Introduction to Political Geography

Terms and concepts

Introduction to Political Geography

• Political Geography is the study of the patterns and methods humans have used to organize claims to

portions of the Earth’s surface

State

• Basic organization of a group of people into a sovereign state with defined borders

– Synonymously a country

Gaining Statehood

• Have a defined territory with permanent population and functional government
• Declare and effectively gain independence
• Gain recognition from established states as sovereign state
• Join the United Nations General Assembly

Sovereignty

• Ultimate authority for decisions pertaining to government, defense, and foreign politics

– Simply put: Complete control of decision making without outside interference

Sovereignty Disputes

• When two or more states claim and area which often result in diplomatic tension

– Often requiring mediation or intervention by the United Nations

Case Study: Falklands War 1982

• Disputed claims over the Islands reaching as far back as 18^th Century
• British and Argentinian claims resulted in brief bitter war
• Islands remain disputed with both sides claiming rights

Nation

• A group of people in a given geographical area with common heritage, and culture

Nation-State

• A mostly ethnically homogenous state with a sovereign government with clearly defined borders

– Often nations will push for independence citing differing nationality

Case Study: Basque

• Region of Northern Spain and southwest France almost entirely comprised of people declaring Basque, not Spanish, nationality
• Basque has unique cultural heritage not linked to that of either Spain or France
• Attempts to gain independence

Territory

• An area of land under the jurisdiction of a state but has not yet gained full rights of being part of the state

– Ex. Voting rights, representation, etc..

Frontier

• Zone where no state exercises political control

– Referred to as Terra Nullius or “Land belonging to no one”