� Lifts and Escalators
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Important topics related to their functionality, design, application, safety, maintenance, and technological advancements.
1. Fundamental Concepts & Functionality
IMPORTANT TOPICS
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2. Design, Application & Selection
3. Safety
IMPORTANT TOPICS
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IMPORTANT TOPICS
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Escalator = Scala (means stair in Latin) Elevator
Forms of mechanical transportation may be found within, around and in general association with modern buildings and developments
DEFINITION
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When Elevators are (Almost Always) REQUIRED by Regulation:
When Escalators are OPTIONAL and Desirable (but rarely required as the sole vertical transport):
BASIC REGULATIONS OF CHOICE
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Core Transportation Capabilities
Advanced Traffic Management Capabilities
Smart and Connected Capabilities
Customization and Aesthetic Capabilities:
ELEVATOR CAPABILITIES
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| LIFTS(ELEVATOR) | ESCALATOR | MOVING WALKWAYS |
MOVEMENT | GOES VERTICAL | MOVING STAIRS | HORIZONTAL OR INCLINED MOVING |
FUNCTION |
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SPEED |
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COMPARISON
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ANATOMY
Elevator has been used in buildings having more than 4 levels
Elevator operates on the principle of counterbalance to offset the weight and reduce the amount of force needed
The common components;
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Lift car is the cab/cabin of an elevator. It's the part of the elevator system that passengers or goods enter to be transported between floors.
Lift pit - Also known as an elevator pit, is the bottommost part of an elevator shaft, located below the lowest landing floor.
Lift well/enclosure - Also commonly known as an elevator shaft/ hoistway, is the vertical structure that totally encloses the car, counterweights, and associated machinery within a building and separates the lift well from its surroundings
INTRODUCTION
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SAFETY AND SIGNAGE
Rated load (lift) - maximum load for which the lift car is designed and installed to carry at its rated speed safely.
Rated speed (lift) – mean of the maximum speed attained by the lift car in the upward and downward direction with the rated load inside
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SAFETY FEATURES AND REGULATIONS�
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Elevator in Malaysia is governed by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), under the Ministry of HR.
Factories and Machinery (Electric Passenger and Goods Lift) Regulations 1970: These regulations provide requirements for the design, construction, installation, and testing of electric lifts.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND REGULATIONS
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KEY SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES IN MALAYSIA
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4. Regular Maintenance:
5. Owner/Building Management Responsibilities:
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FIRE ELEVATOR
A fire elevator, referred to as a fire service access elevator (FSAE), is a specialised elevator to be used by firefighters which remains operational for emergency responders.
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The systems are distinguished primarily by their hoisting mechanisms.
Hydraulic
Traction (electric)
TYPE OF ELEVATOR
Pneumatic/ vacuum elevator
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COMPARISON
TRACTION
HYDRAULIC
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HOLED HYDRAULIC
In-ground cylinder extends to a depth equal to the rise of the cab.
Current codes require double-bottom cylinders with leak detection and containment.
Holeless hydraulic elevators use a telescoping hydraulic piston as the driving machine
Eliminating the need for an in-ground cylinder.
Currently limited to a height of about 3 stories.
Telescoping hydraulic piston
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Drive shaft is connected to the sheave by gears in a gear box.
Geared traction systems are designed to operate in the range of 0.5 to 2.5 m/s, which restricts their use to mid rise buildings.
GEARED TRACTION ELEVATOR
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Gearless traction systems are designed to operate in the range of 1.8m/s to 6m/s
Typically installed in high rise buildings.
Greater speeds are also available.
GEARLESS TRACTION ELEVATOR
Machine room
(traction elevator
- above hoistway)
Cabs
Hoistway
and pits
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ELECTRIC MOTOR
The powerhouse of elevator system which is responsible for converting electrical energy into the mechanical force needed to move the car.
In traction elevators (the most common type for multi-story buildings):
Types of Elevator Motors
AC Induction Motors: These are widely used due to their robustness, reliability, simple design, and lower cost.
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GOVERNOR
The governor is a critical safety device in traction elevators. It prevents dangerous overspeed caused by control system failures, cable slippage, or even cable breakage. It serves as a monitoring and activation system for the elevator's emergency braking mechanism, commonly referred to as the safety gear.
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Specialised Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) designed for elevator loads. They consist of a charger, batteries, and an inverter.
ELEVATOR BACKUP POWER SYSTEMS
Automatic Rescue Devices (ARDs)/ Emergency Rescue Devices (ERDs)
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COUNTERWEIGHTS
The counterweight in a tractor elevator works like a seesaw. If you have a heavy person on one side, it takes less effort for a lighter person on the other side to lift them because they are near the fulcrum.
Location:
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Guide rails act as the "tracks" that ensure the smooth, precise, and safe vertical movement of the elevator and counterweight within the hoistway.
Materials Used:
ROLLER GUIDES
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BUFFER
Types of Elevator Buffers:
Buffer stroke (the maximum distance it can compress) is a critical design parameter, determined by the elevator's rated speed and mass, and must comply with standards.
Buffers are located at the bottom, directly beneath the car, and their counterweight acts as a cushion or shock absorber, preventing severe impact if it travels beyond its normal limits.
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OVERLOAD SENSOR
A load sensor is designed to detect when the weight exceeds its maximum rated capacity. It prevents accidents, equipment damage, and ensures passenger safety.
The core principle is converting the physical weight (force) into an electrical signal using a transducer.
Load Cells (most common): When weight is applied, the load cell deforms slightly, causing a change in its electrical resistance.
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CONTROLLER
Types of Elevator Control Systems (Call Logic):
The controller is referred to as the "brain" of the elevator system.
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CAB CONTROLS AND INDICATOR
Cab control or Car Operating Panel (COP), is the primary interface between the passengers and the control system.
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1. Door Interlocks:
2. Door Sensors (Obstruction Detection Systems):
3. Door Lock Monitoring (DLM):
4. "Nudging" Operation:
DOOR INTERLOCKS
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>3’-6” for simultaneous loading/unloading
<3’-6” for singular loading
DOOR OPENINGS
Doors serve both as the primary point of entry and exit for passengers, as a vital safety barrier. Unlike regular building doors, elevator doors operate in a synchronized pair to ensure safety and efficiency.
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PRELIMINARY DESIGN OR DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Elevator design and considerations have a significant impact on a building's functionality, efficiency, safety, and overall user experience.
Preliminary Design Phase:
Detailed Design Considerations
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How well an elevator system handles passenger demand, which is determined through traffic analysis and simulation, especially for new buildings.
ELEVATOR PERFORMANCE
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Total number of individuals who typically occupy or are expected to occupy a specific building or space at a given time. Typical area per person based on net area and building type
BUILDING POPULATION
Estimating the "Working Population"
Design Implications
Challenges with Population Estimation
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EQUIPMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Design an elevator system for a 10 storey, single purpose tenant, office building that provides an “good” level of service.
Construction level is “normal”
Floor height: 12’-0” floor to floor
Floor area: 15,000 net square feet (nsf) each
Handling Capacity (HC): HC=300p/I
Interval (I): I=RT/N
5-min. Handling Capacity (h): h=300p/RT
Number of cars (N): N=HC/h
I = Interval
p = passenger
RT= Round time
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DETERMINE BUILDING POPULATION
Office building
Single tenant
Normal construction
Range 🡪 90-110 sf/person
say 100 sf/person
Population= 9 floors x 15,000sf� 100sf/person
Population=1350 people
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DETERMINE PERCENT HANDLING CAPACITY (PHC)
Office building Investment
Range 🡪 11.5-13 % say 12%
PHC=0.12
HC=0.12 x 1350 people
= 162 people
Definition: The maximum number of passengers an elevator or a group of elevators can transport in a given time period (typically a 5-minute peak period).
Importance: Crucial for ensuring efficient movement of people during peak hours.
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DETERMINE INTERVAL (I)
Office building
“Good” service
I=25-29 sec
Definition: The average time between successive elevator cars departing from the main (ground) in lobby floor in a group. For a single elevator, it's the time between its departures.
Importance: Directly impacts passenger waiting times. In essence, if you have an interval of 25 seconds during a peak period, it means a lift should be departing approximately every 25s.
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DETERMINE RISE & SELECT CAR
9 floors (exclude lobby)
12’-0” floor-floor
Rise=9 x 12’-0’
Rise=108’
Select Car:
2500# car
@400 fpm (floor/minute)
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DETERMINE AVERAGE TRIP TIME (AVTRP)
12’-0” floor-floor
2500# car
400 fpm
9 floors
AVTRP= 64 sec
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DETERMINE ROUND TRIP TIME (RT)
12’-0” floor-floor
2500# car
9 floors
400 fpm
RT= 112 sec
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SINGLE CAR CAPACITY (P)
2500# car
p= 13 people
DETERMINE 5-MINUTE HANDLING CAPACITY (H)
h=300p/RT= 300 x 13/112
h= 34.8 people
p = people RT = round time
DETERMINE NUMBER OF CARS (N)
N=HC/h= 162/34.8
N= 4.7 cars (say 5 cars)
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11. CONFIRM INTERVAL (I)
I=RT/N=112/5=22.4 sec
Required I 🡪 25-29 sec
Design exceeds performance requirements
12. REPEAT UNTIL PERFORMANCE COMPLIES
Try 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)
13. (REPEAT)CONFIRM INTERVAL (I)
I=RT/N= 112/4= 28 sec
Required I 🡪 25-29 sec
Design meets performance requirements
Performance is in compliance
Use 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)
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ANATOMY
Escalator : is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
Escalators in the department stores rise at an angle between 30°-35°. The higher angle of the escalator is more economical as it takes up less surface area.
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ESCALATOR COMPONENTS
Comb plates
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PURPOSE OF THE ESCALATOR
The escalator efficiently and continuously moves a large volume of people between different floors or levels within a building, especially over short to medium vertical distances.
Escalators excel in high-traffic environments where a constant flow of pedestrians is needed.
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ESCALATOR ARRANGEMENT
PARALLEL
MULTIPLE PARALLEL
CROSS-OVER &
CRISS-CROSS
WALKAROUND
Escalator arrangement manages passenger flow, optimises space, and enhances the overall user experience.
Single Escalator Arrangement - A single escalator unit connecting 2 levels.
Parallel Escalator Arrangement:
Criss-Cross (or Scissor) Arrangement:
Curved/Spiral Escalators:
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The maximum number of persons an escalator could theoretically transport per hour, assuming every step is occupied to its maximum capacity.
The real-world capacity is always lower than the theoretical capacity. It accounts for factors like passenger hesitation, spacing, and the "walking factor".
The rate at which the steps move, measured in m/s.
The angle of the escalator's incline relative to the horizontal - 30/35 degrees
The width of the individual escalator steps.
Standard Values: 600mm-Single person, 800mm-Single person with luggage or a child and 1000mm-Accommodates 2 people side-by-side
ESCALATOR PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
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The following formula can be used to ascertain capacity and compare efficiency and sustainability of escalators at building design stage;
Where
N = number of persons moved per hour
P = number of persons per step
V = escalator speed (m/s)
L = length of step (m)
θ = angle of incline
number of person per hour
ESCALATOR CAPACITY
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