पेशी शारीर
परिचय-
रस-रक्त-मांस-मेद-अस्थि-मज्जा-शुक्र इन सात धातुओं से शरीर का निर्माण करती है
इनमें से तीसरी धातु मांस धातु है।
• इसका मुख्य कार्य लेपन है।
• पेशी- यह मांस धातु का ही रूप है।
• इसे मांस खण्ड भी कहते हैं।
• इसमें पृथ्वी महाभूत की प्रधानता होती है।
• शरीर का आधा वजन लगभग मांसपेशियों का ही होता है।
परिभाषा:-
शरीर में लाल रंग की रेशेदार आंकुचन और प्रसारणशील जो धातु है, उसी मांस पिण्ड को पेशी कहते हैं।
स्वरूप:-
"यथार्थ उष्मणा युक्तो वायुः स्त्रोतांसि दारयेत् ।
अनुप्रविष्य पिशितं पेशीः विभजते तथा ।।’’
-सु.शा. ४/२८
जिस प्रकार पित्त से युक्त वायु अपने प्रयोजन के अनुसार स्रोतों को खोलती हैउसी प्रकार पित्तयुक्त वायु मांस में प्रवेश करके उसे पेशियों में विभाजित करती है।
आचार्य डल्हण के अनुसार,
"वायुः पिशितं मांसं, अनुप्रविश्य पेशी विभजते, पेशी मांसखण्ड़ः“
वायु के प्रवेश होने पर जब मांस विभक्त हो जाता है तब मांस के उन्हीं विभागों को पेशी कहा जाता है।
"मांसावयवसंघातः परस्परं विभक्तः पेशी इत्युच्यते“
- सु ०शा० 5/38 डल्हण
"तासां बहल-पेलव-स्थूल-अणु-पृथु-वृत्त-ह्रस्व-दीर्घ-स्थिर-मृदु-श्लक्ष्ण-कर्कशभावाःसन्ध्यस्थि सिरा स्नायु प्रच्छादका यथा प्रदेशं स्वभावत एव भवन्ति ।।" (सु.शा. ५/५२)
पेशियों की चेष्टाएं
(1) आकर्षण (2) अपकर्षण (3) उन्नमन (4) अवनमन
(5) संकोचन (6) प्रसारण (7) मुद्रण (8) विस्फारण
पेशी संख्या-
सुश्रुत के अनुसार सम्पूर्ण शरीर में 500 पेशियां लिखते हैं इनमें से-
शाखाओं में 400
धड़ में 66
गर्दन व सिर में – 34
कुल 500
शाखागत पेशियाँ-
कुल पेशियाँ- 500
मध्यशरीर की (कोष्ठगत) मांसपेशियाँ-•
दीर्घ पेशियाँदोनों
शिर और ग्रीवा की पेशियाँ-
पेशी प्रकार
1 ऐच्छिक पेशी
2. अनैच्छिक पेशी
3. हार्दिकी पेशी
इन पर धाराएँ नहीं होती, अतः इन्हें अराजिला (Unstriated) कहते हैं। ये अस्थियों से सम्बन्ध नहीं रहती।ये पेशियाँ बिना किसी की इच्छा से, अपने आप ही क्रिया करती हैं, अतः इन्हें स्वतन्त्र पेशी कहते हैं।
पेशियों के कार्य एवं महत्व
सिरा स्नाय्वस्थिपर्वाणि सन्धयश्च शरीरिणाम् ।
पेशीभिः संवृतान्यत्र बलवन्ति भवन्त्यतः ।।
(सु.शा. ५/४९)
पेशी कार्यों में निम्नलिखित मुख्य हैं-
Muscles
DERIVATION OF NAME
Definition
Types of Muscles
1.skeletal,
2.Smooth
3.cardiac
Type of Muscles
Fascicular Architecture of Muscles
A. Parallel fasciculi
B. Oblique fasciculi
C. Spiral or twisted fasciculi
A. Parallel Fasciculi
When the fasciculi are parallel to the line of pull, the muscle may be-
B. Oblique Fasciculi
When the fasciculi are oblique to the line of pull, the muscle may be triangular, or pennate (feather-like) in the construction.
Oblique arrangements are of the following types:.
1.Triangular, e.g. temporalis , adductor longus
2. Unipennate, e.g. flexor pollicis longus, extensor digitorum longus,peroneus tertius, palmar interossei
3. Bipennate, e.g. rectus femoris, dorsal interossei , peroneus longus, flexor hallucis longus.
4. Multipennate, e.g. subscapularis , deltoid (acromial fibres).
5. Circumpennate, e.g. tibialis anterior.
C. Spiral or Twisted Fasciculi
NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
1. Motor fibres (60%) comprise:
2. Sensory fibres (40%) comprise:
Nerve Supply of Smooth Muscle
According to nerve supply the smooth muscles are classified into:
1.Single-unit type:
2.Multi-unit type:
Nerve Supply of Cardiac Muscle
ACTIONS OF MUSCLES
1.Length may remain unchanged (isometric contraction), e.g. holding the hand in outstretched position. Exercise without movement is isometric contraction.
2.During contraction the length of the muscle may increase or decrease but the tension is constant (isotonic contraction). Exercise with movement is isotonic contraction.
3.Length may increase, according to the functional demands of the body. It is called eccentric contraction, e.g. when the upper limb is lowered to the side of the body.
4. Concentric contraction is when there is increasing tension in the muscle as it contracts and shortens. Most of contractions of muscle are consentfunction
72
73 77
| Name | Origin | Insertion | Action | Nerve |
|
Abdominal Muscles | Rectus Abdominis
43 | pubic crest & sym- physis | xyphoid process & costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 |
| Intercostals |
46 43 45 44
45 43 46
44 |
External oblique
44 | outer surface of lower 8 ribs | linea alba via aponeu- rosis |
| Intercostals | ||
Internal oblique
45 | lumbar fascia, iliac crest, & inguinal liga- ment | linea alba, pubic crest, last 3 or 4 ribs, & costal margin |
| Intercostals | ||
Transverse abdominis
46 | inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, carti- lages of last 6 ribs, iliac crest | linea alba, pubic crest |
| Intercostals |
| Name | Origin | Insertion | Action | Nerve |
|
Shoulder Movers | Pectoralis minor
49 | anterior surface of ribs 3-5 (or 2-4) | coracoid process of scapula |
| Both pectoral nerves |
50
49
51
53 52
54 55 |
Subclavius
50 | costal cartilage of rib 1 | groove on inferior surface of clavicle |
| Nerve to subcla- vius | ||
Serratus anterior (boxer’s muscle)
51 | by series of muscle slips from ribs 1-9 | anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula |
| Long thoracic nerve | ||
Trapezius
52 | occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7 - T12 | spine & acromion of scapula, lateral 3rd of clavicle |
| Accesory nerve | ||
Levator scapulae
53 | transverse processes of C1-C4 | medial border of scapula, superior to spine |
| Cervical spinal nerves & dorsal scapular nerve | ||
Rhomboid minor
54 | spinous processes of C7 & T1 | medial border of scapula |
| Dorsal scapular nerve | ||
Rhomboid major
55 | spinous processes of T2-T5 | medial border of scapula |
| Name | Origin | Insertion | Action | Nerve |
|
Arm Movers | Pectoralis major
56 | sternal end of clavi- cle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 1-6, & apo- neurosis of external oblique muscle | by a short tendon into intertubercular groove of humerus |
| Lateral & medial pectoral nerves |
58
56
59
60 62 63
57
61
64 |
Latissimus dorsi
57 | via lumbodorsal fascia into spines of T7-L5, lower 4 ribs & iliac crest | floor of intertubercu- lar groove of humerus |
| Thoracodorsal | ||
Deltoid
58 | lateral 3rd of clavicle, acromion & spine of scapula | deltoid tuberosity of humerus |
| Axillary nerve | ||
Supraspinatus
59 | supraspinous fossa of scapula | superior part of greater tubercle of humerus |
| Suprascapular nerve | ||
Infraspinatus
60 | infraspinous fossa of scapula | greater tubercle of humerus, posterior to supraspinatus |
| Suprascapular nerve | ||
Subscapularis 61 | subscapular fossa of scapula | lesser tubercle of humerus |
| Subcapular nerve | ||
Teres minor
62 | lateral border of dor- sal scapular surface | greater tubercle of humerus, inferior to infraspinatus | same as infraspinatus | Axillary nerve | ||
Teres major
63 | posterior surface of scapula @ inferior angle | intertubercular groove of humerus, tendon fused with tendon of latissimus dorsi |
| Lower scapular nerve | ||
Coracobrachialis 64 | coracoid process of scapula | medial surface of humerus shaft |
| Musculocutane- ous nerve |
| Name | Origin | Insertion | Action | Nerve |
|
Forearm Movers | Biceps brachii
65 | long head (65-1): tuber- cle above glenoid cav- ity and lip of glenoid cavity of scapula short head: (65-2): cora- coid process of scapula | by common tendon to radial tuberosity |
| Musculocutane- ous nerve |
68-1 68-2 68-3 65 66 67
68-1
68-2
69
65-1 65-2 66 |
Brachialis 66 | front of distal humerus | coronoid process of ulna |
| Musculocutane- ous nerve | ||
Brachioradialis
67 | lateral supracondylar ridge @ distal end of humerus | base of styloid pro- cess of radius |
| Radial nerve | ||
Triceps brachii
68 | lateral head (68-1): pos- terior shaft of humerus long head (68-2) : infraglenoid tubercle of scapula medial head (68-3): posterior humeral shaft distal to radial groove | by common tendon into olacrenon pro- cess of ulna |
| Radial nerve | ||
Anconeus
69 | lateral epicondyle of humerus | lateral aspect of ola- cranon process |
| Radial nerve | ||
Forearm Rotators | Pronator teres
70 | medial epicondyle of hu- merus, coronoid process of ulna | by common tendon into lateral radius, midshaft |
| Median nerve |
70 71 |
Supinator
71 | lateral epicondyle of hu- merus, radial collateral & annular ligaments, supinator fossa & crest of ulna | lateral, anterior & posterior surfaces of proximal 1/3 of radius |
| Posterior inter- osseous nerve |
| Name | Origin | Insertion | Action | Nerve |
|
Thigh Movers | Satorius
82 | anterior superior iliac spine | medial aspect of proximal tibia |
| Femoral nerve |
84 83
89 85 82 88 86 87
87
88
91
90
91 92
90 |
Iliopsoas Iliacus 83 | iliac fossa & crest, lat- eral sacrum | lesser trochanter of femur |
| Femoral nerve | ||
Iliopsoas Psoas major 84 | transverse processes of L1-L5, bodies & discs of T12-L5 | lesser trochanter of femur | Ventral nerve | |||
Pectineus
85 | pectineal line of pubis | inferior from lesser trochanter to linea aspera |
| Femoral & obtu- rator nerve | ||
Gracilis
86 | inferior ramus & body of pubis, ischial ramus | medial surface of tibi- al shaft just inferior to medial condyle |
| Obturator nerve | ||
Adductor magnus
87 | ischial & pubic rami, ischial tuberosity | linea aspera & adduc- tor tubercle of femur |
extension (posterior part) | Obturator nerve | ||
Adductor longus
88 | pubic near pubic sym- physis | linea aspera |
| Anterior divi- sion of obturator nerve | ||
Tensor fasciae latae
89 | anterior iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine | iliotibial tract |
| Superior gluteal nerve | ||
Gluteus maximus
90 | dorsal ilium, sacrum & coccyx | gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract |
| Inferior gluteal nerve | ||
Gluteus medius
91 | lateral surface of ilium between anterior & pos- terior gluteal lines | via short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter |
| Superior gluteal nerve | ||
Gluteus minimus
92 | dorsal ilium between an- terior & inferior gluteal lines | superior border of greater trochanter of femur |
| Superior gluteal nerve |
| Name | Origin | Insertion | Action | Nerve |
|
Hamstrings | Biceps femoris
93 | long head (a): ischial tuberosity short head (b): linea aspera & distal femur | by common tendon into head of fibula & lateral condyle of tibia |
| Sciatic nerve |
93 94
95
96 |
Semitendinosus
94 | iscial tuberosity | medial aspect of up- per tibial shaft |
| Sciatic nerve | ||
Semimembranosus
95 | ischial tuberosity | medial condyle of tibia |
| Sciatic nerve | ||
Popliteus
96 | lateral condyle of femur | proximal tibia (poste- rior surface) |
| Tibial nerve | ||
Quadriceps | Rectus femoris
97 | anterior inferior iliac spine & superior margin of acetabulum |
patella & tibial tuberosity via patella ligament |
| Femoral nerve |
98 97 100 98 99 99 |
Vastus lateralis
98 | greater trochanter, inter- trochanteric line, linea aspera |
| Femoral nerve | |||
Vastus medialis
99 | linea aspera, intertro- chanteric line |
| Femoral nerve | |||
Vastus intermedius
100 | anterior & lateral sur- faces of proximal femur |
| Femoral nerve |
CLINICAL ANATOMY
Paralysis
Muscular spasm
Disuse atrophy and hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Research Paper on Muscle
Abstract:-
Background:
There have been conflicting descriptions of brachialis muscle anatomy in the literature. The purpose of the present study was to clarify brachialis muscle anatomy in order to refine surgical techniques around the elbow.
Methods: Eleven cadaveric upper limbs were dissected under loupe magnification. The gross morphological characteristics, relationships, and nerve supply of the brachialis muscle were recorded. The nerve supply was examined histologically to confirm the gross findings.
Methods:
Eleven cadaveric upper limbs were dissected under loupe magnification. The gross morphological characteristics, relationships, and nerve supply of the brachialis muscle were recorded. The nerve supply was examined histologically to confirm the gross findings.
Results:
Conclusions:
Clinical Relevance:
This information may enhance surgical techniques about the elbow. The identification of an interneurons plane may allow for improvement in the current anterior and anterolateral surgical approaches to the humerus.
The tendon of the superficial head is well positioned to allow its transfer to the radial tuberosity, potentially improving supination strength in the absence of a distal biceps tendon.
It is possible that the tendon of the superficial head might also be used to reconstruct the anular ligament or the medial collateral ligament of the elbow.