 36.5℃ – 37.3℃
  • O2 saturation - >95%
  • Heart rate (pulse) - 60-100 bpm�

You’ll need to explore these!�

mm Hg is a unit of pressure!

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Blood

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Most-Common-Blood-Types-by-Country.html

Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and metabolic waste products away from cells

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Blood Types

__________ – are determined by inherited antigens.

_______ – a molecule capable of inducing an immune response by the host organism.

Red Blood Cell Types�_ – �_ – �__ – �_ –

______ - liquid (“solution”) that holds blood cells, salt, water and enzymes.

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Blood Types

Blood Types – are determined by inherited antigens (ABO & Rh).

Antigens – a molecule capable of inducing an immune response by the host organism.

Red Blood Cell Types�A – has the A antigen�B – has the B antigen�AB – has the A an B antigen�O – has no antigen

Plasma - liquid (“solution”) that holds blood cells, salt, water and enzymes.

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Blood Types - Rh Factor & Immunity

  • _________________ is an additional protein on red blood cells.
  • Can be (-) or (+)
    • + means it has the protein
  • The body creates __________ to “attack”�unfamiliar proteins.
  • This attack can be on blood�cells → causing ________.

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Blood Types - Rh Factor & Immunity

  • Rh (Rhesus) Factor is an additional protein on red blood cells.
  • Can be (-) or (+)
    • + means it has the protein
  • The body creates antibodies to “attack”�unfamiliar proteins.
  • This attack can be on blood�cells → causing anemia.

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Blood Donor Compatibility and Inheritance

Inheritance Overview

  • Terms:
    • Phenotype - what is seen
    • Genotype - genetic pair
    • Dominant/Recessive/Codominant - behaviour of genetic pair determines what is seen�
  • ABO & Rh Factor determine Blood Type�
  • Example: A (ABO), and + (Rh Factor) = A+ �
  • Inheritance Example:�AB Parent x AB Parent = Offspring odds ½ AB, ¼ A, ¼ B

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Population Distribution

In Canada, O+ is the most common (~39%).

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Blood Donor Compatibility and Inheritance - �Idea Overview and Additional Info

We get one “_______” from each of our parents… they combine to form our Blood Type.

__ is a dominant allele (blood type)

__ is a dominant allele (blood type)

__ is a recessive allele (blood type)

Therefore an ___________ would mean the individual is an __________________

An individual that is an __________________ must have an ___________ .

_____________ is two dominant alleles happening at once.

An allele is a form of a gene. An option the gene could be.

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Blood Donor Compatibility and Inheritance - �Idea Overview and Additional Info

We get one “allele” from each of our parents… they combine to form our Blood Type.

A is a dominant allele (blood type)

B is a dominant allele (blood type)

O is a recessive allele (blood type)

Therefore an AO Genotype would mean the individual is an A Blood Type (Phenotype)

An individual that is an O Blood Type (Phenotype) must have an OO Genotype.

AB Blood Type is two dominant alleles happening at once.

An allele is a form of a gene. An option the gene could be.

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Blood Donor Compatibility and Inheritance

  • Summary of who can donate to whom.�
  • As mentioned, Rh factor is an additional component of this. �
  • Do you donate?

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Can you donate blood?

Canadian Blood Services has certain criteria and a questionnaire you have to fill out prior to donating blood.

Eligibility Quiz:

https://blood.ca/en/blood/eligibility-quiz

I encourage you to donate blood when able!

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Blood (and other anatomy-based) Donation “Controversies”: History

  • Homophobia in blood donation.
    • Up until 2022, there was many restrictions in place for blood donation for homosexual males.�
  • Organ and bone marrow or PBSC donation.�
  • Stem Cell Donation (Research & Ethics)�
  • What’s right? What’s not?

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Microbes:�Microbiota and Flora of Humans

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Our Microbiome

  • Humans have as many as __________ of their own cells.
  • Our __________ may include 10-100 trillion cells.
  • Many benefits are provided from this ___________ ______________.

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Our Microbiome

  • Humans have as many as ~40 trillion of their own cells.
  • Our microbiome may include 10-100 trillion cells.
  • Many benefits are provided from this symbiotic relationship.

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Implications of Microbes and Humans

Consider implications your nutritional choices have on your microbiome.

Probiotics or other microbial therapy could be beneficial to human health.

Sharing of microbes between partners can have negatives (but also positives).

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What’s next?

  • Quiz�
  • Investigation & Reflection Assessment
    • Investigation: Blood Types & Vital Signs
    • Reflection: about Blood, Organ, Stem-Cell Donation�
  • Part two of this unit: illness, disease, and disorder.