MATRUSRI ENGINEERING COLLEGE�(An Autonomous Institution)�DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS(PE 518 EC)

FACULTY NAME: Dr. M.NARESH

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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS(PE 518 EC)

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

• To make students understand the basics of wireless sensor network.
• To understand the concept of networking in WSN.
• To introduce the hardware and software platforms and tool in WSN.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

• To understand deployment strategies , challenges and technologies for WSN.
• To understand network architecture.Study suitable protocols and radio hardware.
• Describing the communication, energy efficiency computing, storage and transmission.
• Establishing the infrastructure and simulation.
• Explain the concept of security, and attacks in WSN and Introduction to 5G

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LESSON PLAN: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (PE 518 EC)

UNIT-I : Introduction to WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

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CONTENTS:�1.1. CHALLENGES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS�1.2. CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENTS-REQUIRED MECHANISMS, �1.3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOBILE AD-HOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS, �1.4. APPLICATIONS OF SENSOR NETWORKS-�1.5 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS��

UNIT-I Introduction to WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

OUTCOMES:

To understand network architecture, node discovery and localization, deployment strategies, fault tolerant and network security

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INTRODUCTION:����

UNIT-I Introduction to WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

OUTCOMES:

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To understand network architecture, node discovery and localization, deployment strategies, fault tolerant and network security

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• Wireless sensor networks combine sensing, processing and networking over miniaturized embedded devices → sensor nodes.�� Wireless sensor networks are networks that consists of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner. These sensors work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to get relevant results.��Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.

CONTENTS:�INTRODUCTION�1.1. CHALLENGES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS� 1.2. CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENTS-REQUIRED MECHANISMS, �

OUTCOMES:

To understand the challenges and characteristics of wireless sensor networks

MODULE-I

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1.1. Challenges for wireless sensor networks

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INTRODUCTION:

�Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered as one of the most important technologies that are enabled by recent advances in –�Micro-electronic-mechanical-systems(MEMS) Wireless Communication technologies.

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Introduction

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Infrastructure Based Wireless Network

Typical Wireless Network: Based on Infrastructure -Eg: GSM , UMTS

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Base stations connected to a wired backbone network

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Introduction

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Infrastructure Free Wireless Network

• Military Networking: Tanks, Soldiers, etc.,
• Finding out empty parking lots in a city, without asking a server
• Search and Rescue in an advance
• Personal Area Networking (Watch, Glasses, PDA, Medical Appliances….etc.,)

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1.1. Challenges for wireless sensor networks

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WSN can handle such a wide range of application types. Nonetheless, certain common traits appear, especially with respect to the characteristics and the required mechanisms of such systems.

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Realizing these characteristics with new mechanisms is the major challenge of the vision of wireless sensor networks.

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Characteristic requirements : The following characteristics are shared among most of the application examples discussed above:

1. Type of service

2. Quality of service

3. Fault tolerance

4.Lifetime

5. Scalability

6. Wide range of densities

7. Programmability

8. Maintainability

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1.1. Challenges for wireless sensor networks

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Heterogeneity

The devices deployed maybe of various types and need to collaborate with each other.

Distributed Processing

The algorithms need to be centralized as the processing is carried out on different nodes.

Low Bandwidth Communication

The data should be transferred efficiently between sensors

Large Scale Coordination

The sensors need to coordinate with each other to produce required results

Utilization of Sensors

The sensors should be utilized in a ways that produce the maximum performance and use less energy.

Real Time Computation

The computation should be done quickly as new data is always being generated.

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1.1. Challenges for wireless sensor networks

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• Energy Efficiency
• Limited storage and computation
• Low bandwidth and high error rates
• Errors are common

-Wireless communication

-Noisy measurements

-Node failure are expected

• Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes
• Survivability in harsh environments
• Experiments are time- and space-intensive

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1.2. Characteristics requirements-required mechanisms

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Required mechanisms

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To realize these requirements, innovative mechanisms for a communication network have to be found, as well as new architectures, and protocol concepts.

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A particular challenge here is the need to find mechanisms that are sufficiently specific to the idiosyncrasies of a given application to support the specific quality of service, lifetime, and maintainability requirements.

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Some of the mechanisms that will form typical parts of WSNs are:

• Multi-hop wireless communication
• Energy-efficient operation
• Auto-configuration
• Collaboration and in-network processing
• Data centric
• Locality
• Exploit trade-offs

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1.2. Characteristics requirements-required mechanisms

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Differences between Conventional and Wireless sensor networks

CONTENTS:�INTRODUCTION� 1.3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOBILE AD-HOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS, � 1.4. APPLICATIONS OF SENSOR NETWORKS-� 1.5 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS �

OUTCOMES:

To discuss about difference , applications and enabling techniques in WSNs

MODULE-2

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1.3 . Difference between mobile ad-hoc and sensor networks

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• An ad hoc network is a network that is setup, for a specific purpose, to meet a quickly appearing communication need.

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• The simplest example of an ad hoc network is perhaps a set of computers connected together via cables to form a small network, like a few laptops in a meeting room. In this example, the aspect of self- configuration is crucial – the network is expected to work without manual management or configuration.

• Wireless sensor networks mainly use broadcast communication while ad hoc networks use point-to-point communication.

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• Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensor networks are limited by sensors limited power, energy and computational capability.

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• Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors.

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1.3 . Difference between mobile ad-hoc and sensor networks

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Key characteristic that distinguishes them from remaining networks is the reasoning of existence:

• Collect information from the physical environment – regardless of

how easily accessible that is;

• Couple the end-users directly to the sensor measurements ( cyber to physical space);

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• Provide information that is precisely localized (in spatio-temporal

terms) according to the application demands;

• Establish a bi-directional link with the physical space (remote & adaptable actuation based on the sensing stimulus)

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1.4. Applications of sensor networks

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Examples of Wireless sensor Networks

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1.4. Applications of sensor networks

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The applications can be divided in three categories:

1. Monitoring of objects.
2. Monitoring of an area.
3. Monitoring of both area and objects.

Monitoring Area:

1. Environmental and Habitat Monitoring

2. Precision Agriculture

3. Indoor Climate Control

4. Military Surveillance

5. Treaty Verification

6. Intelligent Alarms

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1.4. Applications of sensor networks

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• Precision agriculture aims at making cultural operations more efficient, while reducing environmental impact.

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• The information collected from sensors is used to evaluate optimum sowing density, estimate fertilizers and other inputs needs, and to more accurately predict crop yields.

. MONITORING OBJECTS:������

1.4. Applications of sensor networks

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• Structural Monitoring
• Eco-physiology
• Condition-based Maintenance
• Medical Diagnostics
• Urban terrain mapping

Example: Condition-based Maintenance: Intel fabrication plants

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• Sensors collect vibration data, monitor wear and tear; report data in real-time

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• Reduces need for a team of engineers; cutting costs by several orders of magnitude

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1.4. Applications of sensor networks

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Monitoring Interactions between Objects and Space

• Wildlife Habitats
• Disaster Management
• Emergency Response

• Ubiquitous Computing
• Asset Tracking
• Health Care
• Manufacturing Process Flows

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1.4. Applications of sensor networks

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The Zebra-Net Project

Collar-mounted sensors monitor zebra movement in Kenya

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1.4. Applications of sensor networks

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Future of WSN: Smart Home / Smart Office

Sensors controlling appliances and electrical devices in the house.

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Better lighting and heating in office buildings.

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The Pentagon building has used sensors extensively.

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1.5 Enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks

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Exploit spatially and temporally dense, in situ, sensing and actuation

Building such wireless sensor networks has only become possible with some fundamental advances in enabling technologies.

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• Miniaturization of hardware
• Energy Scavenging

Cost

MEMS’ is a key technology for manufacturing tiny, low - cost, and low – power sensor nodes. By integrating different components together into a single process, the size of a sensor node can significantly be reduced.

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1.5 Enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks

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• Smaller feature sizes in chips have driven down the power consumption of the basic components of a sensor node - like microcontrollers, memory chips, radio modems, etc.; have become much more energy efficient.

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• Reduced chip size and improved energy efficiency is accompanied by reduced cost, which is necessary to make redundant deployment of nodes affordable.

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• Next to processing and communication, the actual sensing equipment is the third relevant technology.

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• These three basic parts of a sensor node have to accompany by power supply. This requires, depending on application, high capacity batteries that last for long times, that is, have only a negligible self-discharge rate, and that can efficiently provide small amounts of current.

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1.5 Enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks

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To achieve low - power consumption at the node level, it is necessary to incorporate power awareness and energy optimization in hardware design for sensor networks.

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Power consumption can further be reduced through efficiently operating various system

resources using some dynamic power management (DPM) technique

• Ideally, a sensor node also has a device for energy scavenging, recharging the battery with energy gathered from the environment – solar cells or vibration-based power generation are conceivable options.

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Such a concept requires the battery to be efficiently chargeable with small amounts of

current, which is not a standard ability

�1. DISCUSS CHALLENGES AND HURDLES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS.�2. EXPLAIN THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SENSOR NETWORKS.�3. VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS.�4. EXPLAIN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION�5. DISCUSS ABOUT HOME AUTOMATION�

Assignment Question

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Questions & Answers

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Short answer questions

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Questions & Answers

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Long answer questions