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पेशी शारीर

परिचय-

  • "रसासृङ्गमांसमेदोऽस्थिमज्जशुक्राणि धातवः।"

रस-रक्त-मांस-मेद-अस्थि-मज्जा-शुक्र इन सात धातुओं से शरीर का निर्माण करती है

इनमें से तीसरी धातु मांस धातु है।

• इसका मुख्य कार्य लेपन है।

• पेशी- यह मांस धातु का ही रूप है।

• इसे मांस खण्ड भी कहते हैं।

• इसमें पृथ्वी महाभूत की प्रधानता होती है।

• शरीर का आधा वजन लगभग मांसपेशियों का ही होता है।

परिभाषा:-

शरीर में लाल रंग की रेशेदार आंकुचन और प्रसारणशील जो धातु है, उसी मांस पिण्ड को पेशी कहते हैं।

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स्वरूप:-

"यथार्थ उष्मणा युक्तो वायुः स्त्रोतांसि दारयेत् ।

अनुप्रविष्य पिशितं पेशीः विभजते तथा ।।’’

-सु.शा. ४/२८

जिस प्रकार पित्त से युक्त वायु अपने प्रयोजन के अनुसार स्रोतों को खोलती हैउसी प्रकार पित्तयुक्त वायु मांस में प्रवेश करके उसे पेशियों में विभाजित करती है।

आचार्य डल्हण के अनुसार,

"वायुः पिशितं मांसं, अनुप्रविश्य पेशी विभजते, पेशी मांसखण्ड़ः“

वायु के प्रवेश होने पर जब मांस विभक्त हो जाता है तब मांस के उन्हीं विभागों को पेशी कहा जाता है।

"मांसावयवसंघातः परस्परं विभक्तः पेशी इत्युच्यते“

- सु ०शा० 5/38 डल्हण

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"तासां बहल-पेलव-स्थूल-अणु-पृथु-वृत्त-ह्रस्व-दीर्घ-स्थिर-मृदु-श्लक्ष्ण-कर्कशभावाःसन्ध्यस्थि सिरा स्नायु प्रच्छादका यथा प्रदेशं स्वभावत एव भवन्ति ।।" (सु.शा. ५/५२)

  • मांसपेशियाँ, शरीर की अस्थियाँ, सन्धियाँ, सिराएँ तथा स्नायु इन रचनाओं को ढककर रखती हैं। शरीर में वह स्थान भेद से विभिन्न स्वरूप या आकार की होती हैं।
  • 1. बहल २. पेलव 3. स्थूल 4. अणु 5. पृथु चौड़ी 6. वृत्त
  • 7. ह्रस्व 8. दीर्घ 9. स्थिर 10. मृदु 11. श्लक्ष्ण 12. कर्कश

पेशियों की चेष्टाएं

  • शरीर की सभी चेष्टाएं पेशियों पर आधारित हैं।
  • अतः श्री गणनाथसेन जी ने इन चेष्टाओं का उल्लेख करते हुए लिखा है-

(1) आकर्षण (2) अपकर्षण (3) उन्नमन (4) अवनमन

(5) संकोचन (6) प्रसारण (7) मुद्रण (8) विस्फारण

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पेशी संख्या-

सुश्रुत के अनुसार सम्पूर्ण शरीर में 500 पेशियां लिखते हैं इनमें से-

शाखाओं में 400

धड़ में 66

गर्दन व सिर में – 34

कुल 500

  • स्त्रियों में 20 अधिक होने से संख्या 520 हो जाती हैं।
  • ये अधिक पेशियां गर्भाशय और स्तनों में होती हैं।

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शाखागत पेशियाँ-

  1. पांव की अंगुलियों में- 5×3=15
  2. पाँव के अग्रभाग (प्रपद में) में- 10
  3. पाँव के ऊपर कूर्च में स्थित उतनी ही- 10
  4. गुल्फ और पादतल में- 10
  5. गुल्फ और जानु के बीच 20
  6. जानु में- 5
  7. ऊरू में- 20
  8. वंक्षण में- 10

कुल पेशियाँ- 500

  • इस प्रकार एक शाखा में 100
  • चारों शाखाओं में 100x4 = 400 पेशियाँ

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मध्यशरीर की (कोष्ठगत) मांसपेशियाँ-•

  1. गुदा में- 3
  2. शिश्न (मेढ़) में- 1
  3. सेवनी में - 1
  4. वृषणों में- 2
  5. स्फिकों में- 5+5=10
  6. बस्ति शिर में- 2
  7. उदर में- 5
  8. नाभि में- 1
  9. पृष्ठ के ऊर्ध्व भाग में स्थित (दोनों तरफ)- 5+5=10

दीर्घ पेशियाँदोनों

  1. पाश्र्थों में- 6
  2. वक्ष- 10
  3. अक्षक और कन्धे के आसपास- 7
  4. हृदय और आमाशय में- 2
  5. यकृत, प्लीहा, उण्डुक में- 6
  6. कुल पेशियाँ = 66

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शिर और ग्रीवा की पेशियाँ-

  1. ग्रीवा में- 4
  2. हनु में- 8
  3. काकलक और गले में- 1+1=2
  4. तालु में- 2
  5. जिह्वा में- 1
  6. ओष्ठों में- 2
  7. नासा में- 2
  8. आंखों में- 2
  9. गण्ड (कपोल) में- 4
  10. कानों में- 2
  11. ललाट में- 4
  12. शिर में- 1
  13. कुल पेशियाँ = 34

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पेशी प्रकार

  • आयुर्वेद के अनुसार,

1 ऐच्छिक पेशी

2. अनैच्छिक पेशी

3. हार्दिकी पेशी

  • 1. ऐच्छिक पेशी (Voluntary muscles)-
  • इन पर अनुप्रस्थ धाराएँ होती हैं। अतः उनको राजिला (Striated) कहते हैं।
  • इनका कार्य मस्तिष्क की प्रेरणा के अनुसार होता है। अतः परतन्त्र पेशी कहते हैं।
  • इनका कम से कम एक सिरा किसी अस्थि से सम्बद्ध रहता है। इसी से इनको Skeletal muscles भी कहते हैं।
  • ये विशेषतया ऊर्ध्व तथा अधः शाखाओं में पायी जाती हैं। वे प्राणियों की इच्छा से संकोचन या प्रसारण करती हैं।

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  • २. अनैच्छिक पेशी (Involuntary muscles)-

इन पर धाराएँ नहीं होती, अतः इन्हें अराजिला (Unstriated) कहते हैं। ये अस्थियों से सम्बन्ध नहीं रहती।ये पेशियाँ बिना किसी की इच्छा से, अपने आप ही क्रिया करती हैं, अतः इन्हें स्वतन्त्र पेशी कहते हैं।

  • ३. हार्दिकी पेशी (Cardiac muscles)-
  • यह एक तीसरा प्रकार भी पाया जाता है।
  • ये पेशियाँ हृदय में रहती हैं।
  • क्रिया की दृष्टि से तो ये स्वतन्त्र या अनैच्छिक हैं।
  • परन्तु रचना की दृष्टि से ये राजिला (Striated) होती है।
  • इन पर अनुप्रस्थ तथा अनुलम्ब धाराएँ होती हैं।
  • अतः दोनों प्रकारों का संयोग इस पेशी में पाया जाता है।
  • इसी से इनका तीसरा प्रकार माना जाता है।

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पेशियों के कार्य एवं महत्व

सिरा स्नाय्वस्थिपर्वाणि सन्धयश्च शरीरिणाम् ।

पेशीभिः संवृतान्यत्र बलवन्ति भवन्त्यतः ।।

(सु.शा. ५/४९)

  • शरीरधारियों की शिराएँ, स्नायुएँ, अस्थिपर्व और सन्धियाँ, पेशियों से आच्छादित (ढकी) रहती है।
  • अतः ये बलवान व उपयोगी हैं।शरीर के लिए जितना ही महत्व अस्थिकार्यों का है, उतना ही महत्व पेशी कार्यों का भी है।

पेशी कार्यों में निम्नलिखित मुख्य हैं-

  • शरीर में स्थित अस्थि, सन्धि, सिरा और स्नायुओं को पेशियाँ ढकती है।
  • पेशियाँ ही शरीर के स्वरूप को दर्शाने का कार्य करती हैं।
  • संधियों को बाँधने का कार्य करती हैं।
  • शरीर के भीतरी अंगों की रक्षा करती हैं।
  • शरीर को बल प्रदान करने का कार्य करती हैं।
  • अस्थि, सन्धि आदि अंगों की अपेक्षा पेशियों में अधिक शक्ति होती है।
  • पेशियाँ रक्त संचार के कार्य में सहायक होती हैं।

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  • शरीर की स्वतन्त्र और परतन्त्र दोनों प्रकार की गतियों में सहायक होती हैं।
  • हृदय का स्पन्दन आदि पेशियों द्वारा सम्पन्न होता है।
  • शरीर का उठना, बैठना, चलना आदि क्रियाएँ स्वस्थ पेशियों द्वारा ही होती हैं।
  • अस्थि आदि को आवृत करके उनके कार्यों में सहायक हैं।
  • पेशियाँ आकुंचन का कार्य करती हैं।
  • पेशियाँ प्रसारण का कार्य करती हैं।
  • पेशियों में स्प्रिंग की तरह संकोचनशीलता का विशेष गुण होता है।
  • शरीर निर्माण में सबसे पहला आधार पेशियाँ होती हैं, जो मांसपिण्ड के रूप में दिखाई देती हैं।
  • अपनी स्थितिस्थापकता के कारण शरीर की नियमित क्रियाओं में सहायक होती है।
  • मुख संकोच तथा मुख विस्फार पेशियों के द्वारा होता है।
  • निःश्वास-उच्छवास के कार्य में पेशियाँ सहायक होती हैं।
  • अन्न तथा अन्न रस का चालन, अन्न निगलना आदि शरीर की क्रियाएँ पेशियों द्वारा होती हैं
  • इन्हीं पेशियों में सिरा, स्नायु, धमनी और केशिकाओं का जाल फैला हुआ रहता है। जिसके द्वारा शरीर वृद्धि को प्राप्त होता है।

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Muscles

DERIVATION OF NAME

  • Muscles (L Mus = mouse) are so named because, many of them resemble a mouse, with their tendons representing the tail.

Definition

  • Muscle is a contractile tissue which brings about movements. Muscles can be regarded as motors of the body.

Types of Muscles

  • The muscles are of three types-

1.skeletal,

2.Smooth

3.cardiac

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Type of Muscles

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Fascicular Architecture of Muscles

  • The arrangement of muscle fibres varies according to the direction, force and range of habitual movement at a particular joint.
  • The force of movement is directly proportional to the number and size of muscle fibres,
  • The range of movement is proportional to the length of fibres.
  • The muscles can be classified according to the arrangement of their fasciculi into the following groups.

A. Parallel fasciculi

B. Oblique fasciculi

C. Spiral or twisted fasciculi

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A. Parallel Fasciculi

When the fasciculi are parallel to the line of pull, the muscle may be-

  1. Quadrilateral (thyrohyoid)
  2. Strap-like (sternohyoid and sartorius)
  3. Strap-like with tendinous intersections (rectus abdominis)
  4. Fusiform (biceps brachii, digastric, etc.). The range of movement in such muscles is maximum .

B. Oblique Fasciculi

When the fasciculi are oblique to the line of pull, the muscle may be triangular, or pennate (feather-like) in the construction.

Oblique arrangements are of the following types:.

1.Triangular, e.g. temporalis , adductor longus

2. Unipennate, e.g. flexor pollicis longus, extensor digitorum longus,peroneus tertius, palmar interossei

3. Bipennate, e.g. rectus femoris, dorsal interossei , peroneus longus, flexor hallucis longus.

4. Multipennate, e.g. subscapularis , deltoid (acromial fibres).

5. Circumpennate, e.g. tibialis anterior.

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C. Spiral or Twisted Fasciculi

  • Spiral or twisted fibers are found in trapezius, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, supinator, etc.
  • In certain muscles the fasciculi are crossed. These are called cruciate muscles, e.g. sternocleidomastoid masseter, and adductor magnus.

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NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

  • The nerve supplying a muscle is called motor nerve.
  • In fact it is a mixed nerve and consists of the following types of fibers.

1. Motor fibres (60%) comprise:

  1. Large myelinated alpha efferents which supply extrafusal muscle fibres . Fibre ends at motor end plate .
  2. Smaller myelinated gamma efferents which supply intrafusal fibres of the muscle spindles which refine and control muscle contraction.
  3. The fine non-myelinated autonomic efferents which supply smooth muscle fibres of the blood vessels.

2. Sensory fibres (40%) comprise:

  • Myelinated fibres distributed to muscle spindles for proprioception, also to tendon.

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Nerve Supply of Smooth Muscle

According to nerve supply the smooth muscles are classified into:

1.Single-unit type:

  • Seen in intestines.
  • The nerve impulse reaches one muscle cell, is transmitted to other cells by the mechanical pull through the fused cell membrane.
  • The nerve supply is sparse

2.Multi-unit type:

  • Seen in the muscles of the ductus deferens.
  • Each muscle cell receives a separate nerve fiber.
  • The contraction is simultaneous.
  • The nerve supply is rich

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Nerve Supply of Cardiac Muscle

  • Heart is supplied by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers.
  • Sympathetic nerves stimulate both the heart rate and blood pressure and dilate the coronary arteries.
  • The sensory fibers convey painful impulses from heart.
  • Parasympathetic fibers decrease and normalize the heart rate.
  • Their sensory fibers are involved with visceral reflexes.

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ACTIONS OF MUSCLES

  • The range of movement depends on the length of fleshy fibers, and the power or force of movement on the number of fibres.

1.Length may remain unchanged (isometric contraction), e.g. holding the hand in outstretched position. Exercise without movement is isometric contraction.

2.During contraction the length of the muscle may increase or decrease but the tension is constant (isotonic contraction). Exercise with movement is isotonic contraction.

3.Length may increase, according to the functional demands of the body. It is called eccentric contraction, e.g. when the upper limb is lowered to the side of the body.

4. Concentric contraction is when there is increasing tension in the muscle as it contracts and shortens. Most of contractions of muscle are consentfunction

  • Each movement at a joint is brought about by a coordinated activity of different groups of muscles. These muscle groups are classified and named according to their function.

72

73 77

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Name

Origin

Insertion

Action

Nerve

 

 

Abdominal Muscles

Rectus Abdominis

 

43

pubic crest & sym- physis

xyphoid process & costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

  • flex & rotate lumbar re- gion of vertebral column
  • fix & depress ribs
  • stabilize pelvis during walking
  • increase intra-abdominal pressure

Intercostals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

46 43

45

44

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

45 43 46

 

 

 

 

44

External oblique

 

44

outer surface of lower 8 ribs

linea alba via aponeu- rosis

  • when together, synergist to rectus abdominis, flex vertebral column & com- press abdominal wall
  • when alone, synergist to muscles of back, roate & lateral flexion of trunk

Intercostals

Internal oblique

 

45

lumbar fascia, iliac crest, & inguinal liga- ment

linea alba, pubic crest, last 3 or 4 ribs, & costal margin

  • same as external oblique

Intercostals

Transverse abdominis

 

46

inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, carti- lages of last 6 ribs, iliac crest

linea alba, pubic crest

  • compresses abdominal contents

Intercostals

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Name

Origin

Insertion

Action

Nerve

 

 

Shoulder Movers

Pectoralis minor

 

49

anterior surface of ribs 3-5 (or 2-4)

coracoid process of scapula

  • draws scapula forward & downward (ribs fixed)
  • draws rib cage superiorly (scaupla fixed)

Both pectoral nerves

 

 

 

 

 

 

50

 

 

49

 

51

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53

52

 

 

54

55

Subclavius

 

50

costal cartilage of rib 1

groove on inferior surface of clavicle

  • stablizes & depresses pectoral girdle

Nerve to subcla- vius

Serratus anterior (boxer’s muscle)

 

51

by series of muscle slips from ribs 1-9

anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula

  • agonist to protract & hold scapula against rib cage
  • rotates scapula (infe- rior angle laterally & upward)
  • abduct & raise arm & horizontal arm move- ments

Long thoracic nerve

Trapezius

 

52

occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7 - T12

spine & acromion of scapula, lateral 3rd of clavicle

  • stablizes, raises, retracts & rotates scapula
  • adducts & retracts scapula (middle)
  • elevates scapula or syner- gist to head extension (suprior)
  • depresses scapula & shoulder (inferior)

Accesory nerve

Levator scapulae

 

53

transverse processes of C1-C4

medial border of scapula, superior to spine

  • elevates & adducts scapula (synergist to trapezius)
  • tilts glenoid cavity down, flexes neck to same side (fixed scapula)

Cervical spinal nerves & dorsal scapular nerve

Rhomboid minor

 

54

spinous processes of C7 & T1

medial border of scapula

  • retract scapula (squar- ing shoulders), synergist with middle fibers of Trapezius
  • rotate glenoid cavity downward (lowering arm against resistence)
  • stablize scapula

Dorsal scapular nerve

Rhomboid major

 

55

spinous processes of T2-T5

medial border of scapula

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Name

Origin

Insertion

Action

Nerve

 

 

Arm Movers

Pectoralis major

 

56

sternal end of clavi- cle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 1-6, & apo- neurosis of external oblique muscle

by a short tendon into intertubercular groove of humerus

  • agonist of arm flexion
  • rotates arm medially
  • adducts arm against resistance
  • pulls rib cage upward with scapula fixed

Lateral & medial pectoral nerves

 

 

 

 

58

 

56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59

 

 

 

 

60

62

63

 

 

 

57

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

 

 

 

 

 

64

Latissimus dorsi

 

57

via lumbodorsal fascia into spines of T7-L5, lower 4 ribs & iliac crest

floor of intertubercu- lar groove of humerus

  • agonist of arm extension
  • powerful arm adductor
  • medially rotates arm & shoulder
  • depresses scapula
  • pulls body upward & forward with arms fixed overhead

Thoracodorsal

Deltoid

 

58

lateral 3rd of clavicle, acromion & spine of scapula

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

  • agonist of arm abduction with all fi- bers, antagonist of pectoralis major & latissimus dorsi
  • flexes & medially rotates humerus with anterior fibers, synergist of pectoralis major
  • extends & laterally rotates arms with posterior fibers

Axillary nerve

Supraspinatus

 

59

supraspinous fossa of scapula

superior part of greater tubercle of humerus

  • stabilizes shoulder joint
  • helps prevent downward dislocation of humerus

Suprascapular nerve

Infraspinatus

 

60

infraspinous fossa of scapula

greater tubercle of humerus, posterior to supraspinatus

  • helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity
  • stabilizes the shoulder joint
  • rotates humerus laterally

Suprascapular nerve

Subscapularis

61

subscapular fossa of scapula

lesser tubercle of humerus

  • chief medial rotator of humerus, as- sisted by pectoralis major
  • helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stablizes shoulder

Subcapular nerve

Teres minor

 

62

lateral border of dor- sal scapular surface

greater tubercle of humerus, inferior to infraspinatus

same as infraspinatus

Axillary nerve

Teres major

 

63

posterior surface of scapula @ inferior angle

intertubercular groove of humerus, tendon fused with tendon of latissimus dorsi

  • posteromedially extends, medially rotates, & adducts arm
  • synergist of latissimus dorsi

Lower scapular nerve

Coracobrachialis

64

coracoid process of scapula

medial surface of humerus shaft

  • flexion & adduction of humerus
  • synergist of pectoralis major

Musculocutane- ous nerve

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Name

Origin

Insertion

Action

Nerve

 

 

Forearm Movers

Biceps brachii

 

65

long head (65-1): tuber- cle above glenoid cav- ity and lip of glenoid cavity of scapula

short head: (65-2): cora- coid process of scapula

by common tendon to radial tuberosity

  • flexes elbor joint & supinates forearm (usually at the same time)
  • weak flexor of arm @ shoulder

Musculocutane- ous nerve

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

68-1

68-2

68-3

65

66

67

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

68-1

 

 

 

68-2

 

69

 

 

 

 

65-1

65-2 66

Brachialis

66

front of distal humerus

coronoid process of ulna

  • major forearm flexor, synergist with biceps brachii

Musculocutane- ous nerve

Brachioradialis

 

67

lateral supracondylar ridge @ distal end of humerus

base of styloid pro- cess of radius

  • synergist in forearm flexion, best when forearm is partially flexed
  • stablizes the elbow during rapid flexion & extension

Radial nerve

Triceps brachii

 

68

lateral head (68-1): pos- terior shaft of humerus

long head (68-2) : infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

medial head (68-3): posterior humeral shaft distal to radial groove

by common tendon into olacrenon pro- cess of ulna

  • agonist of forearm extension (medial head)
  • antagonist of forearm flexors
  • stablizes shoulder joint & assist in arm adduction (long head tendon)

Radial nerve

Anconeus

 

69

lateral epicondyle of humerus

lateral aspect of ola- cranon process

  • abducts ulna during forearm pronation
  • synergist of triceps brachii in elbow extension

Radial nerve

 

Forearm Rotators

Pronator teres

 

70

medial epicondyle of hu- merus, coronoid process of ulna

by common tendon into lateral radius, midshaft

  • pronates forearm
  • weak flexor of elbow

Median nerve

 

 

 

 

70

71

Supinator

 

71

lateral epicondyle of hu- merus, radial collateral & annular ligaments, supinator fossa & crest of ulna

lateral, anterior & posterior surfaces of proximal 1/3 of radius

  • forcibly supinates forearm with biceps brachii
  • weakly supinates forearm work- ing along
  • antagonist of Pronator teres

Posterior inter- osseous nerve

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Name

Origin

Insertion

Action

Nerve

 

 

Thigh Movers

Satorius

 

82

anterior superior iliac spine

medial aspect of proximal tibia

  • flexes, abducts & laterally rotates the thigh
  • flexes knee (weak)

Femoral nerve

 

 

 

 

 

84

83

 

89

85

82 88

86

87

 

 

87

 

88

 

 

 

 

 

 

91

 

 

 

90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

91

92

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

Iliopsoas Iliacus

83

iliac fossa & crest, lat- eral sacrum

lesser trochanter of femur

  • prime mover of thigh flexion
  • lateral flexion of vertebral column (psoas)

Femoral nerve

Iliopsoas Psoas major

84

transverse processes of L1-L5, bodies & discs of T12-L5

lesser trochanter of femur

Ventral nerve

Pectineus

 

85

pectineal line of pubis

inferior from lesser trochanter to linea aspera

  • adducts, flexes & medially rotates thigh

Femoral & obtu- rator nerve

Gracilis

 

86

inferior ramus & body of pubis, ischial ramus

medial surface of tibi- al shaft just inferior to medial condyle

  • adducts thigh
  • flexes & medially rotates leg (when walking)

Obturator nerve

Adductor magnus

 

87

ischial & pubic rami, ischial tuberosity

linea aspera & adduc- tor tubercle of femur

  • adducts & medially rotates thigh (anterior part)
  • synergist of hamstring in thigh

extension (posterior part)

Obturator nerve

Adductor longus

 

88

pubic near pubic sym- physis

linea aspera

  • adducts, flexes & medially rotates thigh

Anterior divi- sion of obturator nerve

Tensor fasciae latae

 

89

anterior iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine

iliotibial tract

  • flexes & abducts thigh (synergist of iliopsoas & gluteus muscles)
  • rotates thigh medially
  • steadies the trunk by pulling ilio- tibial tract taut (locking the knee)

Superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus maximus

 

90

dorsal ilium, sacrum & coccyx

gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract

  • major extensor of thigh
  • laterally rotates & abducts thigh
  • inactive during standing

Inferior gluteal nerve

Gluteus medius

 

91

lateral surface of ilium between anterior & pos- terior gluteal lines

via short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter

  • abducts thigh
  • anterior part rotates hip medially
  • posterior part rotates hip lateraly

Superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus minimus

 

92

dorsal ilium between an- terior & inferior gluteal lines

superior border of greater trochanter of femur

  • abducts & medially rotates thigh

Superior gluteal nerve

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Name

Origin

Insertion

Action

Nerve

 

 

Hamstrings

Biceps femoris

 

93

long head (a): ischial tuberosity

short head (b): linea aspera & distal femur

by common tendon into head of fibula & lateral condyle of tibia

  • extends thigh & flexes knee
  • laterally rotates leg when knee is flexed

Sciatic nerve

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

93

94

 

95

 

 

 

 

96

Semitendinosus

 

94

iscial tuberosity

medial aspect of up- per tibial shaft

  • extends thigh & flexes knee
  • medially rotates leg with semi- membranosus

Sciatic nerve

Semimembranosus

 

95

ischial tuberosity

medial condyle of tibia

  • extends thigh & flexes knee
  • medially rotates leg

Sciatic nerve

Popliteus

 

96

lateral condyle of femur

proximal tibia (poste- rior surface)

  • unlocks knee by flexes & ro- tates leg medially
  • rotates thigh laterally with tibia fixed

Tibial nerve

 

Quadriceps

Rectus femoris

 

97

anterior inferior iliac spine & superior margin of acetabulum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

patella & tibial tuberosity via patella ligament

  • extends knee
  • flexes thigh @ hip

Femoral nerve

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

98

97

100

98 99

99

Vastus lateralis

 

98

greater trochanter, inter- trochanteric line, linea aspera

  • extends & stablizes knee

Femoral nerve

Vastus medialis

 

99

linea aspera, intertro- chanteric line

  • extends knee
  • stablizes patella (inferior fibers)

Femoral nerve

Vastus intermedius

 

100

anterior & lateral sur- faces of proximal femur

  • extends knee

Femoral nerve

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CLINICAL ANATOMY

Paralysis

  • Loss of motor power (power of movement) is called paralysis.
  • This is due to inability of the muscles to contract, caused either by damage to the motor neural pathways (upper or lower motor neuron), or by the inherent disease of muscles (myopathy).
  • Damage to the upper motor neuron causes spastic paralysis with exaggerated tendon jerks.
  • Damage to the lower motor neuron causes flaccid paralysis with loss of tendon jerks.
  • e.g. Poliomyelitis.

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Muscular spasm

  • These are quite painful.
  • Localized muscle spasm is commonly caused by a 'muscle pull’.
  • In order to relieve its pain the muscle should be relaxed by appropriate treatment.
  • Generalized muscle spasms occur in tetanus and epilepsy.

Disuse atrophy and hypertrophy

  • The muscles which are not used for long times become thin and weak. This is called disuse atrophy.
  • Conversely, adequate or excessive use of particular muscles cause their better development, or even hypertrophy .
  • Muscular 'wasting' (reduction in size) is a feature of lower motor neuron paralysis and generalized debility.

Hyperplasia

  • Increase in number of smooth muscle fibres. It always occurs in uterus during pregnancy.

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Research Paper on Muscle

Abstract:-

Background:

There have been conflicting descriptions of brachialis muscle anatomy in the literature. The purpose of the present study was to clarify brachialis muscle anatomy in order to refine surgical techniques around the elbow.

Methods: Eleven cadaveric upper limbs were dissected under loupe magnification. The gross morphological characteristics, relationships, and nerve supply of the brachialis muscle were recorded. The nerve supply was examined histologically to confirm the gross findings.

Methods:

Eleven cadaveric upper limbs were dissected under loupe magnification. The gross morphological characteristics, relationships, and nerve supply of the brachialis muscle were recorded. The nerve supply was examined histologically to confirm the gross findings.

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Results:

  • In all specimens, the brachialis muscle had two heads. The larger, superficial head originated from the anterolateral aspect of the humerus, proximal to the smaller, deep head. The superficial head contained longitudinal fibers, which inserted by means of a thick round tendon onto the ulnar tuberosity. The deep head fibers were fan-shaped and converged to insert by means of an aponeurosis onto the coronoid process. In all specimens, a branch of the radial nerve supplied the inferolateral fibers of the deep head.

Conclusions:

  • Our observations of brachialis muscle anatomy differ considerably from the descriptions in the current literature. The larger, superficial head has the mechanical advantage of a more proximal origin and a more distal insertion, which may enable it to provide the bulk of flexion strength. The smaller, oblique, deep head has a more anterior insertion on the coronoid, which may facilitate the initiation of elbow flexion from full extension. The radial nerve-innervated inferolateral fibers of the deep head run in a direction similar to the anconeus muscle, forming a muscular sling around the elbow. This complex may act to dynamically stabilize the ulnohumeral joint.

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Clinical Relevance:

This information may enhance surgical techniques about the elbow. The identification of an interneurons plane may allow for improvement in the current anterior and anterolateral surgical approaches to the humerus.

The tendon of the superficial head is well positioned to allow its transfer to the radial tuberosity, potentially improving supination strength in the absence of a distal biceps tendon.

It is possible that the tendon of the superficial head might also be used to reconstruct the anular ligament or the medial collateral ligament of the elbow.

  • Citation:Leonello, D. T., Galley, I. J., Bain, G. I., & Carter, C. D. (2007). Brachialis muscle anatomy: a study in cadavers. JBJS, 89(6), 1293-1297.

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