RELATIVE CLAUSE
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2
to combine clauses without repeating information
USAGE
The couple posted a Christmas present to their daughter, who lives in South Africa. | The couple posted a Christmas present to their daughter. Their daughter lives in South Africa. |
🡪 Using a relative clause means that there is no need to repeat ‘their daughter’.
3
USAGE
This is the book which we’re reading at the moment. | We’re reading this book at the moment. |
She’s the woman who I was talking about. | I was talking about the woman. |
to give focus to something or someone
TYPES
Relative clauses referring to a noun or noun phrase
He’s going to show you the rooms which are available.
Dodingson, 22, who boxed in two Olympics, will be managed by his close friend Colin McFarllan.
Relative clauses referring to a whole sentence
She bought a new car which is expensive
She bought a new car, which made her relatives really surprised
He’s going to show you the rooms, which will take only 2 minutes.
TYPES
Relative clauses referring to a noun or noun phrase
He’s going to show you the rooms which are available.
Dodingson, 22, who boxed in two Olympics, will be managed by his close friend Colin McFarllan.
She bought a new car which is expensive
Defining relative clause
Non-defining relative clause
PRONOUNS/ADVERBS
WHO
WHOM
WHICH
WHEN
WHERE
WHY
WHOSE
THAT
People
Things
Time
Places
Reasons
People/ things
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
We like the teacher. She teaches English.
⇒ We like the teacher who teaches English.
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Noun(people) + WHO + Verb
The man is a doctor. He lives next door.
⇒ The man who lives next door is a doctor.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
She gave birth to a boy in 2018. She named him Bob
⇒ She gave birth to a boy in 2018 whom she named Bob
8
Noun(people) + WHOM + Subject + Verb
Over 200 people attended the festival. I interviewed them.
⇒ Over 200 people whom I interviewed attended the festival.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Lan works for a company. It makes furniture.
⇒ Lan works for a company which makes furniture.
9
Noun (things/ animals) + WHICH + (Subject) + Verb
This is the dog. I have raised this dog for five years.
⇒ This is the dog which I have raised for five years.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Private vehicles release a great amount of exhaust fumes. This leads to serious air pollution.
⇒ Private vehicles release a great amount of exhaust fumes, which leads to serious air pollution.
10
Clause, WHICH + Verb
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
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Noun (people/ things) + WHOSE + Noun + (Subject) + Verb
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
The boy is Tom. You borrowed his bicycle yesterday.
⇒ The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom.
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Noun (people/ things) + WHOSE + Noun + (Subject) + Verb
John found a cat. Its leg was broken.
⇒ John found a cat whose leg was broken.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative clauses referring to a noun or noun phrase
Relative clauses referring to a whole sentence
THAT replaces WHO/ WHICH
Defining relative clause
Non-defining relative clause
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
We like the teacher who teaches English.
THAT replaces WHO/ WHICH
Lan works for a company which makes furniture.
He’s going to show you the rooms which are available.
Dodingson, 22, who boxed in two Olympics, will be managed by his close friend Colin McFarllan.
She bought a new car which is expensive
Private vehicles release a great amount of exhaust fumes, which leads to serious air pollution.
Some certain cases we have to use “THAT”:
He was the most interesting person that I have ever met.
It was the first time that I heard of it.
15
After the SUPERLATIVE (the most + adj)
After ORDINAL NUMBERS (the first, the second, … the only)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
PRONOUNS/ADVERBS
WHO
WHOM
WHICH
WHEN
WHERE
WHY
WHOSE
THAT
People
Things
Time
Places
Reasons
People/ things
I still remember the day. We first met on that day.
⇒ I still remember the day when we first met.
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RELATIVE ADVERBS
Noun (time) + WHEN + Subject + Verb
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The hotel was not very clean. We stayed at that hotel.
⇒ The hotel where we stayed was not very clean.
Noun (place) + WHERE + Subject + Verb
RELATIVE ADVERBS
I do not know the reason. You did not go to school for that reason.
⇒ I do not know why you did not go to school.
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Noun (reasons) + WHY + Subject + Verb
RELATIVE ADVERBS
I do not know the reason. You did not go to school for that reason.
⇒ I do not know why you did not go to school.
I still remember the day. We first met on that day.
⇒ I still remember the day when we first met.
RELATIVE ADVERBS
WHEN / WHERE = in/ on/ at WHICH
WHY = for WHICH
The hotel was not very clean. We stayed at that hotel.
⇒ The hotel where we stayed was not very clean.
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSE
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REDUCED
Noun + Relative Pronouns + Verb (active voice)
⇒ Noun + V-ing
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
Noun + Relative Pronouns + Verb (passive voice)
⇒ Noun + V(in past participle)
REDUCED
We like the teacher who teaches English.
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
The bottles which are thrown away are brought to a collection point.
Dodingson, 22, who boxed in two Olympics, will be managed by his close friend Colin McFarllan.
Private vehicles release a great amount of exhaust fumes, which leads to serious air pollution.
REDUCED
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
Noun + Relative Pronouns + Subject + Verb
⇒ Noun + Subject + Verb
Over 200 people attended the festival. I interviewed them.
⇒ Over 200 people whom I interviewed attended the festival.
This is the dog. I have raised this dog for five years.
⇒ This is the dog which I have raised for five years.
REDUCED
25
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
Noun + Relative Pronouns + Be + Adj
⇒ Adj + Noun / Noun + Adj
Noun + Relative Pronouns + Be + Preposition
⇒ Noun + Preposition
REDUCED
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RELATIVE
CLAUSE
The houses which were on the left of the main road disappeared
The boy who is next to me in class is very good at English
He’s going to show you the rooms which are available.
She bought a new car which is expensive
The boy who is very good at English lives next door
APPLICATIONS IN IELTS
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APPLICATION
28
The graph shows changes in spending habits of people in UK in 2001
The percentage of money for cars was highest in 2001
Expenditures on furniture and petrol were equal,
APPLICATION
29
Houses were demolished
The playground stayed intact over 30 years. The playground was in the south of the school.
APPLICATION
30
I’m going to say about jogging
I usually go jogging around a park
Jogging is a very simple activity