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Class 7: Tue 3/21/23��Philosophical Foundations: Modern��Module: 6�Author: Rousseau

Philosophy 202: Major Issues & Ideas in Education

Prof. Silva Sibilin

York College, CUNY

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Class 7: Tue 3/21/23

đź““Activities for today!

Entrance Ticket: The State of Nature

Connect: Rousseau to past authors

Take In: Rousseau’s Overall Philosophy

Try it Out: The Ideal Education

Analyze: Key Arguments & Annotations

Send Off: Exit Ticket & Homework Reminders

Module: 6

Author: Rousseau

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Announcements�March Check-in

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Entrance Ticket�The State of Nature

ENTRANCE

TICKET

What would life be like if humans were in a complete “state of nature,” meaning no government, no laws, and no contracts of any kind?

Would it be better/worse/a combination? Explain.

https://tinyurl.com/bdf4ea28

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Entrance Ticket�The State of Nature

  • less organized = less problems
  • more society and more rules means that you end up having more chaos and bad consequences
  • rules makes people want to rebel
  • a lot of discrimination, labels, injustices, hatred are learned in society

  • rules there for a reason, they were set up for benefit or protection from those that knew better
  • human nature is inclined to be bad or selfish or curious, so need rules

state of nature would be good or even better than society

state of nature would be bad and worse than society

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Take In: �Author’s Overall Philosophy

A bit of historical background

Experience with children?

  • “In 1745 Rousseau met ThĂ©rèse Levasseur, a barely literate laundry-maid who became his lover and, later, his wife. According to Rousseau’s own account, ThĂ©rèse bore him five children, all of whom were deposited at the foundling hospital shortly after birth, an almost certain sentence of death in eighteenth-century France.” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rousseau/#Life

  • Later claims to have shed “bitter tears” over this decision

  • Has experience tutoring (in Emile the parent is replaced by a tutor)

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Take In: �Author’s Overall Philosophy

A bit of historical background

Impact of work

  • More famous for political philosophy - The Social Contract (1762)

  • But he considers Emile (1762) his most important book

  • Emile was condemned in Paris and Geneva -- Rousseau had to give up Genevan citizenship and flee the country 🡪 1 of 3 authors we are reading this semester who suffered political problems for his writings

  • Some blame him/ credit him for French Revolution, but he died before it started

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Take In: �Author’s Overall Philosophy

Any guess on why the book Emile was banned?

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Take In: �Author’s Overall Philosophy

Any guess of what Rousseau’s answer would be for the “state of nature” thought experiment?

Absolutely terrible in between wonderful

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Take In: �Author’s Overall Philosophy

3 famous political philosophers who tried out the “thought experiment”

Absolutely terrible in between wonderful

Thomas Hobbes John Locke Rousseau

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Take In: �Author’s Overall Philosophy

3 famous political philosophers who tried out the “thought experiment”

Absolutely terrible in between wonderful

Thomas Hobbes John Locke Rousseau

Absolute monarchy justified must be limited monarchy only democracy

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Take In: �Author’s Overall Philosophy

The challenge that Rousseau sets out for himself in Emile:

To raise a child as close to the state of nature as possible and preserving natural goodness… but to still be in society and prepare him to live in society...

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Rousseau’s analogy:

education is like the growth of a plant�… but a plant that has to live in society

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Overall Goal for Rousseau?

HAPPINESS, i.e. not being miserable like most people

INDEPENDENCE (emotionally, economically, etc.)

PRESERVE NATURAL GOODNESS, i.e. not getting corrupted by society like most people

The Happiness Formula:

? = ?

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Overall Goal for Rousseau?

HAPPINESS, i.e. not being miserable like most people

INDEPENDENCE (emotionally, economically, etc.)

PRESERVE NATURAL GOODNESS, i.e. not getting corrupted by society like most people

The Happiness Formula:

Capabilities = Desires

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Think about: �An“ideal education”

What would you decide in an “ideal education”?

(groups activity done on handouts/google document)

0) what kind of life would you want the child to have, ideally?

1) Would you raise the child in… City/Suburbs/Countryside/other?

2) Would you actively teach the child to walk?

3) Would you raise the child with some kind of religion?

4) Would you send the child to school/do home schooling/other?

5) How much would you censor information (e.g. internet, tv shows) and until what age?

6) What if (hopefully not!) the child misbehaves? what would be your general reaction to “misbehavior”? (example: child breaks a window in the house)

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1) your choice: location?

suburbs IIII

countryside 0

city 0

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1) City or Country for Rousseau?

→ COUNTRY (small village) -- more control

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2) your choice: teach to walk?

YES, part of time – II

undecided, no consensus - I

NO – I

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2) Teach to walk for rousseau?

“Our didantic and pedantic craze is always to teach children what they would learn much better by themselves and to forget what we alone could teach them. Is there anything more foolish than the effort made to teach them to walk…?”

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“Emile will not have…”

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3) your choice: religion or not?

YES - III

NO - I

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3) Religion or NO religion for Rousseau?

DON’T TEACH MORALITY - NOT DIRECTLY

DO WANT TEACH NATURAL CONSEQUENCES OF ACTIONS

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4) your choice: what kind of schooling if any?

school – IIII

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4) School outside the home or Home Schooling or NO schooling for Rousseau?

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5)your choice: censorship of information?

none at all - I

some, e.g. cursing, social media - likes, influence to do things, violence, nudity - III

a lot - I

minimum age for social media: ??

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5) censorship for rousseau?

A “Negative” Education at home and in nature, with “governor” around...

NO grades

NO structured curriculum

NO required subjects

NO Fables (moral lessons)

and… NO Books! (until the age of 12)

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First Book

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6) what if misbehaves?

punishment - confiscation, grounded & reward; teaching through consequences determined by parent - II

learn on their own, talking about it, yell if necessary, no spanking - I

yelling, get upset - I

Rousseau - do NOTHING, let the child experience the natural consequences

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Debate: �Overall philosophy

Traditional education is better

Non-crunchy? Silky?

Natural or NEGATIVE education is better

“Crunchy”?

Are you overall more in favor of natural education and Rousseau’s philosophy or against?

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Send Off�Homework�

HOMEWORK

  • Module 7 annotation & quiz/check-in for next week
  • Keep working on Analytic Essay

EXIT TICKET

What is one question you have about Rousseau based on today’s

Class and/or the reading?