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Course outline and Introduction

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Outline

  • Course, Attendance, Text and Reference Book
  • What do we study in this course?
  • Why should this be studied?
  • What are “Computer Architecture” and “Computer Organization”?
  • How is the course structured?

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IT264 Computer Architecture & Microprocessor Interfacing

  • 75 % Attendance is Mandatory lecture and 100 % in lab
  • Assignments and quizzes

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Teaching Scheme

Theory

Practical

Total

Credit

Hours/week

4

2

6

5

Marks

100

50

150

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Reference material

  • Text Book
    • Patterson and Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, 5th Edition, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 2014.
  • Reference Books
    • Bryant and O’Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, Addison Wesley, 2002.
    • Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne, Operating System Concepts, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2008.
    • Stalling W., Computer Organization & Architecture, 7th Edition, Pearson Education India, 2010
    • Hamacher C. etal, Computer Organization, 5th Edition, McGrawHill, 2002

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Course Objectives…

  • How computers work, basic principles?
  • How to analyze their performance (or how not to!)?
  • How computers are designed and built?
  • To understand what happens on a computer system during program execution?
  • Why?
    • In order to improve the quality of the programs that you write
  • Issues affecting modern processors (caches, pipelines, etc.)

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Course Motivation…

This knowledge will be useful if you need to

  • Design/build a new computer
    • rare opportunity
  • Design/build a new version of a computer
  • Improve software performance
  • Purchase a computer
  • Provide a solution with an embedded computer

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Course Pre requisite…

Require Knowledge of

  • Digital Design Fundamental
  • Data Structure and C/C++ Programming

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Outline of the Course…

  • Introduction to Computer Architecture – 4 Hours
  • Instruction Set Architecture – 4 Hours
  • Computer Architecture Space – 3 Hours
  • Performance Measures – 3 Hours
  • Basics of Arithmetic Logic Unit – 8 Hours
  • Processor Design – 6 Hours
  • Pipelined Processor – 5 Hours
  • Memory Hierarchy – 6 Hours
  • Input/ Output Subsystem – 6 Hours

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Let’s know about our computer

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Tools to discover our computer

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Measuring Performance of Computer

  • Benchmark to measure the performance of your processor https://www.geekbench.com/download/

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Intel Processors

  • https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/processor-numbers.html

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Comparing two similar processors

  • https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/details/processors/core/i7/products.html?wapkw$=$skylake.

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Moore’s Law

  • Moore's law refers to an observation made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965. He noticed that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every two years since their invention. Moore's law predicts that this trend will continue into the foreseeable future.

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Time Line: Intel Processor

  • 4004: 4-bit microprocessor – November 1971
  • 8008: 8-bit microprocessor – April 1972
  • 8080: April 1974 – Became standard
  • 8085: March 1976 (3 MHZ)
  • 8086: June 1976
  • 8088: June 1979
  • 80186: March 1980 (10 MHZ)
  • 80286: February 1982
  • 80386: October 1985
  • 80486: April 1991
  • Pentium: March 1993 (60 MHZ)

​

  • Pentium II: May 1997
  • Pentium III: February 1999 (1.3 GHZ)
  • Pentium IV: January 2001
  • Pentium M: March 2003
  • Core 2 Duo: April 2006 (1.86 GHZ)
  • Core 2 Quad: January 2007 (2.4 GHZ)
  • Core i3 (dual): 2010 (2.93 GHZ)
  • Core i5 (quad): 2010 (3.0 GHZ)
  • Core i7 (quad): 2010
  • Core i7 extreme (Octa): 2012 (4.0 GHZ)

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Time Line: Intel Processor

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Why is AMD Ryzen 5 3500U better than Intel Core i5-1035G1?

  • 2.1x faster CPU speed
    • 4 x 2.1GHz vs 4 x 1GHz
  • 900 MHz faster GPU clock speed
    • 1200MHz vs 300MHz
  • 0.1 GHz higher turbo clock speed
    • 3.7GHz vs 3.6GHz
  • 0.1 newer version of OpenGL
    • 4.6 vs 4.5
  • 64KB bigger L1 cache
    • 384KB vs 320KB
  • 5°C higher maximum operating temperature
    • 105°C vs 100°C
  • 1 more displays supported
    • 4 vs 3

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Why is Intel Core i5-1035G1 better than AMD Ryzen 5 3500U?

  • 1333MHz higher RAM speed?
    • 3733MHz vs 2400MHz
  • 2nm smaller semiconductor size?
    • 10nm vs 12nm
  • 19.87GB/s more memory bandwidth?
    • 55.63GB/s vs 35.76GB/s
  • 32GB larger maximum memory size?
    • 64GB vs 32GB
  • 11.9% higher PassMark result?
    • 7981 vs 7132
  • 19.51% higher PassMark result (single)?
    • 2383 vs 1994
  • 16.67% higher Cinebench R20 (single) result?
    • 420 vs 360
  • 4.18% higher Cinebench R20 (multi) result?
    • 1545 vs 1483

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Few Terms…

  • Integrated circuits
  • Central Processor Unit
  • Datapath
  • Control
  • Memory
  • Dynamic Random Access Memory
  • Cache Memory

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Software Abstraction…

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Computer understand this

Programmer understand this

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Comparison of programming languages

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0 0010 0000 0000 0100

1 0001 0000 0000 0101

10 0011 0000 0000 0110

11 0111 0000 0000 0001

100 0000 0000 0101 0011

101 1111 1111 1110 1001

110 0000 0000 0000 0000

  • Binary Program to Add Two Numbers

Location Instruction Code

000 2004

001 1005

002 3006

003 7001

004 0053

005 FFE9

006 0000

  • Hexa program

Location Instruction

  • Program with Symbolic OP-Code

000 LDA 004 Load 1st operand into AC

001 ADD 005 Add 2nd operand to AC

002 STA 006 Store sum in location 006

003 HLT Halt computer

004 0053 1st operand

005 FFE9 2nd operand (negative)

006 0000 Store sum here

Location Instruction Comments

  • Assembly-Language Program
  • Fortran Program

INTEGER A, B, C

DATA A,83 / B,-23

C = A + B

END

ORG 0 /Origin of program is location 0

LDA A /Load operand from location A

ADD B /Add operand from location B

STA C /Store sum in location C

HLT /Halt computer

A, DEC 83 /Decimal operand

B, DEC -23 /Decimal operand

C, DEC 0 /Sum stored in location C

END /End of symbolic program

  • C Program

int A=83, B=-23, C

C = A + B

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Compiler

Assembler

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Steps in gcc.

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cpp

hello.c

cc1

as

ld

hello.s

hello.o

a.out

Library files

e.g., math.o, the math library

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Linking Multiple Modules

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Header Info

Compute(){

call MatMul()

}

Data

Symbol Table

Reloc Info

Header Info

​

MatMul(){

}

Data

Symbol Table

Reloc Info

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Linking Multiple Modules

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Header Info

​

Compute(){ call MatMul

}

Data

Symbol Table

Relocation Info

Combined Header Info

Compute()

​

MatMul()

Combined

Data

Symbol Table

Reloc Info

Header Info

​

MatMul(){

}

Data

Symbol Table

Relocation Info

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From C Code to Process

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  • C source files
    • .c; .h
  • Binary files
    • .o
  • Executables
    • a.out
  • Process
    • Managed by OS

binary files

C source code

process

compiling

running

executable

linking

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Memory architecture

  • Continuous memory space for all process
    • each with its physical space
    • pretends you the same virtual space

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0xffffffff

0

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Organization of Memory: .text

  • Program code and constant
    • binary form
    • loaded libraries

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0xffffffff

0

text

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Organization of Memory: .text

  • Program code and constant
    • binary form
    • loaded libraries
    • known as “text” segment
    • space calculated at compile-time

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0xffffffff

0

text

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Organization of Memory: .data

  • Data: initialized global data in the program
    • Ex: int size = 100;
  • BSS: un-initialized global data in the program
    • Ex: int length;

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

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Organization of Memory: heap

  • Heap: dynamically-allocated spaces
    • Ex: malloc, free
    • OS knows nothing about it
      • space
      • content
    • dynamically grows as program runs

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

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Organization of Memory: stack

  • Stack: local variables in functions
    • we’ll discuss stack soon
    • support function call/return and recursive functions
    • grow to low address

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

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Summary

  • text: program text
  • data: initialized globals & static data
  • bss: un-initialized globals & static data
  • heap: dynamically managed memory
  • stack: function local variables

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

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Example

char *string = “hello”;

​

int iSize;

​

char *f (int x)

{

char *p;

​

iSize = 8;

p = (char *)malloc (iSize);

​

return p;

}

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

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Example

char *string = “hello”;

​

int iSize;

​

char *f (int x)

{

char *p;

​

iSize = 8;

p = (char *)malloc (iSize);

return p;

}

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

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Variable Lifetime (Scope)

  • text:
    • program startup
    • program finish
  • data, bss:
    • program startup
    • program finish
  • heap:
    • dynamically allocated
    • de-allocated (free)
  • stack:
    • function call
    • function return

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

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Data Initialization

char *string = “hello”;

​

int iSize;

​

char *f (int x)

{

char* p;

​

iSize = 8;

p = (char *)malloc (iSize);

​

return p;

}

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

program startup

when f() is called

live after allocation; till free() or program finish

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Variable Initialization

  • text:
    • readonly
  • data
    • on program startup
  • bss:
    • un-initialized (though some systems initialize with 0)
  • heap:
    • un-initialized
  • stack:
    • un-initialized

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

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Explicit Memory Management

  • Heap management in C is explicit
    • void *malloc (int bytes);
    • free (void *p);
  • It’s the programmers’ responsibility to make sure that such a sequence of action is safe

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Example

int main()

{

int *p;

​

p = (int *)malloc (sizeof (*p));

*p = 99;

​

return 0;

}

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

p

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Example

int main()

{

int *p;

​

p = (int *)malloc (sizeof (*p));

*p = 99;

​

return 0;

}

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

#@%*&

p

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Example

int main()

{

int *p;

​

p = (int *)malloc (sizeof (*p));

*p = 99;

​

return 0;

}

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0xffffffff

0

text

data

bss

heap

stack

99

p

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Architecture & Organization

  • Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
    • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
    • e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
  • Organization is how features are implemented
    • Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
    • e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

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Structure of Von Neumann machine

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References

  • Which CPU is best? https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/615216/which-processor-best-intel-amd/
  • Understanding the processor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA&ab_channel=InOneLesson
  • Parts of the Computer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExxFxD4OSZ0&ab_channel=BasicsExplained%2CH3Vtux
  • Hyperthreading: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrT9Bl0MCXQ

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