1 of 51

Computer Graphics

​

​

​

Dr.S.Sivakumar,Principal

C.P.A College, Bodinayakanur

*

1

2 of 51

Why Computer graphics

Graphics is cool

      • I like to see what I’m doing
      • I like to show people what I’m doing

​

Graphics is interesting

      • Involves simulation, algorithms, architecture…

​

3 of 51

Why should we study Graphics?

Many of the leading scientists through the ages have been “visual thinkers”

    • Leonardo da Vinci
    • Albert Einstein
    • Clerk Maxwell
    • Michael Faraday

4 of 51

What is computer graphics

  • Computer Graphics includes almost everything on computers that is not text or sound.

​

  • Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures, lines, charts, etc using computers with the help of programming.

​

  • Computer graphics is made up of number of pixels.

​

  • Creation, Manipulation and Storage of geometric objects (modeling) & their images (rendering).

​

  • Display those images on screens or hardcopy devices.

​

​

​

5 of 51

Graphics Applications

    • Computer Aided Design (CAD)
    • Presentation Graphics
    • Computer Art
    • Entertainment
    • Education and Training
    • Visualization
    • Image Processing
    • Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

6 of 51

7 of 51

8 of 51

Computer aided design

  • It refers to the use of computer graphics to design buildings , automobiles ,aircraft, watercraft , Space Craft and other products
  • CAD Applications allow the designer to work in a multi window environment i.e., different views of the objects can be displayed in multiple windows
  • Architects find graphics methods useful to draw floor plans showing the position of rooms, doors, stairs etc

9 of 51

  • Graphics for Engineering and Architectural System
  • Design of Building, Automobile, Aircraft, Machine etc.

AutoCAD 2002

Interior Design

10 of 51

  • Computer-Generated Models of Physical, Financial and Economic Systems for Educational Aids

Flight Simulator

Mars Rover Simulator

11 of 51

    • Wireframe & Surface Rendering

​

    • Simulation of Vehicle Performance

12 of 51

Wireframe & Surface Rendered Display

13 of 51

  • Graphics design package provides standard shapes (useful for repeated placements)
  • Animations are also used in CAD applications
  • Realistic displays of architectural design permits simulated “walk” through the rooms (virtual -reality systems)

14 of 51

Presentation Graphics

  • It is an area that uses computer graphics to summarize the financial ,statistical ,scientific ,managerial and mathematical reports
  • Used to produce illustrations for reports or generate slides for use with projectors
  • Commonly used to summarize financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific, economic data for research reports, managerial reports & customer information bulletins
  • Examples : Bar charts, line graphs, pie charts, surface graphs, time chart

15 of 51

Examples of presentation graphics

16 of 51

    • Illustrations for reports

​

​

    • Presentation Slides
      • Bar charts, Line graphs, Pie charts, etc.,

​

    • Project Management (Schedule & Progress)

17 of 51

Computer Art�

Used in fine art & commercial art

    • Includes artist’s paintbrush programs, paint packages, CAD packages and animation packages
    • These packages provides facilities for designing object shapes & specifying object motions.
    • Examples : Cartoon drawing, paintings, product advertisements, logo design

In Commercial art designing ,photo realistic techniques are generally used .The graphics method commonly used in TV Commercials is called morphing where one object is transformed into another

​

18 of 51

Electronic painting

    • Picture painted electronically on

a graphics tablet (digitizer) using a stylus

    • Cordless, pressure sensitive stylus

Morphing

    • A graphics method in which one object is transformed into another

19 of 51

    • Designing object Shapes and specifying object motions
    • Paintbrush programs (Lumena, PixelPaint, SuperPaint)
    • Mathematics Packages (Mathematica)
    • Animation Packages (Anim8or, Swish,..)
    • Graphics Tablet (Digitizer) & Stylus
    • Moving Objects (24 frames per second)

20 of 51

Examples

Metacreation Painter

Graphics for Artist

21 of 51

Fractals

A fractal is "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced/size copy of the whole".

​

22 of 51

Even 2000 times magnification of the Mandelbrot set uncovers fine detail resembling the full set.

A fractal that models the surface of a mountain

23 of 51

Entertainment

  • Computer Graphics methods are used in making music videos ,games ,cartoon movies ,television shows etc .
  • Some times the graphics scenes are displayed by themselves and some times graphics objects are combined with the actors and live scenes

24 of 51

Graphics for Movie, Game, VR etc.

Final Fantasy

Online Game

25 of 51

Movie Industry

    • Used in motion pictures, music

videos, and television shows.

    • Used in making of cartoon

animation films

Slide information from Leonard McMillian's slides

http://www.cs.unc.edu/~mcmillan/comp136/Lecture1/compgraf.html

​

26 of 51

    • Motion pictures, music videos, and television shows.

​

    • Sometimes the graphics scenes are displayed by themselves, and sometimes graphic objects are combined with the actors and live scenes.

​

    • Morphing

27 of 51

Motion Pictures

Series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen

World's first motion picture film by Louis Le Prince, 1888

28 of 51

Morphing

29 of 51

Morphing

Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and animations that changes (or morphs) one image into another through a seamless transition

30 of 51

Computer Graphics is about animation (films)

31 of 51

Game Industry

    • Focus on interactivity
    • Cost effective solutions
    • Avoiding computations and

other tricks

​

32 of 51

Education & Training

  • Computer generated models of physical, financial and economic systems are used as educational aids.
  • Models of physical systems, physiological systems, population trends, or equipment such as color-coded diagram help trainees understand the operation of the system

33 of 51

  • Specialized systems used for training applications
    • simulators for practice sessions or training of ship captains
    • aircraft pilots
    • heavy equipment operators
    • air traffic-control personnel

34 of 51

    • Computer generated models of physical, financial, and economic systems are often used as educational aids.

​

    • It helps the trainees to understand the operation of the system.

​

    • Simulators for practice sessions or training of ship captains, aircraft pilots, heavy equipment operators, and air traffic-control personnel.

35 of 51

Simulation

A simulation is an imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process.

Wooden mechanical horse simulator during WWI.

36 of 51

Flight Simulator

​

This 20' dome in the Netherlands has an actual cockpit inside. The simulated scenes are projected onto the dome, and the hydraulics move the unit.

37 of 51

Training

38 of 51

Visualization

  • Scanning large sets of data to determine trends and relationships is a difficult procedure.
  • If the data is available in a visual form then the data can be classified in terms of
    • Scientific Visualization
    • Business Visualization

Numerical modeling of thunderstorms, Protein modeling, Molecular structure, an air pollution study, etc.,

39 of 51

Scientific Visualization

Producing graphical representations for scientific, engineering, and medical data sets

40 of 51

  • Business Visualization is used in connection with data sets related to commerce, industry and other non-scientific areas
  • Techniques used- color coding, contour plots, graphs, charts, surface renderings & visualizations of volume interiors.
  • Image processing techniques are combined with computer graphics to produce many of the data visualizations

41 of 51

Medical Visualization

42 of 51

Display of Information

Graphics for Scientific, Engineering, and Medical Data

Medical Image

Nebula

43 of 51

Scientific Visualization

44 of 51

Image Processing

  • CG- Computer is used to create a picture
  • Image Processing – applies techniques to modify or interpret existing pictures such as photographs and TV scans
  • Medical applications
    • Picture enhancements
    • Tomography
    • Simulations of operations
    • Ultrasonics & nuclear medicine scanners
  • 2 applications of image processing
    • Improving picture quality
    • Machine perception of visual information (Robotics)

​

45 of 51

To apply image processing methods

    • Digitize a photograph (or picture) into an image file
    • Apply digital methods to rearrange picture parts to
      • enhance color separations
      • Improve quality of shading
    • Tomography – technique of X-ray photography that allows cross-sectional views of physiological systems to be displayed
    • Computed X-ray tomography (CT) and position emission tomography ( PET) use projection methods to reconstruct cross sections from digital data
    • Computer-Aided Surgery is a medical application technique to model and study physical functions to design artificial limbs and to plan & practice surgery

​

​

​

46 of 51

47 of 51

    • Image Processing – Applies techniques to modify or interpret existing pictures
    • Computer Graphics – to create a picture

48 of 51

Graphical User Interfaces

  • Major component – Window manager (multiple-window areas)
  • To make a particular window active, click in that window (using an interactive pointing device)
  • Interfaces display – menus & icons
  • Icons – graphical symbol designed to look like the processing option it represents
  • Advantages of icons – less screen space, easily understood
  • Menus contain lists of textual descriptions & icons

49 of 51

    • Windows, Menus, Icons and other graphical symbols

​

    • Command User Interface & Graphical User Interface

50 of 51

51 of 51

Graphics packages�

A set of libraries that provide programmatically access to some kind of graphics 2D functions.

​

Types

    • GKS-Graphics Kernel System – first graphics package – accepted by ISO & ANSI
    • PHIGS (Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard)-accepted by ISO & ANSI
    • PHIGS + (Expanded package)
    • Silicon Graphics GL (Graphics Library)
    • Open GL
    • Pixar RenderMan interface
    • Postscript interpreters
    • Painting, drawing, design packages