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Politics A-Level Handbook
2026-27
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Content Page
Politics Handbook
Page 4 - Expectations
Pages 5 - Key Information
Page 6-11 - Unit 1 Checklist
Page 12-14 - Unit 2 Checklist
Page 15-18 - How to write a politics essay
Page 19-20 - Enrichment
Page 21 - Reading List
Page 22 - Societies
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Expectations
The Politics Department
Expectations in Government & Politics
In order to provide students with the most effective support, the following principles, practices and processes are to be maintained:
Punctuality. Students are expected to arrive on time, ready to learn and participate, with the correct equipment.
Deadlines. Students are expected to meet deadlines. If, for a good reason, this is not possible, the student should see the teacher involved before the date of the homework is due. Students should catch up with missed work as soon as possible if they are absent. They should see the teacher involved for further guidance. Failure to do so will lead to the discipline procedure being followed (see Sixth Form Handbook).
Learning Environment. Students are expected to take an active part in lessons, being able to engage with discussion in groups, ask and answer questions and focus on written work.
Study periods and independent study. Students will need to read the core textbook and other texts for the lessons so that they can discuss the issues fully. Students should spend an average of 6 hours a week on work outside of lessons. If ‘all’ work is up to date, students should use the reading lists above to study the period further and/or consult the teacher for further advice.
The Government & Politics Department’s commitment to students
Know What is Happening in Politics
The Politics Department
Politics is difficult because it is always changing. There are new examples to know and new case studies to learn each week. It is important that you are aware of what is happening each week in politics. The best way to do this is to listen to politics podcasts.
The following podcasts are the most important that you should listen to:
The Rest is Politics
The News Agents
The Rest is Politics is hosted by the former Conservative MP, Rory Stewart and the former head of Communications to Prime Minister Tony Blair, Alistair Campbell.
They produce two episodes a week in which they discuss the political developments that have occurred in the UK whilst also discussing global events.
Presented by three former BBC journalists, The News Agents produce 5 episodes a week which means that they can go into considerable depth on politics issues. They regularly interview the biggest names in UK politics.
Key Information
The Politics Department
It is essential that you purchase a copy of the politics textbook that we will use in year 12.
Pearson Edexcel A Level UK Government and Politics Seventh Edition Paperback (Neil McNaughton)
It can be purchased from all good book stores and some less good ones also.
If you receive a bursary than we will use this to purchase a textbook on your behalf.
Across Years 12 and 13 you will study the following:
Unit 1 | Unit 2 | Unit 3 |
UK Politics and core ideas | UK Government & Non-Core Political Ideas | Government & Politics of the USA |
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Examined at the end of Year 13 | Examined at the end of Year 13 | Examined at the end of Year 13 |
2 hours | 2 hours | 2 hours |
33.3% of final grade | 33.3% of final grade | 33.3% of final grade |
Course overview
Year 12 Content – Unit 1
The Politics Department
Key terminology | Democracy and participation | | | |
Democracy and participation Legitimacy Direct democracy Representative democracy Pluralist democracy Democratic deficit Participation crisis Franchise/suffrage Think tanks Lobbyist | Current systems of representative democracy and direct democracy. • The features of direct democracy and representative democracy. • The similarities and differences between direct democracy and representative democracy. Advantages and disadvantages of direct democracy and representative democracy and consideration of the case for reform. | | | |
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A wider franchise and debates over suffrage. • Key milestones in the widening of the franchise in relation to class, gender, ethnicity and age, including the 1832 Great Reform Act and the 1918, 1928 and 1969 Representation of the People Acts. • The work of the suffragists/suffragettes to extend the franchise. The work of a current movement to extend the franchise. | | | | |
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Pressure groups and other influences. • How different pressure groups exert influence and how their methods and influence vary in contemporary politics. • Case studies of two different pressure groups, highlighting examples of how their methods and influence vary. • Other collective organisations and groups including think tanks, lobbyists and corporations, and their influence on government and Parliament. | | | | |
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Rights in context. • Major milestones in their development, including the significance of Magna Carta and more recent developments, including the Human Rights Act 1998 and Equality Act 2010. • Debates on the extent, limits and tensions within the UK’s rights-based culture, including consideration of how individual and collective right may conflict, the contributions from civil liberty pressure groups – including the work of two contemporary civil liberty pressure groups. | | | | |
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Year 12 Content – Unit 1
The Politics Department
Key terminology | Political parties | | | |
Political parties Old Labour (social democracy) New Labour (Third Way) One Nation New Right Classical liberals Modern liberals Party systems Left wing Right wing | Political parties. • The functions and features of political parties in the UK’s representative democracy. • How parties are currently funded, debates on the consequences of the current funding system. | | | |
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Established political parties. • The origins and historical development of the Conservative Party, the Labour Party and Liberal Democrat Party, and how this has shaped their ideas and current policies on the economy, law and order, welfare and foreign policy | | | | |
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Emerging and minor UK political parties. • The importance of other parties in the UK. • The ideas and policies of two other minor parties. | | | | |
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UK political parties in context. • The development of a multi-party system and its implications for government. • Various factors that affect party success – explanations of why political parties have succeeded or failed, including debates on the influence of the media | | | | |
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Key terminology | Electoral systems | | | |
First-past-the-post (FPTP) Additional Member System (AMS) Single Transferable Vote (STV) Supplementary Vote (SV) Safe seat Marginal seat Minority government Coalition government | Different electoral systems. • First-past-the-post (FPTP), Additional Member System (AMS), Single Transferable Vote (STV) Supplementary Vote (SV). • The advantages and disadvantages of these different systems. • Comparison of first-past-the-post (FPTP) to a different electoral system in a devolved parliament/assembly. | | | |
Referendums and how they are used. • How referendums have been used in the UK and their impact on UK political life since 1997. • The case for and against referendums in a representative democracy. | | | | |
Electoral system analysis. • Debates on why different electoral systems are used in the UK. • The impact of the electoral system on the government or type of government appointed. • The impact of different systems on party representation and of electoral systems on voter choice. | | | |
Year 12 Content – Unit 1
The Politics Department
Key terminology | Voting behaviour and the media | | | |
Class dealignment Partisan dealignment Governing competency Disillusion and apathy Manifesto Mandate | Case studies of three key general elections. • Case studies of three elections (one from the period 1945– 92, the 1997 election, and one since 1997), the results and their impact on parties and government. • The factors that explain the outcomes of these elections, including: o the reasons for and impact of party policies and manifestos, techniques used in their election campaigns, and the wider political context of the elections of class-based voting and other factors influencing voting patterns, such as partisanship and voting attachment o gender, age, ethnicity and region as factors in influencing voting behaviour, turnout and trends. • Analysis of the national voting-behaviour patterns for these elections, revealed by national data sources and how and why they vary. | | | |
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The influence of the media. • The assessment of the role and impact of the media on politics – both during and between key general elections, including the importance and relevance of opinion polls, media bias and persuasion. | | | |
Year 12 Content – Unit 1
The Politics Department
Key terminology | Liberalism: core ideas and principles | | | |
Foundational equality Formal equality Equality of opportunity Social contract Meritocracy Mechanistic theory Tolerance Limited government |
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Year 12 Content – Unit 1
The Politics Department
Key terminology | Socialism: core ideas and principles | | | |
Fraternity Cooperation Capitalism Common ownership Communism |
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Year 12 Content – Unit 1
The Politics Department
Key terminology | Conservatism: core ideas and principles | | | |
Hierarchy Authority Change to conserve Atomism Noblesse oblige Anti-permissiveness Radical Human imperfection |
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Year 12 Content – Unit 2
The Politics Department
Key terminology | The Constitution | | | |
Constitution Unentrenched (entrenched) Uncodified (codified) Unitary (federal) Parliamentary sovereignty The rule of law Statute law Common law Conventions Authoritative works Treaties Devolution | The nature and sources of the UK Constitution, including: • an overview of the development of the Constitution through key historical documents: Magna Carta (1215); Bill of Rights (1689); Act of Settlement (1701); Acts of Union (1707); Parliament Acts (1911 and 1949); European Communities Act (1972) • the nature of the UK Constitution: unentrenched, uncodified and unitary, and the ‘twin pillars’ of parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law • the five main sources of the UK Constitution: statute law; common law; conventions; authoritative works, and treaties (including European Union law). | | | |
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How the constitution has changed since 1997. • Under Labour 1997–2010: House of Lords reforms, electoral reform; devolution; Human Rights Act 1998; and the Supreme Court. • Under the Coalition 2010–15: Fixed Term Parliaments, Act 2011; further devolution to Wales. • Any major reforms undertaken by governments since 2015, including further devolution to Scotland (in the context of the Scottish Referendum). | | | | |
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The role and powers of devolved bodies in the UK, and the impact of this devolution on the UK. • Devolution in England. • Scottish Parliament and Government. • Welsh Assembly and Government. • Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive. | | | | |
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Debates on further reform. • An overview of the extent to which the individual reforms since 1997 listed in section 1.2 above should be taken further. • The extent to which devolution should be extended in England. • Whether the UK constitution should be changed to be entrenched and codified, including a bill of rights. | | | | |
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Year 12 Content – Unit 2
The Politics Department
Key terminology | Content | | | |
Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Confidence and supply Salisbury Convention Parliamentary privilege Legislative bills Public bill committees Backbenchers Select committees Opposition | The structure and role of the House of Commons and House of Lords.
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The comparative powers of the House of Commons and House of Lords.
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The legislative process.
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The ways in which Parliament interacts with the Executive.
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Prime Minister and Executive Executive Cabinet Minister Government department Royal prerogative Secondary legislation Individual responsibility Collective responsibility Presidential government | The structure, role, and powers of the Executive.
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The concept of ministerial responsibility.
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The Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
The powers of the Prime Minster and the Cabinet to dictate events and determine policy.
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Year 12 Content – Unit 2
The Politics Department
Key terminology | Feminism: core ideas and principles | | | |
Public sphere Private sphere Essentialism Gender stereotypes Otherness Equality and difference feminism Intersectionality Discrimination Equality of opportunity Political equality Legal equality Reserve army of labour Gender equality Cultural feminism Reformist |
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How to write a Politics Essay
The Politics Department
The Introduction:
At A Level History/Politics you should see an essay as a debate. At the start of a debate you will put forward your argument, outline the key points you will discuss and why the opposing argument in invalid.
A good politics/history essay will do the following:
The introduction below is a good example of this:
“Prime Ministers are free to follow the policies that they want”
How far do you agree with this view of Prime Ministerial Power?
A policy is a set of ideas, or a plan of what to do in particular situations, that has been agreed officially by a government or a political party. Although, in the UK, policy should normally be created collectively within the Cabinet, the Prime Minister does dominate policy making. It is clear to see that, on the whole, Prime Ministers are free to follow the policies that they want. As they have control over the Cabinet, all policy presented there will, in part, have been influenced by them, and due to the fact that they will most likely have a majority within Parliament, their legislative proposals should generally always pass. However, there are many limiting factors on prime ministerial power, which can determine whether they are able to follow the policies that they want, e.g. if they are unable to control their party, or if they haven't appeared strong or decisive in the wake of events. Nevertheless, if the Prime Minister appears to be strong and in control of their party and cabinet, there will be no limit on their power, especially in terms of passing policy.
In the introduction the student outlines the key terms that are mentioned in the question. Here she has explained what is meant by policies and who is usually responsible for their creation in the UK.
In this part of the introduction the student is outlining the points that they will discuss in the essay.
The student has outlined their judgement in the introduction. This is the most important aspect of introduction writing. Introduction can be seen as a debate and in a debate you must state your point of view, defend your argument and explain why the alternative argument is invalid.
How to write a Politics Essay
The Main Essay Body:
The following are important in both history and politics essays:
“Prime Ministers are free to follow the policies that they want”
How far do you agree with this view of Prime Ministerial Power?
Prime Ministers are generally free to follow the policies that they want, because they will, in theory, have a majority. This should mean that any piece of legislation that they propose will be passed through the House of Commons, with little difficulty. An example of this, is the fact that from 1997-2007, Tony Blair, who commanded extremely large majorities of 179 & 167 in the 1997 and 2001 election respectively, only suffered 4 defeats in the House of Commons. Through this, it becomes evident that holding a majority significantly enhances the power of a prime minister, allowing them to implement virtually every policy they set out to do. The fact that holding a majority allows prime ministers to follow the policies they want is especially significant if the prime minister has a clear set of ideological goals that they want to fulfil. Thatcher, who had a clearer vision for Britain in her mind, was able to wield her sizeable majorities to completely transform the country by privatising industries and destroying traditional sectors, such as the mining community in the North. In contrast, Tony Blair, despite having larger majorities and more power, did not have a clear ideology, thereby leading him to arguably leave a weaker policy legacy. However , it can also be argued that having a majority does not always mean that a prime minister can follow the policies that they want, particularly if their party is not unified behind them. This would mean that there is a likelihood that their MPs will rebel, leading their proposals not to pass. It also means that instead of concentrating on devising policy, they have to have more of a focus on unity their party. An example of this is John Major who had a small majority after 1992. He was unable to follow the policies that he wanted, because the Conservative Party was so divided over Europe. This thereby emphasises the need for the party to be unified behind the prime minister, in order for legislation to pass through the House of Commons. Nevertheless , this is dependent on the size of the majority that the Prime Minister holds within the Commons – John Major had a small majority, making him more susceptible to being defeated on his policies, whereas the majorities of Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair were so great that they did not have to worry about the rebels within their party, because it would only take an extremely large rebellion for them to ever be defeated. It could also be said that it is dependent on the personality of the Prime Minister. A confident and decisive Prime Minister may find to easier to overcome and work through the disunity in their party and use their majority to implement their proposals. Therefore, in conclusion, Prime Ministers are free to follow the policies that they want, especially if they hold a majority in Parliament.
Start the paragraph by re-writing the question and explaining the point you will discuss. Here the student is demonstrating that they want to argue in agreement with the question and the point they will discuss is about Parliamentary Majorities.
The student has used really specific examples/evidence to support the point that they are making.
The student explain clearly how their point answers the question. Here, showing how having a majority allows the Prime Minister to follow the policies they want.
Again, more examples are provided to support.
The use of key words such as however, nevertheless, nonetheless, denote that the student will now explain how far their point is true. They are showing that there is another point of view to consider.
Another example has been used to support the counter/opposing view.
The use of the term nevertheless suggests that the student will now evaluate which of the two views they have explained is the strongest and why.
How to write a Politics Essay
The Conclusion:
The most common issue with conclusions is that students often simply summarise what they have already written. Instead you should:
In conclusion, Prime Ministers can follow the policies that they want if they have a large majority within the House of Commons, which the British electoral system generally does provide. Although the usefulness of a majority is dependent on whether the party is unified or not behind the Prime Minister, if they wield a larger majority it is less likely for any rebellion to make a significant impact on the Prime Minister’s agenda. The functionality of the majority is particularly enhanced if it is a first-term government, as the MPs will be so grateful to be back in power that they will follow the Prime Minister’s lead, allowing them to implement the legislation that they wish.
Here the student re-states their argument and then delivers a fresh final point that thought the majority is important it becomes even more important if it is a first time government.
Enrichment
The Politics Department
In order to support your learning we recommend that you engage in activities from all of the sections below to help widen your interest in the subject as well as begin to introduce you to the kind of independent learning activities we encourage you to engage with during A level study.
As a minimum we would like you to complete the following:
Subject Reading List
In the first instance I’d urge you to watch the news, listen to political podcasts, and follow prominent politicians on twitter and read newspapers or magazines such as the Economist, Private Eye, the New Statesmen and the Spectator.
Please refer to the reading list towards the back of this booklet for a more extensive list but I’d suggest the following books particularly:
Links
Youtube is full of political videos that you can watch though we would urge some caution as many are one sided and may not give you a balanced view of politics. A good starting point however would be anything of the UK Parliament channel.
https://www.youtube.com/user/UKParliament/playlists?view=50&sort=dd&shelf_id=8
You might also like to watch documentaries on politics or politicians. This 5 part series on the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is long but hugely detailed.
Courses with the Open University
I hope that many of you might wish to go further and one option might be to study a free politics course with the Open University. They have some extremely interesting courses currently and these include:
What is politics
The politics of racial violence
What is Europe?
American Foreign Policy
Relations between America and China
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society/free-courses/?filter=date/grid/679/all/all/all/
Other Opportunities
You may also be interested in the following essay competitions. Though they are usually only open to Year 12 and 13 students they would provide a good opportunity to improve your thinking and writing skills and could be resubmitted next year.
The following essay questions set by Trinity College Cambridge would be a good place to start.
https://www.polis.cam.ac.uk/about-us/prizes/Butlerquestions2020.pdf
The following is open for all students between the ages of 13-18 with a closing date of 31 August so plenty of time to submit. Though there is no straight politics questions, the following two are particularly relevant to any politics students:
https://www.immerse.education/essay-competition/
Our final recommendation would be to listen to political podcasts. The best would be any of those produced by the BBC. A list can be found on the following links https://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/category/factual-politics
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News Updates (many of these are available as apps)
Any quality newspaper (Independent, Telegraph, Guardian, Times. FT)
The Economist*
Total Politics*
The Spectator
The New Statesman
Time
The Week
Politics Review*
Talking Politics (The Politics Association Journal)*
General Interest (available in the Nonsuch or local libraries)
Any political biography from the Blair, Brown Cameron or May era
Any books about Brexit (esp. All Out War by Tim Shipman)
Chris Mullin, View From the Foothills (2009), Decline & Fall: Diaries 2005-2010 (2010) and A Walk-On Part: Diaries 1994-1999 (2011) – all offer accounts of the Blair/Brown era
For political fiction, try any books by Michael Dobbs
* Resources in the Reference Room or the Library
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Useful websites
www.nonsuchhp.blogspot.com – Nonsuch’s own History & Politics blog
www.prechewedpolitics.co.uk – Nonsuch subscription, excellent resources
www.theday.co.uk – Nonsuch subscription, summaries of key news stories
www.tutor2u.net – Very good updates and resources for students
www.politics.co.uk – good on political stories
www.parliament.uk – Parliament’s website
www.number-10.gov.uk – Downing Street’s website, lots of useful information
www.theyworkforyou.com – information re: MPs
www.theweek.co.uk – good summary of the daily UK news
www.the-times.co.uk – the Times newspaper site (Subscription required)
www.dailytelegraph.co.uk – the Daily Telegraph’s site - (Their daily politics email is also recommended – search for “Telegraph Morning Briefing”)
www.guardian.co.uk – the Guardian’s site
www.independent.co.uk – the Independent’s site
www.europarl.eu.int – the European Parliament website
www.bbc.co.uk/news - the BBC site with in-depth analysis of key issues
www.channel4.co.uk/news - the Channel 4 site
www.economist.com - The Economist
If you find Channel 4 news too left wing then perhaps you might want to watch the new GB news channel which is just starting. It is billed as the UK version of Fox News and promises a lot more opinion rather then fact based content.
Channel 4 news is the best programme that you can watch whilst studying A Level Politics. It is on between 7pm-8pm each evening and devotes a large chunk of time towards political coverage. Conservatives have suggested that Channel 4 news is too left wing.
Politics on TV
Enrichment
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There are two societies linked to the History & Politics Department that students are encouraged to get involved in:
History & Politics Society – debates, lectures, presentations, competitions, re-enactments, visiting speakers
Feminist Society – discussion, presentations, debate, speakers
The Blog
The History & Politics Department has a blog which students and teachers write.
http://nonsuchhp.blogspot.co.uk/
Trips
Parliament, Washington DC, lectures
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Societies