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BIOSPHERE�The biosphere is one of Earth’s four interconnected systems.

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I. The biosphere is the portion of Earth that is inhabited by life.

A. The biosphere includes all ecosystems.

  • 1. One of Earth’s systems

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  • 2. Includes the biota, all the living things in the biosphere

I. Biosphere

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  • 3. hydrosphere—water, ice, and water vapor
  • 4. atmosphere—air blanketing Earth’s solid and liquid surface
  • 5. geosphere—geologic features above and below Earth’s surface

I. Biosphere

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B. Biotic and abiotic factors interact in the biosphere.

  1. All four Earth systems are interconnected.
    • ​

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I. Biosphere

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4-3 Biomes

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II. Biomes

  1. Biomes
    1. Biome
      • 1. Land –based, global communities of organisms.

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II. Biomes

    • 2. Plants and animals exhibit variations in tolerance, (ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions).

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III. Biomes and Climate

III. Biomes and Climate

    • A. Climate of a region is an important factor in determining which organisms can survive there.
    • B. Within a biome, temperature and precipitation can vary over small distances.
    • C. The climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it is called a microclimate.

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III. Biomes and Climate

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D. Biomes are defined by a unique set of abiotic factors

1. Mostly climate

2. Characteristic assemblage of plants and animals

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III. Biomes and Climate

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Tropical rain forest

Tropical dry forest

Tropical savanna

Tundra

Temperate grassland

Desert

Temperate woodland�and shrubland

Mountains and �ice caps

Boreal forest�(Taiga)

Northwestern�coniferous forest

Temperate forest

60°N

30°S

0° Equator

60°S

30°N

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IV. The Major Biomes

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  • A. Tropical Rain Forest

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  • 1. Produce lush forests
  • 2. Home to more species than all other biomes combined.
  • 3. Canopy- dense covering 50-80 m above forest floor.

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IV. The Major Biomes

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IV. The Major Biomes

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4. Understory - the shade below the canopy, a second layer of shorter trees and vines.

5. Organic matter that falls to the forest floor quickly decomposes, and the nutrients are recycled.

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IV. The Major Biomes

6. Abiotic factors:

a. hot and wet year-round

b. thin, nutrient-poor soils

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7. Dominant plants: broad-leaved evergreen trees; ferns; large woody vines and climbing plants

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Source: World Meteorological Organization

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IV. The Major Biomes

8. Dominant wildlife: sloths, capybaras, jaguars, anteaters, monkeys, toucans, parrots, butterflies, beetles, piranhas, caymans, boa constrictors, and anacondas.

9. Geographic distribution: parts of South and Central America, Southeast Asia, parts of Africa, southern India, and northeastern Australia

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • B.Tropical Dry Forest
    • 1. Grow in places where rainfall is highly seasonal rather than year-round.
    • 2. During the dry season, nearly all the trees drop their leaves to conserve water.- deciduous.

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IV. The Major Biomes

3. Abiotic factors:

a. generally warm year-round

b. alternating wet and dry seasons

c. rich soils subject to erosion

4. Dominant plants: tall, deciduous trees; drought-tolerant plants; aloes and other succulents

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IV. The Major Biomes

5. Dominant wildlife: tigers, monkeys, elephants, Indian rhinoceroses, hog deer, great pied hornbills, pied harriers, spot-billed pelicans, termites, snakes and monitor lizards

6. Geographic distribution: parts of Africa, South and Central America, Mexico, India, Australia, and tropical islands

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • C.Tropical Savanna
    • 1. Or grasslands, receive more rainfall than deserts but less than tropical dry forests.
    • 2. They are covered with grasses.
    • 3. Compact soils, fairly frequent fires, and the action of large animals prevent them from becoming dry forest.

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IV. The Major Biomes

4. Abiotic factors:

a. warm temperatures

b. seasonal rainfall

c. compact soil

d. frequent fires set by lightning

5. Dominant plants: tall, perennial grasses; drought-tolerant and fire-resistant trees or shrubs

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IV. The Major Biomes

Dominant wildlife: lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, jackals, aardvarks, elephants, giraffes, antelopes, zebras, baboons, eagles, ostriches, weaver birds, and storks

Geographic distribution: large parts of eastern Africa, southern Brazil, and northern Australia

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • E. Temperate Grassland
    • 1. Rich mix of grasses and underlaid by fertile soils.
    • 2. Periodic fires and heavy grazing by large herbivores maintain the characteristic plant community.

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IV. The Major Biomes

3. Abiotic factors:

a. warm to hot summers

b. cold winters

c. seasonal precipitation

d. fertile soils

e. occasional fires

4. Dominant plants: lush, perennial grasses and herbs; most are resistant to drought, fire, and cold

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Rapid City, South Dakota

Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration

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IV. The Major Biomes

6. Dominant wildlife: mountain lions, gray foxes, bobcats, mule deer, pronghorn antelopes, desert bighorn sheep, kangaroo rats, bats, owls, hawks, roadrunners, ants, beetles, butterflies, flies, wasps, tortoises, rattlesnakes, and lizards

7. Geographic distribution: Africa, Asia, the Middle East, United States, Mexico, South America, and Australia

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • D. Desert
    • 1. Defined as having annual precipitation of less than 25 centimeters.
    • 2. Deserts vary greatly, some undergoing extreme temperature changes during the course of a day.
    • 3. The organisms in this biome can tolerate extreme conditions.

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IV. The Major Biomes

4. Abiotic factors:

a. low precipitation

b. variable temperatures

c. soils rich in minerals but poor in organic material

5. Dominant plants: cacti and other succulents; plants with short growth cycles

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Tucson, Arizona

Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration

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IV. The Major Biomes

5. Dominant wildlife: coyotes, badgers, pronghorn antelopes, rabbits, prairie dogs, introduced cattle, hawks, owls, bobwhites, prairie chickens, mountain plovers, snakes, ants and grasshoppers

6. Geographic distribution: central Asia, North America, Australia, central Europe, and upland plateaus of South America

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • F. Temperate Woodland and Shrubland
    • 1. Semiarid climate and mix of shrub communities and open woodlands.
    • 2. Large areas of grasses and wildflowers are interspersed with oak trees, Shrubs (chaparral).
    • 3. The growth of dense, low plants that contain flammable oils makes fires a constant threat.
    • ​

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • 4. Abiotic factors:
  • a. hot, dry summers
  • b. cool, moist winters
  • c. thin, nutrient-poor soils
  • d. periodic fires
  • ​
  • 5. Dominant plants: woody evergreen shrubs; herbs that grow during winter and die in summer

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • 6. Dominant wildlife: coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions, black-tailed deer, rabbits, squirrels, hawks, California quails, warblers, lizards, snakes, and butterflies
  • 7. Geographic distribution: western coasts of North and South America, areas around the Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, and Australia

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Long-Eared Owl

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • G. Temperate Forest
    • 1. Contain a mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees.
    • 2. Coniferous trees, or conifers, produce seed-bearing cones and most have leaves shaped like needles.
    • 3. These forests have cold
    • winters that halt plant
    • growth for several months.

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • 4. In autumn, the deciduous trees shed their leaves.
  • 5. Soils are rich in humus, a material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes soil fertile.

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • Abiotic factors:
  • a. cold to moderate winters
  • b. warm summers
  • c. year-round precipitation
  • d. fertile soils
  • Dominant plants: broadleaf deciduous trees; some conifers; flowering shrubs; herbs; a ground layer of mosses and ferns

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Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration

Burlington, Vermont

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • Dominant wildlife: Deer, black bears, bobcats, squirrels, raccoons, skunks, numerous songbirds, turkeys
  • Geographic distribution: eastern United States; southeastern Canada; most of Europe; and parts of Japan, China, and Australia

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • H. Northwestern Coniferous Forest
    1. Mild, moist air from the Pacific Ocean provides abundant rainfall.
    2. . Because of its lush vegetation, the northwestern coniferous forest is sometimes called a “temperate rainforest.”

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • 3. Abiotic factors:
  • a. mild temperatures
  • b .lots of precipitation; except summer
  • c. relatively cool, dry summer
  • d. rocky, acidic soils
  • 4. Dominant plants: Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, redwood

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • 5. Dominant wildlife: bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats, and members of the weasel family
  • 6. Geographic distribution: Pacific coast of northwestern United States and Canada, from northern California to Alaska

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • I. Boreal Forest (Taiga)
    1. Dense evergreen forests of coniferous trees are found along the northern edge of the temperate zone.
  • 2. Summers are mild and long enough to allow the ground to thaw.
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IV. The Major Biomes

  • 4. Abiotic factors:
  • a. long, cold winters
  • b. short, mild summers
  • c. moderate precipitation
  • d. high humidity
  • e. acidic, nutrient-poor soils
  • 5. Dominant plants: needleleaf coniferous trees; some broadleaf deciduous trees; small, berry-bearing shrubs

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Source: Environment Canada

Banff, Canada

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • Dominant wildlife: lynxes, timber wolves, members of the weasel family, small herbivorous mammals, moose, beavers, songbirds, and migratory birds
  • Geographic distribution: North America, Asia, and northern Europe

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • J. Tundra 
    • 1. Permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen subsoil.
    • 2. During the short, cool summer, the ground thaws to a depth of a few centimeters and becomes soggy and wet. In winter, the topsoil freezes again.
    • 3. Small, short plants due to aibiotic factors.

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • 4. Abiotic factors:
  • a. strong winds
  • b. low precipitation
  • c. short and soggy summers
  • d. long, cold, and dark winters
  • e. poorly developed soils
  • f. permafrost
  • 5. Dominant plants: ground-hugging plants such as mosses, lichens, sedges, and short grasses

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Barrow, Alaska

Source: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration

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IV. The Major Biomes

  • 6. Dominant wildlife: birds, mammals that can withstand the harsh conditions, migratory waterfowl, shore birds, musk ox, Arctic foxes, caribou, lemmings and other small rodents
  • 7. Geographic distribution: northern North America, Asia, and Europe

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V. Other Land Areas

    • .

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V. Other Land Areas

  • V. Other Land Areas
  • A. Mountain Ranges
    1. Abiotic and biotic conditions vary with elevation.
    2. The amount of precipitation increases as you move from base to summit.
    3. c. Plants and animals also change, adapting to the changing environment.

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V. Other Land Areas

  • B. Polar Ice Caps
    1. The polar regions are cold all year round.
    2. Have no soil, therefore no plants

3. Antarctica is covered by a layer of ice nearly 5 kilometers thick in some places.

4. The dominant wildlife includes penguins and marine mammals.

    • ​

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V. Other Land Areas

5. Arctic Ocean is covered with sea ice and a thick ice cap

6. Dominant organisms include mosses, lichens, polar bears, seals, insects, and mites

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