The Age of Revolution

1

10/13/16

Mercantilism Activity

• Mr. Cook = King
• 5 Countries (Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, England, France)
• Chips = Every time you trade 10 items you earn $10 more of your product
• You can never trade all of one product
• Red (Cinnamon) = $5
• Blue Chips (Silk) = $4
• Green Chips (Cloves) = $3
• Black Chips (Pepper) = $2
• White Chips (Salt)= $1

Revolution

• Now that you have revolted against your King you need to develop your own government
• Create a Classroom Constitution
• 10 Rules
• Constitution cannot violate school rules
• Constitution cannot override classroom assignments or exams
• Constitution will be valid on 10/14/16
• Must be ratified by everyone in the class

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3

10/13/16

Activity Reaction

1. How did you feel about being taxed without any say in the matter?
2. Did anyone steal during the Mercantilism activity?
3. How did you feel about the price of your core product?
4. Did any country have an advantage? Disadvantage?
5. Were there any trade embargos (trade blocks)? Were there any monopolies?
6. When forming your new constitution and government was it organized?
7. Did anyone group or person take control during the formation of your government?
8. Did people form factions designed to undermine the new government?
9. Did everyone agree on all the constitution rules? Did anyone sign reluctantly?
10. Is it easy to start a government from scratch?

English Revolution

• From 1485 to 1603 England was ruled by the Tudor dynasty
• Parliament developed in England
• Kings had all the power but still consulted parliament
• Kings contacted parliament to collect taxes
• Henry VIII and Elizabeth I had relations with parliament

English Revolution

• When Queen Elizabeth I dies it ends the Tudor dynasty
• The monarchy is passed to the Stuarts from Scotland
• Not as skilled at dealing with Parliament as the Tudors
• Parliament starts to challenge the power of the monarchy
• James I clashed with Parliament saying that divine right decided the power of England

English Revolution

• When Parliament asked James I why he needed so much tax money he dissolved it
• James also faced a challenge from dissenters
• Protestants who differed with the Church of England
• King James called for a new translation of the Bible
• This is known as the King James version

English Revolution

• Charles I takes over for James I
• Parliament rises again
• Charles I goes to Parliament for taxes
• Parliament makes Charles sign a petition saying that kings cannot raise taxes without the consent of Parliament
• Also could not imprison someone without just cause

English Revolution

• Charles I then dissolves the Parliament much like his father
• Gone for 11 years
• Charles I made many enemies over this 11 years
• In order to suppress a revolt he needed to raise taxes again
• Parliament forms again, but this time they revolt against Charles I

English Revolution

• The English Civil War
• Cavaliers supported Charles I
• Usually rich nobles with long hair, well trained in dueling and warfare
• They expected a quick victory
• Roundheads supported Parliament
• Made up of country folk, Puritan clergy, manufacturers
• Oliver Cromwell
• Leader of the Roundheads

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English Revolution

• Cromwell - Skilled general
• Cromwell’s Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers and capture Charles I
• They put Charles I on trial
• Convicted of being a tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy
• Charles I was beheaded
• First time a ruler was tried and killed by his own people

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English Revolution

• The Monarchy is abolished
• England becomes a republic known as the Commonwealth
• Oliver Cromwell leads
• Charles II – heir to the throne
• Attacks England from Ireland and Scotland
• Cromwell crushes the uprising and takes harsh measures against the Irish Catholic
• Parliament passes a law banishing all Catholics to the barren part of Ireland – If disobeyed they could be killed on sight

English Revolution

• Puritans take over socially
• Banned profane behavior on Sundays
• Theatres were seen as lewd and are closed
• Banned lewd dancing, taverns and gambling
• Puritans expected everyone to read the Bible so everyone had to go to school

English Revolution

• Oliver Cromwell Dies in 1658
• Puritans lose their grip on England
• The Parliament asks Charles II to return to England ending his exile
• The Monarchy is restored
• Charles II was popular
• Reopens theatres and taverns
• Reinstated the Church of England but allowed other forms or Christianity to exist

English Revolution

• James II takes over when Charles II dies
• James II is openly Catholic
• Parliament was scared that James II would make Catholicism the official religion again
• They invited Mary (James’ daughter) and her husband William III to take the thrown
• They were Protestant
• James II flees to France
• This is known as the Glorious Revolution

English Revolution

• Parliament puts William & Mary into power and passes the English Bill of Rights - 1689
• Stated that Parliament had the authority over the Monarchy
• Gave the House of Commons the “Power of the Purse”
• Also banned any Roman Catholic from claiming the English throne
• Trial by Jury
• No cruel or unusual punishment
• Habeas Corpus – No person can be held in prison without being charged with a crime

The Enlightenment

• Through the use of reason, people and governments could solve every social, political, and economic problem
• Thomas Hobbes
• John Locke
• Both lived through the English Civil War
• Both came up with opposing views of human nature and government

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The Enlightenment

• Hobbes
• Wrote Leviathan
• Argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, selfish
• If they were not controlled they would fight, rob and oppress one another
• Life in a state of nature would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short
• Argued people needed to enter into a social contract in which government used its power to protect the people from themselves
• Favored a Monarchy

The Enlightenment

• Locke
• People are reasonable, moral and good
• Natural rights – Life, liberty and property
• Wrote “Two Treaties of Government”
• People form governments to protect their natural rights
• Believed in limited government
• If a government violates your natural rights it is the people’s right to overthrow the government
• Favored Democracy

The Enlightenment

• Montesquieu
• Wrote “The Spirit of the Laws”
• Openly criticized Monarchies
• Believed in separation of powers
• This helped prevent tyranny
• Preached in 3 branches of government – Executive, Legislative and Judicial
• Checks and Balances

The Enlightenment

• Philosophes – Lovers of wisdom
• Voltaire – French Philosophe
• Used biting wit as a weapon to expose the abuses of government
• Targeted corrupt officials and aristocrats
• Battled inequality, injustice and superstition
• Detested the slave trade and religious prejudice
• Offended the French government and Catholic Church
• Imprisoned and finally forced into exile
• Defended freedom of speech to the end

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The Enlightenment

• Denis Diderot
• Took 25 years to write his 28 volume encyclopedia
• Collected works of all leading Philosophes
• Attacked slavery
• Praised freedom of expression and education for all
• Pope threatened to excommunicate any Roman Catholic who read it

The Enlightenment

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Believed that people were good much like Locke
• Society corrupted people
• Wrote “The Social Contract”
• Hated political and economic oppression
• Felt government should be limited and only around to prevent corruption of individuals

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The Enlightenment

• Physiocrats were enlightened thinkers that concentrated on economic policy
• They hated Mercantilism
• Believed in Laissez Faire
• Business’ operate with minimal government interference
• Free Trade or Open Market
• Opposed tariffs and taxes on trade

The Enlightenment

• Adam Smith
• Wrote “The Wealth of Nations”
• Supported Laissez Faire and believed in the free market
• Invisible Hand
• Believed that supply and demand would take care of the market

The Enlightenment

• Monarchies and the Church opposed the Enlightenment
• Censorship
• They banned Enlightenment books, burned them and imprisoned writers
• Enlightenment writers started to disguise their works in fiction
• Salons
• New literature, art, science and philosophy was discussed at Salons

The Enlightenment

• Enlightened Despots
• Rulers who accepted the ideas of the Enlightenment and used their position to spread those ideas
• Frederick the Great
• King of Prussia 1740-1786
• Catherine the Great
• Queen of Russia 1760’s
• Joseph II
• King of Austria

The Enlightenment

• Trends in art
• Baroque paintings
• Huge, colorful and full of excitement
• Glorified grand events
• Rococo architecture
• Middle Class audiences grow
• Art and music had only been designed for the rich until this period of time
• The Novel was created

Britain’s Rise to Power

• Britain develops the worlds strongest navy
• Because of this they did not need a large standing army
• British economy booms
• Britain unites with Scotland
• Stuart dynasty
• Party system develops
• Tories and Whigs
• Cabinet system
• Close advisors to the king or Prime Minister

Britain’s Rise to Power

• The Prime Minister
• Leader of the Majority party in Parliament
• Robert Walpole – 1^st PM
• George III
• Reasserts Royal Power
• Found seats in Parliament for his friends
• Then used his friends to regain the monarchy
• After the Seven Years War he told American Colonists that they would have to pay for their own defense
• Colonists revolt and fight Revolutionary War

Britain’s Rise to Power

• American’s win Revolutionary War and this discredits King George III
• Parliament Rule is restored

Birth of America

• 13 English Colonies
• Part of England’s empire
• England continued to place taxes and tariffs on the colonies
• “No taxation without representation” - No representatives in Parliament
• Boston Massacre
• Boston Tea Party
• Continental Army
• General George Washington

Birth of America

• Declaring Independence
• Thomas Jefferson writes the “Declaration of Independence”
• Heavily influenced by John Locke
• American Revolution
• America was getting destroyed early on
• 1/3 of American Colonists were Loyalists
• French join the Colonist’s side
• Colonists force a British surrender at Yorktown

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Birth of America

• A New Constitution
• Enlightenment Ideas used to write the Constitution
• 1789 – Constitution becomes the law of the land