2 of 29

Definitions

W W W – World Wide Web.
HTML – HyperText Markup Language – The Language of Web Pages on the World Wide Web.

HTML is a text formatting language.

URL – Uniform Resource Locator.
Browser – A software program which is used to show web pages.

3 of 29

“Normal text” surrounded by bracketed tags that tell browsers how to display web pages
Pages end with “.htm” or “.html”
HTML Editor – A word processor that has been specialized to make the writing of HTML documents more effortless.

4 of 29

5 of 29

Words to remember

Codes enclosed in brackets
Usually paired

Not case sensitive

6 of 29

HTML Page Creation & Editing

In this chapter you will learn to create HTML

pages with a standard text editor.

Objectives

Upon completing this section, you should be able to

1. Choose a Text Editor.

2. Create a Basic Starting Document.

3. Understand and set Document Properties.

4. View Your Results in a Browser.

7 of 29

Creating a Basic Starting Document

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>GNDU Amritsar</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

This is what is displayed.

</BODY>

</HTML>

8 of 29

Creating a Basic Starting Document

The HEAD of your document point to above window part. The TITLE of your document appears in the very top line of the user’s browser. If the user chooses to “Bookmark” your page or save as a “Favorite”; it is the TITLE that is added to the list.
The text in your TITLE should be as descriptive as possible because this is what many search engines, on the internet, use for indexing your site.

9 of 29

Setting Document Properties

Document properties are controlled by attributes of the BODY element. For example, there are color settings for the background color of the page, the document’s text and different states of links.

10 of 29

Color Codes

Colors are set using “RGB” color codes, which are, represented as hexadecimal values. Each 2-digit section of the code represents the amount, in sequence, of red, green or blue that forms the color. For example, a RGB value with 00 as the first two digits has no red in the color.

11 of 29

Color Codes

WHITE
BLACK
RED
GREEN
BLUE
MAGENTA
CYAN
YELLOW
AQUAMARINE
BAKER’S CHOCOLATE
VIOLET
BRASS
COPPER
PINK
ORANGE

#FFFFFF
#000000
#FF0000
#00FF00
#0000FF
#FF00FF
#00FFFF
#FFFF00
#70DB93
#5C3317
#9F5F9F
#B5A642
#B87333
#FF6EC7
#FF7F00

12 of 29

The Body Element

The BODY element of a web page is an important element in regards to the page’s appearance. Here are the attributes of the BODY tag to control all the levels:

TEXT="#RRGGBB" to change the color of all the text on the page (full page text color.)

This element contains information about the page’s background color, the background image, as well as the text and link colors.

13 of 29

Background Color

It is very common to see web pages with their background color set to white or some other colors.
To set your document’s background color, you need to edit the <BODY> element by adding the BGCOLOR attribute. The following example will display a document with a white background color:

14 of 29

TEXT Color

The TEXT attribute is used to control the color of all the normal text in the document. The default color for text is black. The TEXT attribute would be added as follows:

In this example the document’s page

color is white and the text would be red.

15 of 29

LINK, VLINK, and ALINK

These attributes control the colors of the different link states:

1. LINK – initial appearance – default = Blue.

2. VLINK – visited link – default = Purple.

3. ALINK –active link being clicked–default= Yellow.

The Format for setting these attributes is:

<BODY BGCOLOR=“#FFFFFF” TEXT=“#FF0000” LINK=“#0000FF”

VLINK=“#FF00FF”

ALINK=“FFFF00”> </BODY>

16 of 29

Using Image Background

The BODY element also gives you ability of setting an image as the document’s background.
An example of a background image’s HTML code is as follows:

17 of 29

Headings, <Hx> </Hx>

Inside the BODY element, heading elements H1 through H6 are generally used for major divisions of the document. Headings are permitted to appear in any order, but you will obtain the best results when your documents are displayed in a browser if you follow these guidelines:
H1: should be used as the highest level of heading, H2 as the next highest, and so forth.
You should not skip heading levels: e.g., an H3 should not appear after an H1, unless there is an H2 between them.

18 of 29

Headings, <Hx> </Hx>

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> Example Page</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1> Heading 1 </H1>

<H2> Heading 2 </H2>

<H3> Heading 3 </H3>

<H4> Heading 4 </H4>

<H5> Heading 5 </H5>

<H6> Heading 6 </H6>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Heading 1

Heading 2

Heading 3

Heading 4

Heading 5

Heading 6

19 of 29

Paragraphs, <P> </P>

Paragraphs allow you to add text to a document in such a way that it will automatically adjust the end of line to suite the window size of the browser in which it is being displayed. Each line of text will stretch the entire length of the window.

20 of 29

Break, <BR>

Line breaks allow you to decide where the text will break on a line or continue to the end of the window.
A <BR> is an empty Element, meaning that it may contain attributes but it does not contain content.
The <BR> element does not have a closing tag.

21 of 29

Break, <BR>

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> Example Page</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1> Heading 1 </H1>

<P>Paragraph 1, <BR>

Line 2 <BR> Line 3 <BR>….

</P>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Heading 1

Paragraph 1,….

Line 2

Line 3

….

22 of 29

Horizontal Rule, <HR>

The <HR> element causes the browser to display a horizontal line (rule) in your document.
<HR> does not use a closing tag, </HR>.

23 of 29

Horizontal Rule, <HR>

Attribute	Description	Default Value
SIZE	Height of the rule in pixels	2 pixels
WIDTH	Width of the rule in pixels or percentage of screen width	100%
NOSHADE	Draw the rule with a flat look instead of a 3D look	Not set (3D look)
ALIGN	Aligns the line (Left, Center, Right)	Center
COLOR	Sets a color for the rule (IE 3.0 or later)	Not set

24 of 29

Horizontal Rule, <HR>

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> Example Page</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1> Heading 1 </H1>

<P>Paragraph 1, <BR>

Line 2 <BR>

</P>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Heading 1

Paragraph 1,….

Line 2

___________________________

Line 3

25 of 29

Bold, Italic and other Character Formatting Elements

<FONT SIZE=“+2”> Two sizes bigger</FONT>
The size attribute can be set as an absolute value from 1 to 7 or as a relative value using the “+” or “-” sign. Normal text size is 3 (from -2 to +4).
<B> Bold </B>
<I> Italic </I>
<U> Underline </U>
Color = “#RRGGBB” The COLOR attribute of the FONT element. E.g., <FONT COLOR=“#RRGGBB”>this text has color</FONT>
<PRE> Preformatted </PRE> Text enclosed by PRE tags is displayed in a mono-spaced font. Spaces and line breaks are supported without additional elements or special characters.

26 of 29

Bold, Italic and other Character Formatting Elements

<EM> Emphasis </EM> Browsers usually display this as italics.
<STRONG> STRONG </STRONG> Browsers display this as bold.
<TT> TELETYPE </TT> Text is displayed in a mono-spaced font. A typewriter text, e.g. fixed-width font.
<CITE> Citation </CITE> represents a document citation (italics). For titles of books, films, etc. Typically displayed in italics. (A Beginner's Guide to HTML)

27 of 29

Bold, Italic and other Character Formatting Elements

<P> <FONT SIZE=“+1”> One Size Larger </FONT> - Normal –

<FONT SIZE=“-1”> One Size Smaller </FONT> <BR>

<B> Bold</B> - <I> italics</I> - <U> Underlined </U> -

<FONT COLOR=“#FF0000”> Colored </FONT> <BR>

<EM> Emphasized</EM> - <STRONG> Strong </STRONG> - <TT> Tele Type </TT> <BR>

One Size Larger - Normal – One Size Smaller �Bold - italics - Underlined - Colored �Emphasized - Strong - Tele Type �

28 of 29

Alignment

Some elements have attributes for alignment (ALIGN) e.g. Headings, Paragraphs and Horizontal Rules.
The Three alignment values are : LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER.
<CENTER></CENTER> Will center elements.

29 of 29

Alignment

<DIV ALIGN=“value”></DIV> Represents a division in the document and can contain most other element type. The alignment attribute of the DIV element is well supported.
<TABLE></TABLE> Inside a TABLE, alignment can be set for each individual cell.