• Essential Question:
• How did different values lead to different American subcultures in the Chesapeake, Southern, New England, & Middle colonies?
• Warm-Up Question:
• Based upon the documents provided, what are some key differences between the Virginia & New England colonies?

Four Colonial Subcultures

• The different values of the migrants dictated the “personality” of the newly created colonies; led to distinct (not unified) colonies
• The Chesapeake
• New England
• Middle Colonies
• The Lower South

European Settlements in North America by 1660

Chesapeake Colonies:�Virginia & Maryland

Chesapeake Colonies

The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth

• After Walter Raleigh's failed Roanoke settlement, there was little interest in colonizing America; but Richard Hakluyt (& others) kept promoting colonies:
• Possibilities for wealth
• Rivaling Spain, Holland, France
• Nationalism, anti-Catholicism, & anti-Spanish zeal

Entrepreneurs in Virginia

• The major obstacle to colonizing in America was funding; Queen Elizabeth would not spend tax revenue:
• Joint-stock companies provided financing for colonies
• In 1606, King James gave the London Company the 1^st charter to establish colonies in America

The London Company, 1606

The London Co was later renamed the Virginia Company; English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits

“The Virginia Colony” �Reading & Discussion

• Based upon the reading
• What were the expectations of the early Jamestown colonists?
• What were conditions like during the early years of the Jamestown colony?

Entrepreneurs in Virginia

• Jamestown was settled in 1607 along the Chesapeake Bay:
• the location was unhealthy but easy to defend from Spanish ships (but not from inland Indians)
• Settlers had no experience in founding a settlement
• Colonists expected to become immediately wealthy & failed to plant crops or prepare for long-term habitation in America

Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common good & many starved to death

Jamestown Fort, 1609

Jamestown Colony

Spinning Out of Control

• In 1608, John Smith imposed order in Jamestown & traded for food with natives
• But, Jamestown faced difficulties:
• Poor leadership & harsh winters led to starving time (1609-1610)
• In 1622 & 1644, Jamestown was attacked by Powhattan Indians

Captain John Smith

The most powerful Native Americans east of Mississippi River

Powhatan Confederacy

The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347

Saved by a “Stinking Weed”

• John Rolfe introduced a tobacco hybrid that gave Jamestown a cash crop economy

Early Colonial Tobacco

• 1618 — Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco
• 1622 — Despite losing nearly 1/3 of its colonists in an Indian attack, 60,000 pounds produced
• 1627 — Virginia produced 500,000 pounds of tobacco
• 1629 — Virginia produced 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco

Saved by a “Stinking Weed”

• In 1618, headrights were used to encourage cultivation of tobacco & the settlement of Jamestown:
• A 50-acre lot was granted to each colonist who paid for his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony
• Led to huge tobacco plantations & thousands of new settlers who hoped to make their fortunes

English Migration, 1610-1660

Virginia’s growth was due largely to headrights

Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

Virginia House of Burgesses

• In 1619, Virginia colonists created a legislative assembly to create local taxes & oversee finances
• The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1^st legislative assembly in America

How Many Slaves?

• In 1619, the 1^st African slaves arrived in Jamestown
• In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves arrived in the New World per year
• Through the 18th century, 5.5 million arrived in America
• By 1860, 11 million slaves were brought to the New World
• Before 1831, more African slaves came to America than Europeans

Population of the Chesapeake Colonies: 1607-1750

Time of Reckoning

• Despite the profits from tobacco, Virginia was a deadly place to live
• Many died from disease
• Numerous Powhattan attacks
• Indentured servants were treated badly & cheated out of land when servitude ended
• Few females (6:1 ratio) made families or reproduction difficult

Corruption and Reform

• In 1624, James I dissolved the Virginia Company & made Virginia a royal colony
• But colonists continued to meet in the House of Burgesses
• VA was divided into 8 counties each with a county court
• Very little changed; Jamestown colonists still focused with tobacco & continued to lack unity

Jamestown Colonization Pattern, 1620-1660

The Maryland Colony

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics

• Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as a refuge for English Catholics
• In 1632, Charles I granted a charter for Maryland
• To recruit laborers, Lord Baltimore required toleration among Catholics & Protestants

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics

• Wealthy Catholics proved unwilling to relocate to America so Maryland became populated largely by poor Protestant farmers & indentured servants:
• Maryland had few large tobacco plantations
• Farmers (mostly poor tobacco planters) lived in scattered riverfront settlements

New England Colonies

New England Colonies, 1650

Reforming England in America

• Queen Elizabeth’s reconciliation of Anglican & Catholic conflicts appeased many, but created 2 factious groups of extremists:
• Catholics (many settled in Maryland)
• Puritans who wanted Anglican Church stripped of Catholic rituals (made up of conservative “Puritans” & radical “Pilgrims”)

The Pilgrims in Plymouth

• Pilgrims were separatists who refused to worship in the Anglican Church, fled to Holland to avoid compromising religious beliefs
• Migrated to America in order to maintain distinct identity & settled in New England
• Formed the Mayflower Compact to create a “civil body politick” among settlers (became the 1^st American form of self-gov’t)

The “Mayflower Compact” Reading & Discussion

• What are the Pilgrims agreeing to do by signing the Mayflower Compact?
• Is this a religious or a political document? Explain

Reforming England in America

• Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620
• Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives like Squanto & Massasoit
• Plymouth was a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent but faced serious recruitment issues
• In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger, more successful Massachusetts Bay colony

The origins of Thanksgiving

“The Great Migration”

• Puritans were more conservative than Pilgrims & wished to remain within the Church of England:
• Believed in predestination, fought social sins, & despised Catholic rituals in the Anglican Church
• In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England
• From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony

The Great Puritan Migration

“A City on a Hill”

• Winthrop emphasized a common spiritual goal: to create a “city on a hill” as beacon of righteousness
• New England experienced unique demographic & social trends:
• Settlers usually came as families
• NE was a generally healthy place to live
• Settlers sacrificed self-interest for the good of the community

“A City on a Hill”

• As Mass Bay colony grew beyond Boston, towns began to develop their own unique personalities:
• Each town was independently governed by local church members (Congregationalism)
• Allowed voting by all adult male church members (women & blacks joined but could not vote)
• Officials were responsible to God, not their constituents

Congregationalism: Nucleated vs. Dispersed Villages

“A City on a Hill”

• NE town gov’ts were autonomous & most people participated due to common religious values
• Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other colonies:
• Passed a legal code called the Lawes and Liberties in 1648 to protect rights & order
• Created civil courts to maintain order & mediate differences

Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams

• Puritans never supported religious toleration, esp Roger Williams:
• Williams was a separatist who questioned the validity of the colony’s charter because the land was not bought from natives
• Promoted “liberty of conscience” where God (not leaders) would punish people for their “wrong” religious ideas
• Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636

Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson

• Anne Hutchinson believed she was directly inspired by God:
• Believed that “converted” people are not subject to man’s laws, only subject to God’s laws (Antinomianism)
• Hutchinson challenged Mass Bay’s religious leaders
• She was banished to Rhode Island

Mobility and Division

• After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies:
• New Hampshire
• Rhode Island
• Connecticut
• New Haven

Mobility and Division

• New Hampshire formed in 1677; grew very slowly & was dependent upon Mass Bay
• Connecticut formed in 1662 due to fertile lands; resembled Mass Bay
• Fundamental Orders was model of civil gov’t based on religious principles (the 1^st written constitution in American history)

Mobility and Division

• New Haven set up in 1636 because Puritan leaders wanted a colony with closer relationship between church & state
• Rhode Island drew highly independent colonists who practiced religious toleration (founded by religious dissenter Roger Williams)

New England Colonies, 1650

Complete the following chart then identify the most significant similarities & differences between the Chesapeake & New England colonies

Chesapeake

New England

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Political

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Economic

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Social

• Essential Question:
• How did differences in values affect distinct American subcultures in the Chesapeake, New England, Southern, & Middle colonies?
• ​
• Reading Quiz Ch 3B (p 70-84)

The Middle Colonies:�New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

The Middle Colonies, 1685

New York

• NY was established as “New Netherlands” by the Dutch West India Co. (the great economic rival to England & Spain)
• Its small population was diverse; included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, & Dutch
• In 1664, the English fleet captured the colony with little resistance

New York

• After begin taken by England, New York (which included New Jersey, Delaware, & Maine) became the personal property of James, the Duke of York
• Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level
• James gained little profit from the colony

Pennsylvania

• Pennsylvania founded by a radical religious sect called Quakers
• Quakers believed in “Inner Light”:
• Rejected idea of original sin & predestination
• Believed that each person could communicate directly with God
• All are equal in eyes of God & can be saved (conversion was essential to faith)

Penn's "Holy Experiment"

• Quakers were persecuted in New England for their beliefs; William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a “holy experiment”
• As a society run on Quaker principles that promoted religious toleration & protection of the rights of property-less
• Appealed to English, Welsh, Irish, German immigrants

William Penn & Native Americans

Quick Discussion Question:

In what ways was Penn’s “holy experiment” in Pennsylvania similar to Winthrop’s “city on a hill?”

Settling Pennsylvania

• Immigration to PA led to a very ethnically, nationally, & religiously diverse population
• Quarrels were common (unlike homogeneous VA & Mass Bay colonies), but PA prospered
• In 1701, Penn granted self-rule to PA colonists & independence to Delaware counties

Urban Population Growth: 1650-1775

The Lower South

Settling the Lower South

Carolina

• Although Carolina relied on slave labor & agriculture (& therefore looked like Chesapeake colonies) it was very different due to:
• Diversity of settlers
• Environment very different from the Chesapeake
• No “Solid South” yet

Proprietors of the Carolinas

• Carolina was granted a charter in 1663 to eight “proprietors” to reward their loyalty:
• Proprietors were inspired by John Locke & created a government led by wealthy lawmakers but with veto power for average citizens
• But Carolina had difficulty recruiting settlers in its first years

Carolina was established as a “political utopia” & experimented with early forms of democracy

The Barbadian Connection

• English planters from the Caribbean island of Barbados were recruited to Charles Town:
• Barbadians brought a strict, cruel slave code with them
• Demanded greater self-gov’t within Carolina; led to 1729 strife that led to division of colony into North & South Carolinas

Charles Town, South Carolina, the only southern port

Indigo & Rice: crops of the Carolinas

The Carolinas and Georgia

Founding of Georgia

• Georgia was founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe as a strategic buffer between the Carolinas & Spanish Florida
• Oglethorpe offered Georgia as a refuge for imprisoned debtors from England
• By 1751, Georgia was a small colony with a slave-owning plantation society

Georgia was in many ways a “social utopia” because it offered a fresh start for many of the lowest English citizens

The Proprietary Colonies

• Most English colonies were created by royal charter, but some had charters granted land to individuals:
• Maryland (1634)
• Carolina (1663)
• New York (1664)
• New Jersey (1665)
• New Hampshire (1680)
• Pennsylvania (1681)
• Delaware (1704)

By Lord Baltimore as a heaven for Catholics

8 proprietors hoped to create a politically democratic colony

A secretary of one of the proprietors was John Locke

Given as a gift to the James, Duke of York (the brother of King Charles II)

Granted to William Penn (son of a English naval hero) as a land of religious freedom

Conclusions

• All the colonies faced early an struggle to survive
• Distinct regional differences intensified & persisted throughout the colonial period
• It was not until the American Revolution that colonists began to see themselves as a distinct “American” people

Closure Question

• Did any of these colonies live up to the expectations of their founders:
• Virginia?
• Massachusetts Bay?
• Carolina?
• Pennsylvania?
• Which colony would you have chosen to live in? Why?