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Nature–Nurture Debate

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The long-standing discussion about the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental experience to psychological traits and behavior.

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Emil

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lily

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David zellino

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Behavioral Genetics

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The study of how much variation in behavior can be explained by genetic differences within a population.

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Emil

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Lily

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Chromosomes

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes and are located in the nucleus of cells.

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Emil

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lily

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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DNA

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The molecule that carries genetic information, forming the basic chemical code for inherited traits.

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Emil

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Lily

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Genes

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Segments of DNA that code for specific proteins and act as the basic units of heredity.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Genome

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The complete set of genetic material in an organism’s chromosomes.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David zellino

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Genotype

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: An organism’s genetic makeup; the specific set of genes it carries.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Phenotype

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: An organism’s observable characteristics, which result from the interaction of genotype and environment.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Dominant Gene

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A gene whose trait is expressed even when paired with a different allele.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Recessive Gene

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A gene whose trait is expressed only when paired with an identical recessive allele.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Homozygous

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Heterozygous

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Heritability

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David zellino

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Identical Twins

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits; genetically almost identical.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

Me and david

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David Zellino

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Fraternal Twins

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Twins who develop from two separate fertilized eggs; genetically similar to ordinary siblings.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Twin Studies

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Research that compares similarities of identical and fraternal twins to estimate genetic and environmental influences.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Adoption Studies

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Research that compares adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents to estimate genetic and environmental effects.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Temperament

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity, often observable early in life.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Evolutionary Psychology

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The study of how natural selection has shaped behavior and mental processes.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David zellino

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Natural Selection

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The process by which traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in a population over generations.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Mutation

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A random error in gene replication that can lead to a change in the genetic code.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Sexual Selection

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: An evolutionary process in which traits that increase mating success become more frequent.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Epigenetics

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The study of how environmental factors can change gene expression without altering DNA itself.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Gene–Environment Interaction

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The idea that genetic predispositions can be triggered, strengthened, or dampened by environmental conditions.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David

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Culture

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and traditions passed from one generation to the next.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David zellino

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Individualism

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A cultural value that emphasizes personal goals and identity over group goals.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Collectivism

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A cultural value that emphasizes group goals, interdependence, and social harmony.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Norms

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Rules or expectations for accepted and expected behavior within a culture.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Molecular Genetics

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The subfield of biology that studies the structure and function of specific genes.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David zellino

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Interaction

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: In behavior genetics, the combined effect of heredity and environment working together to shape behavior.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Biological Psychology

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A branch of psychology that studies the links between biological processes and behavior.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Nervous System

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The body’s speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of all nerve cells.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The brain and spinal cord, which process information and direct responses.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Somatic Nervous System

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The division of the PNS that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Autonomic Nervous System

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The division of the PNS that controls glands and muscles of internal organs, usually operating automatically.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s energy in stressful situations.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and conserves energy.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Neurons that carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the CNS.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Neurons that carry outgoing instructions from the CNS to muscles and glands.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Interneurons

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Neurons within the CNS that communicate internally and process information between sensory and motor outputs.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Reflex

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, often involving only the spinal cord.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Neural Network

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Interconnected clusters of neurons that work together to process information.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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David Zellino

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Endocrine System

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The body’s slow chemical communication system that uses hormones released into the bloodstream.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Hormones

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Chemical messengers manufactured by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream and affect tissues.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Adrenal Glands

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Glands above the kidneys that release stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Pituitary Gland

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The master endocrine gland that influences other glands and is controlled by the hypothalamus.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Thyroid Gland

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: An endocrine gland in the neck that affects metabolism and energy levels.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Pancreas

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: An endocrine gland that regulates blood sugar through insulin and glucagon.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Gonads

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The sex glands (ovaries and testes) that produce sex hormones involved in reproduction and development.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Homeostasis

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal state.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Feedback System

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A regulatory loop in which the nervous and endocrine systems influence each other to maintain balance.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Fight-or-Flight Response

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A physiological reaction controlled largely by the sympathetic nervous system that prepares the body to face or flee threat.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Rest-and-Digest Response

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The calming physiological state promoted by the parasympathetic nervous system after a stress response.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Nerve

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A bundled collection of axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS to muscles, glands, and sense organs.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Spinal Cord

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The CNS pathway that carries messages to and from the brain and controls simple reflexes.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Receptor Cells

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Specialized cells that detect specific forms of physical energy or chemicals and convert them into neural signals.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

684 of 2162

Student 9

685 of 2162

Max Gershberg

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Signal Transmission

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The movement of information through the nervous system via neural impulses.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Neuroendocrine Integration

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The close interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems in controlling behavior.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Peripheral Pathways

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Routes along which peripheral nerves carry sensory information to the CNS and motor commands back out.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Neuron

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Dendrite

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other cells.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

745 of 2162

Max Gershberg

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Axon

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The long fiber of a neuron that sends messages away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Myelin Sheath

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A fatty tissue layer that covers the axons of some neurons, speeding neural impulses.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Cell Body (Soma)

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and maintains the cell’s health.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Action Potential

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon when a neuron fires.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Resting Potential

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The stable, negative charge of a neuron’s interior when it is not firing.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Threshold

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

812 of 2162

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Student 6

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Student 7

815 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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All-or-None Response

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The principle that a neuron either fires at full strength or does not fire at all.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Refractory Period

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A brief time after a neuron fires when it cannot fire again.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

840 of 2162

Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Depolarization

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A change in a neuron’s membrane potential that makes it more likely to fire an action potential.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

848 of 2162

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Student 6

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Student 7

851 of 2162

Student 8

852 of 2162

Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Repolarization

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The return of a neuron’s membrane potential to its resting state after an action potential.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

863 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

865 of 2162

Max Gershberg

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Synapse

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Synaptic Cleft

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The space at the synapse across which neurotransmitters diffuse.

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Student 1

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Emil

883 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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891 of 2162

Neurotransmitters

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Chemical messengers that cross synapses and influence whether a neuron will generate an impulse.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

901 of 2162

Max Gershberg

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Reuptake

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

910 of 2162

Student 7

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Student 8

912 of 2162

Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Receptor Site

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A specific location on a neuron’s dendrite or cell body where a neurotransmitter binds.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Excitatory Signal

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Neural input that increases the likelihood of a neuron firing.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Inhibitory Signal

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Neural input that decreases the likelihood of a neuron firing.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

949 of 2162

Max Gershberg

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Agonist

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action, often by mimicking or enhancing it.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

956 of 2162

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Antagonist

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A molecule that decreases or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action.

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Student 1

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Emil

967 of 2162

Student 4

968 of 2162

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Acetylcholine (ACh)

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, learning, and memory.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

980 of 2162

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Dopamine

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A neurotransmitter linked with movement, learning, attention, and reward.

988 of 2162

Student 1

989 of 2162

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Emil

991 of 2162

Student 4

992 of 2162

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Student 6

994 of 2162

Student 7

995 of 2162

Student 8

996 of 2162

Student 9

997 of 2162

Max Gershberg

998 of 2162

999 of 2162

Serotonin

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Norepinephrine

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

1021 of 2162

Max Gershberg

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GABA

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: An inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity and is linked with relaxation.

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Student 1

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Emil

1027 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Glutamate

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning.

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Student 1

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Emil

1039 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

1043 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Endorphins

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

1058 of 2162

Student 11

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Synaptic Vesicles

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Tiny sacs in axon terminals that store and release neurotransmitters.

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Student 1

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Emil

1063 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Neural Communication

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The process by which information is transmitted within and between neurons through electrical and chemical signals.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

1079 of 2162

Student 8

1080 of 2162

Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Brainstem

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The oldest part of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

1091 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Medulla

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing.

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Student 1

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Emil

1099 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

1104 of 2162

Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Pons

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A brainstem structure involved in movement coordination and sleep.

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Student 1

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Pons

1111 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

1115 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

1118 of 2162

Student 11

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Reticular Formation

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A nerve network in the brainstem that helps control arousal and attention.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

1130 of 2162

Student 11

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Thalamus

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The brain’s sensory relay station located on top of the brainstem.

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Student 1

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Emil

1135 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

1139 of 2162

Student 8

1140 of 2162

Student 9

1141 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1142 of 2162

Student 11

1143 of 2162

Cerebellum

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The “little brain” that coordinates voluntary movement and balance.

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Student 1

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Emil

1147 of 2162

Student 4

1148 of 2162

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Student 6

1150 of 2162

Student 7

1151 of 2162

Student 8

1152 of 2162

Student 9

1153 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1154 of 2162

Student 11

1155 of 2162

Limbic System

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A group of brain structures associated with emotion, motivation, and memory.

1156 of 2162

Student 1

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Emil

1159 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

1163 of 2162

Student 8

1164 of 2162

Student 9

1165 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1166 of 2162

Student 11

1167 of 2162

Amygdala

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Two lima-bean-sized clusters involved in fear, aggression, and emotional processing.

1168 of 2162

Student 1

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Emil

1171 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

1175 of 2162

Student 8

1176 of 2162

Student 9

1177 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1178 of 2162

Student 11

1179 of 2162

Hippocampus

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A limbic system structure that helps process explicit memories for storage.

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Student 1

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Emil

1183 of 2162

Student 4

1184 of 2162

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

1188 of 2162

Student 9

1189 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1190 of 2162

Student 11

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Hypothalamus

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A brain structure that directs maintenance activities and governs the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

1202 of 2162

Student 11

1203 of 2162

Nucleus Accumbens

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A region in the basal forebrain involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction.

1204 of 2162

Student 1

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Emil

1207 of 2162

Student 4

1208 of 2162

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Student 6

1210 of 2162

Student 7

1211 of 2162

Student 8

1212 of 2162

Student 9

1213 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1214 of 2162

Student 11

1215 of 2162

Cerebral Cortex

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The thin layer of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres that serves as the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

1216 of 2162

Student 1

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Emil

1219 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

1223 of 2162

Student 8

1224 of 2162

Student 9

1225 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1226 of 2162

Student 11

1227 of 2162

Frontal Lobe

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The portion of the cerebral cortex involved in planning, judgment, movement, and speaking.

1228 of 2162

Student 1

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Emil

1231 of 2162

Student 4

1232 of 2162

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Student 6

1234 of 2162

Student 7

1235 of 2162

Student 8

1236 of 2162

Student 9

1237 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1238 of 2162

Student 11

1239 of 2162

Parietal Lobe

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The portion of the cerebral cortex that processes sensory input for touch and body position.

1240 of 2162

Student 1

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Emil

1243 of 2162

Student 4

1244 of 2162

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Student 6

1246 of 2162

Student 7

1247 of 2162

Student 8

1248 of 2162

Student 9

1249 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1250 of 2162

Student 11

1251 of 2162

Occipital Lobe

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The portion of the cerebral cortex that receives and processes visual information.

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Student 1

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Emil

1255 of 2162

Student 4

1256 of 2162

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Student 6

1258 of 2162

Student 7

1259 of 2162

Student 8

1260 of 2162

Student 9

1261 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1262 of 2162

Student 11

1263 of 2162

Temporal Lobe

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The portion of the cerebral cortex involved in hearing, language, and some memory functions.

1264 of 2162

Student 1

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Emil

1267 of 2162

Student 4

1268 of 2162

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Student 6

1270 of 2162

Student 7

1271 of 2162

Student 8

1272 of 2162

Student 9

1273 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1274 of 2162

Student 11

1275 of 2162

Motor Cortex

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.

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Student 1

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Emil

1279 of 2162

Student 4

1280 of 2162

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Student 6

1282 of 2162

Student 7

1283 of 2162

Student 8

1284 of 2162

Student 9

1285 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1286 of 2162

Student 11

1287 of 2162

Somatosensory Cortex

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: An area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

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Student 1

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Emil

1291 of 2162

Student 4

1292 of 2162

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Student 6

1294 of 2162

Student 7

1295 of 2162

Student 8

1296 of 2162

Student 9

1297 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1298 of 2162

Student 11

1299 of 2162

Association Areas

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Regions of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, and thinking.

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Student 1

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Emil

1303 of 2162

Student 4

1304 of 2162

1305 of 2162

Student 6

1306 of 2162

Student 7

1307 of 2162

Student 8

1308 of 2162

Student 9

1309 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1310 of 2162

Student 11

1311 of 2162

Broca’s Area

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A frontal lobe region involved in producing speech.

1312 of 2162

Student 1

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Emil

1315 of 2162

Student 4

1316 of 2162

1317 of 2162

Student 6

1318 of 2162

Student 7

1319 of 2162

Student 8

1320 of 2162

Student 9

1321 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1322 of 2162

Student 11

1323 of 2162

Wernicke’s Area

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A temporal lobe region involved in understanding language.

1324 of 2162

Student 1

1325 of 2162

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Emil

1327 of 2162

Student 4

1328 of 2162

Student 5

1329 of 2162

Student 6

1330 of 2162

Student 7

1331 of 2162

Student 8

1332 of 2162

Student 9

1333 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1334 of 2162

Student 11

1335 of 2162

Corpus Callosum

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Split-Brain

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A condition resulting from surgery that cuts the corpus callosum, isolating the two hemispheres.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Lateralization

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The specialization of functions in the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Neuroplasticity

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The brain’s ability to change and reorganize in response to experience or damage.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Lesion

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Tissue destruction; in research, a technique that studies the effects of destroying specific brain areas.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A recording of electrical activity across the brain’s surface using electrodes on the scalp.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of brain structures.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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fMRI (Functional MRI)

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A technique that reveals blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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PET Scan

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A brain imaging technique that uses a radioactive tracer to show areas of higher activity.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Consciousness

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Sleep

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A natural, reversible loss of consciousness that occurs in repeating cycles.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Circadian Rhythm

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The body’s internal, roughly 24-hour biological clock that regulates sleep and other functions.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A pair of hypothalamic cell clusters that control circadian rhythm in response to light.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Melatonin

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A hormone produced by the pineal gland that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Alpha Waves

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Delta Waves

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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NREM Sleep

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Non-rapid-eye-movement sleep that includes three increasingly deep stages.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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NREM-1

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The first, light stage of sleep characterized by slowed breathing and possible hypnagogic sensations.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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NREM-2

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A deeper stage of sleep characterized by sleep spindles and bursts of brain activity.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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NREM-3

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The deepest stage of NREM sleep, marked by large delta waves and difficult awakening.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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REM Sleep

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A sleep stage in which vivid dreams commonly occur and the body is internally aroused but outwardly paralyzed.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Paradoxical Sleep

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Another term for REM sleep, reflecting the combination of active brain and relaxed body.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

1598 of 2162

Student 11

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Sleep Cycle

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A roughly 90-minute pattern in which NREM and REM stages repeat across the night.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Hypnagogic Sensations

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Bizarre experiences, such as falling or floating, that occur while transitioning into sleep.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Insomnia

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A sleep disorder marked by recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Narcolepsy

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A sleep disorder characterized by sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Sleep Apnea

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A sleep disorder involving temporary cessations of breathing and repeated momentary awakenings.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Night Terrors

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A sleep disorder that occurs during NREM-3 and involves high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Sleepwalking

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A disorder in which a person walks or performs other complex behaviors during NREM sleep.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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REM Behavior Disorder

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A condition in which muscle paralysis during REM fails, leading to acting out dreams.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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REM Rebound

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM deprivation.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Dreams

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts that pass through a sleeping person’s mind.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Manifest Content

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

1725 of 2162

Student 6

1726 of 2162

Student 7

1727 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Latent Content

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: According to Freud, the symbolic underlying meaning of a dream.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

1737 of 2162

Student 6

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Student 7

1739 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Information-Processing Theory

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The view that dreams help us sort and consolidate the day’s experiences.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

1749 of 2162

Student 6

1750 of 2162

Student 7

1751 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

1753 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1754 of 2162

Student 11

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Activation-Synthesis Theory

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The idea that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

1763 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Cognitive Dream Theory

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The view that dreams reflect the dreamer’s cognitive development and problem solving.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

1775 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Sleep Deprivation

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A state resulting from insufficient sleep that impairs attention, mood, and health.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

1785 of 2162

Student 6

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Student 7

1787 of 2162

Student 8

1788 of 2162

Student 9

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Max Gershberg

1790 of 2162

Student 11

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Psychoactive Drugs

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods, often studied alongside consciousness.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Sensation

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The process by which sensory receptors and the nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

1814 of 2162

Student 11

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Perception

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so it becomes meaningful.

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Emil

1819 of 2162

Student 4

1820 of 2162

Student 5

1821 of 2162

Student 6

1822 of 2162

Student 7

1823 of 2162

Student 8

1824 of 2162

Student 9

1825 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1826 of 2162

Student 11

1827 of 2162

Bottom-Up Processing

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.

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Emil

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Student 4

1832 of 2162

Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

1835 of 2162

Student 8

1836 of 2162

Student 9

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Max Gershberg

1838 of 2162

Student 11

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Top-Down Processing

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, such as expectations and prior knowledge.

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Emil

1843 of 2162

Student 4

1844 of 2162

Student 5

1845 of 2162

Student 6

1846 of 2162

Student 7

1847 of 2162

Student 8

1848 of 2162

Student 9

1849 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1850 of 2162

Student 11

1851 of 2162

Selective Attention

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

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Emil

1855 of 2162

Student 4

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Student 5

1857 of 2162

Student 6

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Student 7

1859 of 2162

Student 8

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Student 9

1861 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1862 of 2162

Student 11

1863 of 2162

Inattentional Blindness

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Failing to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere.

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Emil

1867 of 2162

Student 4

1868 of 2162

Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

1871 of 2162

Student 8

1872 of 2162

Student 9

1873 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1874 of 2162

Student 11

1875 of 2162

Change Blindness

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Failing to notice changes in the environment when attention is focused on other aspects.

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Emil

1879 of 2162

Student 4

1880 of 2162

Student 5

1881 of 2162

Student 6

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Student 7

1883 of 2162

Student 8

1884 of 2162

Student 9

1885 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1886 of 2162

Student 11

1887 of 2162

Absolute Threshold

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.

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Emil

1891 of 2162

Student 4

1892 of 2162

Student 5

1893 of 2162

Student 6

1894 of 2162

Student 7

1895 of 2162

Student 8

1896 of 2162

Student 9

1897 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1898 of 2162

Student 11

1899 of 2162

Difference Threshold

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

1905 of 2162

Student 6

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Student 7

1907 of 2162

Student 8

1908 of 2162

Student 9

1909 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1910 of 2162

Student 11

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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Another term for difference threshold; the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected.

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Emil

1915 of 2162

Student 4

1916 of 2162

Student 5

1917 of 2162

Student 6

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Student 7

1919 of 2162

Student 8

1920 of 2162

Student 9

1921 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1922 of 2162

Student 11

1923 of 2162

Weber’s Law

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to be perceived as different.

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1925 of 2162

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Emil

1927 of 2162

Student 4

1928 of 2162

Student 5

1929 of 2162

Student 6

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Student 7

1931 of 2162

Student 8

1932 of 2162

Student 9

1933 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1934 of 2162

Student 11

1935 of 2162

Signal Detection Theory

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A theory predicting when we will detect weak stimuli amid background noise based on experience, expectations, and motivation.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

1941 of 2162

Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

1945 of 2162

Max Gershberg

1946 of 2162

Student 11

1947 of 2162

Sensory Adaptation

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Diminished sensitivity to a stimulus as a result of constant exposure.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Transduction

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The conversion of one form of energy into another, such as light waves into neural signals.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Wavelength

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The distance from one wave peak to the next that determines color in light and pitch in sound.

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Student 1

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Hue

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The dimension of color that is determined by wavelength of light.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Intensity

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, perceived as brightness or loudness.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Pupil

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The adjustable opening in the eye through which light enters.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Iris

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: A ring of muscle around the pupil that controls its size and gives the eye its color.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Lens

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Retina

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye that contains receptor cells.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Rods

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray and are helpful in low-light conditions.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Cones

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Retinal receptor cells that detect fine detail and color, concentrated near the fovea.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Fovea

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The central focal point in the retina where cones cluster.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Optic Nerve

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Blind Spot

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, producing a gap in the visual field.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Gate-Control Theory of Pain

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The theory that spinal “gates” can block or allow pain signals to reach the brain.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Vestibular Sense

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Kinesthesia

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11

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Feature Detectors

Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior

Definition: Neurons in the visual cortex that respond to specific features such as edges, angles, or movement.

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Emil

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Student 4

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Student 5

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Student 6

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Student 7

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Student 8

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Student 9

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Max Gershberg

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Student 11