Crafting and Funding a Local Acquisition/Buyout Strategy

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FEMA Cooperating Technical Partnership (CTP) Webinar #2

June 10th, 2024

Why An Acquisition/Buyout Series?

1. Connect and interact as a community of practice in ways that local, state, federal governments, Tribes and NGOs are better able to create, fund, and implement watershed-scale acquisition and buyout programs to reduce flood losses and create opportunities for conservation and/or salmon recovery efforts; and

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• Learn from other leaders across the nation working on buyout and acquisition programs as Washington State begins to explore the possible creation of a more effective statewide acquisition program.

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Welcome.

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4-Part Acquisition Series

FBD Lunch and Learn: Flood Risk: Need for acquisitions and buyouts - June 6th

This L&L provides information from Washington State EMD’s newly created Disaster Resilience Program and a national perspective of flood risk and how local communities are taking action to reduce post-disaster losses, with a focus on costs, time and impacts. This L&L starts a series of discussions in different forums in June and July exploring acquisitions and buyouts as a tool for flood risk reduction.

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FEMA CTP Webinar: Crafting and Funding a local acquisition/Buyout Strategy - June 10th YOU ARE HERE!

Come learn and share strategies for crafting a property acquisitions and buyout strategy, either in advance of or in response to a damaging flood event. Topics will include clarifying the purpose of your strategy and establishing priority areas and parcels, equity considerations and beginning to understand considerations about funding relative to community needs, competitiveness, requirements, timing of disbursements and more. This Webinar is hosted through the Cooperating Technical Partnership between American Rivers, BEF and FEMA.

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FEMA CTP Webinar: Implementing a local acquisition/buyout Approach - June 13th

Learn specifics about the acquisition process, expertise needed for success and hear a panel of local experts reflect on lessons learned and approaches to implementing successful programs. Specific topics will include landowner engagement and generating interest, outreach letters, creating and sustaining willing buyer lists, demolition and more. This Webinar is hosted through the Cooperating Technical Partnership between American Rivers, BEF and FEMA.

Register here: https://floodplainsbydesign.org/event/implementing-an-acquisition-buyout-strategy-part-3/

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FBD Lunch and Learn: Exploring Creative Roles State’s Are Playing to Get People out of Harm’s Way - July 11th

Many states are already experiencing levels of flooding that far exceed, but are illustrative of what is to come in Washington. Learn from others across the nation grappling with the increasing pace and magnitude of flooding and ways State governments are establishing creative State-led programs to help move people out of harm’s way quicker and with more ease for both administrators and those experiencing flooding.

Register here: https://floodplainsbydesign.org/event/monthly-lunch-learn-series-2023-04-06-2023-12-07-2024-07-04/

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Note Completed May 23rd CTP Webinar: On interrelated Hazard Mitigation Planning.

Today’s Speakers:

A.R. Siders - “Siders” is an associate professor at the University of Delaware in the Disaster Research Center, the Biden School of Public Policy and Administration, and the department of Geography and Spatial Sciences. She holds a JD from Harvard Law School and a PhD from the Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources at Stanford University. Her research focuses on climate change adaptation decision-making and evaluation: how adaptation decisions and decision-making processes affect risk reduction and equity outcomes. Her current projects focus on adaptive capacity, managed retreat, and adaptation fairness.

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Anne-marie Marshall-Dody is the Assistant Director for Disaster Resilience for the Washington State Emergency Management Division. She has over three decades of experience in the public works sector, working with critical infrastructure and floodplain management. Anne-marie has a BA from Central Washington University in Physical Geography and is a Certified Floodplain Manager.

Today’s Speakers:

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• Helmut Schmidt, Floodplain Administrator & Floodplain Services Supervisor, Pierce County Planning and Public Works: Helmut has 30+ years working in floodplain management and restoration design/construction. He has a comprehensive understanding of the tributary drainage and riverine function of the Puyallup River watershed. A lover of history, he also brings both a researched and lived perspective of infrastructure, policy and flood events that have shaped Pierce County Floodplain Management. As Floodplain Administrator, he ensures development and County regulations stay in compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).
• Jessica Hamill, Project Specialist IV, Snohomish County: Jessica has a Master’s Degree in International Environmental Policy with over 15 years of experience working in floodplains, conducting environmental assessments, leading strategic planning projects, and facilitating and coordinating multi-interest stakeholder groups. Jessica previously worked at the Department of Ecology in the early days of FbD and worked with folks to help build the grant program. Jessica has worked with Sustainable Lands Strategy partners to build the Community Floodplain Solutions (CFS) program to develop the tools and tactics for IFM actions in the Snohomish watershed. She has managed the program since its inception in 2019.

Today’s Speakers:

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• Deb Johnson, River & Flood Engineer with Whatcom County River & Flood Division. Deb has 25 years of experience working in water resources engineering including habitat restoration, integrated floodplain planning and implementation, NFIP, and floodplain buyouts/elevations. In her current role, Deb utilizes her broad experience to improve floodplain management for the Nooksack River basin. She holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Montana State University in water resources engineering while also having a blast as a Title IX athlete in alpine skiing.
• Tim Cook, EMD State Hazard Mitigation Officer, Washington State Emergency Management Division. Tim has nearly three decades of experience working in government, non-profit and the private sector. In his current role, Tim and his team administer the FEMA funded Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant programs for Washington State and maintain the state’s Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan. His previous work adventures include positions at FEMA, U.S. Peace Corps, AmeriCorps, and URS Corporation.
• Jonathon Loos is the Flood Policy Lead at the Washington Department of Ecology. Jonathon has a statewide role advancing integrated floodplain management policy and supports the Floodplains By Design program. Jonathon has broad expertise in watershed science and policy and holds a Ph.D. in watershed governance from Dartmouth College.

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Today’s Speakers:

• Susan O’Neil Susan O’Neil is a Senior Conservation Planner at Environmental Science Associates (ESA) with over 20 years of experience in collaborative planning, adaptively managing, and funding conservation programs. At ESA, Susan works with clients to develop locally appropriate conservation plans and funding strategies. She is a Kinship Conservation Finance Fellow and is certified through the internal Conservation Coaches Network. Susan recently assisted clients in securing over $30M in BIL and IRA federal funds for salmon recovery and natural climate solution projects in Washington watersheds.
• Rebecca Lee, Pierce County Rebecca Lee is the Grants Coordinator for Pierce County Planning and Public Works - Surface Water Management with almost ten years of government experience, looking for federal, state and local grant funding. In her current role, Rebecca has helped Pierce County acquire over $35M in the last few years to fund integral projects relating to flooding, water quality and fish passage.

Agenda:

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• 2:30 - 2:50 - Welcome and Setting the Stage

Anne-marie Marshall-Dody - WA EMD - Disaster Resilience Program

AR Siders - Role of An Acquisition Administrator

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• 2:50-3:30 - Crafting an Acquisition Strategy
• Crafting an Acquisition Strategy: Helmut Schmidt, Pierce County
• Planning Tool Spotlight: Jessica Hamill, Snohomish County
• Post-Disaster Case Study: Deb Johnson, Whatcom County

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• 3:30-3:58 - Funding an Acquisition Strategy
• Federal Funding, Tim Cook, WA EMD
• State Funding, Jonathan Loos, Washington Department of Ecology
• Salmon Recovery Funds, Susan O’Neil, Environmental Science Associates
• Case Study: Rebecca Lee, Pierce County

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• 3:58-4:00 - Closing

Stepping Stones to an Acquisition

June 10th: Crafting and Funding

June 13th: Implementing

AMMD Overview Slides go here

AMMD slides go here

A.R. Siders, JD, PhD

@sidersadapts | siders@udel.edu

Climate Change Hub | Disaster Research Center

Biden School | Geography | Marine Policy

Sidersadapts.com

HotPot AI

Buyouts require difficult ethical choices.

There is no single right decision. Experts can make challenges easier & respond to context. Be mindful & transparent. Engage communities carefully.

Disaster or Threat of Disaster

Local government applies for funds

Local government offers buyouts

Homeowners decide, and if they accept, move out

Land maintained as public open space

Who is most affected? Whose homes most damaged?

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Mileti 1999, DeVries Fraser 2012; Martinich et al. 2018

Which governments have capacity? Who has government representation?

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Mach et al. 2019, Siders 2018; Elliott et al. 2020; Nelson & Malloy 2021

Where does gov. offer buyouts? How much do they offer?

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NRDC 2019, McGee 2018, Kraan et al. forthcoming, Siders and Keenan 2019

What influences homeowner decision? Where do they go? Is housing stock replaced?

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Robinson 2018, Bukvic 2016

Who benefits from open space? Gentrification or displacement?

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Keenan et al. 2018, Shokry et al. 2020

U.S. Voluntary Property Acquisition “Buyout”

@sidersadapts

the “administrator’s dilemma”:��where & how to offer buyouts in a just/fair/equitable* way?��spoiler: no one knows / agrees; probably multiple answers but few practical guidelines

@sidersadapts

Siders 2022

Prioritize buyouts in low-income areas:

• More likely to be damaged in disaster (and disasters exacerbate wealth inequality)
• Less likely to be able to afford other adaptations (e.g., home elevation, private floodwall)
• Help more people (money goes further)

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Avoid buyouts in low-income areas:

• May be less likely to find replacement housing at comparable price
• May feel pressure to accept buyouts if offered (because less able to afford other adaptation options)

Practitioners don’t agree on where you “should” offer buyouts

Siders & Gerber-Chavez, 2022

National Weather Service

“the community” decides��simple.�

“the community” decides��simple.�

Who is in the community?

Who gets a voice?

Who “represents” or speaks for the community?

what scale? what criteria?

who decides?

How make decisions?

vote? consensus? leader?

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How handle conflict?

@sidersadapts

“When you walk through Ellicott City … you see where slaves were hidden on their path to freedom. …this place is worth sticking around and working for.”

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“If you pretend that human lives are worth less than historic buildings, you’re a despicable person. And I don’t have any bones about saying that. You’re absolutely despicable.”

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- Ellicott City, MD residents, quoted in Hersher, NPR, 2019

Siders 2022

Expert Administrators Make these Challenges Easier

(not 100% gone but easier)

Expert administrators…

• Receive more funds & more frequent funds
• Help communities that are eligible for lower federal cost-share
• Apply for more funds & higher success rates
• More likely to get “leftovers”
• Use buyouts more strategically
• Bundle benefit-cost analysis & mix funds for strategic goals
• Streamline processes (e.g., when do appraisal, how, appraisers on speed dial); processes for automatic approval
• Better land use – e.g., funds or partnerships for land use
• Achieve better results for participants & community
• Help residents handle or avoid duplication of benefits concerns
• Maintain regular communication with homeowners & have more strategies for community engagement & diverse voices
• Navigate Uniform Relocation Act for renter support
• Other examples: Habitat for Humanity demolition & jobs program
• Set the framework & processes

1. DON’T PANIC.

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• Pursue systems transformation; make a bigger decision space, more options on table (e.g., coordinate with housing)

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• Be mindful of equity & justice at all stages & in your specific context (past & present); you’ll do better even if not perfect

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• Talk about values; be explicit & transparent about choices. Transparency & improvement.

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• Engage communities WITH a plan & with support (but keep ability to balance community desires with regional needs)

Disaster or Threat of Disaster

Local government applies for funds

Local government offers buyouts

Homeowners decide, and if they accept, move out

Land maintained as public open space

Who is most affected? Whose homes most damaged?

​

​

Mileti 1999, DeVries Fraser 2012; Martinich et al. 2018

Which governments have capacity? Who has government representation?

​

Mach et al. 2019, Siders 2018; Elliott et al. 2020; Nelson & Malloy 2021

Where does gov. offer buyouts? How much do they offer?

​

NRDC 2019, McGee 2018, Kraan et al. forthcoming, Siders and Keenan 2019

What influences homeowner decision? Where do they go? Is housing stock replaced?

​

Robinson 2018, Bukvic 2016

Who benefits from open space? Gentrification or displacement?

​

Keenan et al. 2018, Shokry et al. 2020

U.S. Voluntary Property Acquisition “Buyout”

@sidersadapts

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QUESTIONS?

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siders@udel.edu

Buyouts require difficult ethical choices.

There is no single right decision. Experts can make challenges easier & respond to context. Be mindful & transparent. Engage communities carefully.

Crafting an Acquisition Strategy

Pierce County Dialogue

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Helmut Schmidt, Floodplain Administrator and Floodplain Services Supervisor

Stepping Stones to an Acquisition

Puyallup Flood Control

Giving the River Room….

…While considering competing needs of flood risk reduction, aquatic species, agriculture, & other community values.

Old Levee Alignment

Types of Acquisition Strategies

Floodplain Land Strategy for Lower Skykomish

Floodplain Land Strategy for the Lower Skykomish River (arcgis.com)

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Case Study: Whatcom County Acquisitions in the Wake of the Nov�2021 Nooksack Flood

Deb Johnson, P.E.

Whatcom County River and Flood Division

River & Flood Engineer now also Acquisition and Elevation Lead

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Photo Credit: Aaron Kurashige

Photo Credit: Aaron Kurashige

Nov 2021 Flood- Flood of Record

AFN: Access and Functional Needs

2,000 damaged structures

Initial Willing Seller/Elevation List: 122

Fed Funding for 17 Buyouts & 28 Elevations

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What is Our Plan?

Post Flood Acquisition Program Challenges: Who, Where, Purpose

• When the need so entirely outweighs immediate funding – how do you prioritize/sequence work?
• Level of landowner need/distress? Equity considerations
• Parcels poised to be bought out by Seattle developers?
• Parcels positioned to be part of long-term flood risk reduction projects?
• Landowners with elected official or media backing?
• Located in highest risk areas/floodway
• Severe funding limitations compared with demand creates the need to prioritize buyouts - do we invest in getting people out OR invest to protect people in place
• We initially focused on getting the most severely impacted residents out of harms way
• Continuing to focus on getting people out of harms way but also strategic buyouts for implementing our long-term integrated floodplain strategies for the river

Post Flood Acquisition Program Challenges: Funding Timing

• Post-flood disaster federal funding is incredibly complex and takes a very, very long time

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• State funding is quicker, more flexible and can have less restrictions for post-acquisition projects – than federal funding

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• Both are time intensive and complex – above statements are relative

Post Flood Acquisition Program Challenges: Federal Funding Hurdles

• Requests for information – prior to receiving funding
• Expertise and time required write and manage grants
• Estimated purchase prices were too low - when funding arrived/appraisals were completed – had to remove properties from package
• Layers of bottlenecks – local, state, federal
• “Fast Track” is still 2-3 years to hit the ground
• It is a lot of money – but strict limitations on property usage
• No FEMA guidance on equity considerations

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Time spent ahead of a disaster thinking about your community’s long-term vision, goals, and strategies to get there is invaluable - disasters can be a catalyst for rapid change

Lessons Learned: Relationships Matter

Do not underestimate the value of taking time to have and nurture relationships because everyone and everything will benefit from:

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• A trusted team (within and across your institution – including departments and divisions)
• Partners and Partnerships (for us Tribes, small cities, federal and state agencies, elected officials, agricultural community)
• Funders already knowledgeable about your area
• Can secure and reallocate funds
• Can find new pathways for resources
• Deep community connections locally and more broadly because they (including preceding bullets) will be who:
• Steps up in first weeks
• Gives you names of good consultants and resources
• Listens while you grieve and work through stress
• Connects you to key funding pathways
• Provide knowledge and resources
• Is there, by your side, for the long-haul

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CRITICAL

Lessons Learned: Heart-Work

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• Post-disaster is heart work – truly the most vulnerable are hit hardest and longest
• Consider how you and your team will manage
• Consider who can and is willing to be in that role given it that may take a decade or even a career
• Trauma-informed care is an amazing resource and offers an excellent set of pre-planning tools
• The Bonneville Environmental Foundation offers free training modules here that are excellent resources before or after an event.

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• The acquisition/buyout work is right at the heart of the community’s initial and on-going trauma

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• Having even a rudimentary structure for who, where and purpose of a post-major flood buyout/acquisition strategy ahead of time can help
• reduce the emotional weight and burden of trying to create and decide in real-time and
• provide the community with more certainty and clarity as they work to rebuild their lives.

Lessons Learned: Bureaucratic Savviness – The Money

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• Plan for reliance upon local and State funding for the first 3-4 years at a minimum
• Note our willing seller interest dropped dramatically by the time Federal funds became available 3-years later

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• Plan for federal buyout funding to first arrive in 3-4 years (even if expedited) at the earliest

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• Cash Flow – these are reimburseable grants – how can your community navigate that?
• Whatcom County had to take out a loan and facilitating match is complicated

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• Match – you are required to find match – where can it come from?

Lessons Learned: Bureaucratic Savviness – Planning, Partnerships and Creativity

• Acquisition/Buyout Work is Complicated, Time-consuming and Complex
• Consider as much as possible all the steps that will be required early in budgeting and grant writing - we hired an experienced consultant to help us with this
• Documentation, preplanning, and access to key expertise at key junctures is critical – create the bandwidth and budget to be able to manage all the details
• You cannot do it alone
• Build a network of (or means of accessing) flood buyout experts (think budgeting) – this is a specialized skillset and you will need it
• Grantwriters, grant management support, acquisition purchase support (see stepping stone infographics from this series)
• Invest in a community of practice or colleagues
• Important to develop good working relationships with grant partners
• Bring those impacted to the table - they have direct experience and creative ideas to share
• Integrated approaches that have mutual benefits to fish, flood and farm could help access a variety of funding sources or allow reallocation of existing funds
• Programs like FbD can be flexible – consider all your potential tools

Lessons Learned: Bureaucratic Savviness – Manage Expectations

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• Manage expectations – as hard as it is
• People in dire straits cannot be given truly false and erroneous hope
• Elected officials and others seeking instant success need to stay in the game
• Your team and partners can help if better aware of complexities and challenges early on
• Education and communication efforts are essential before, during, and after a flood

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Lessons Learned: The Role of Buyout Administrator is TREMENDOUS

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• Equity is big and complicated and the decisions you make in this role totally impact the direction of people’s lives
• Capacity and resources needed to succeed, expertise and support in this role is critical
• There are tools and resources - lean into your network, relationships and connections – it is easy to become isolated

Thank You

Even 2-4 Hours of Thinking and Talking

• A list of possible HMGP experts – or even where to go to find such a list
• A discussion of who would take on buyouts post disaster and how that would affect other post-flood needs
• A quick, but real, discussion about scale – numbers of people, homes and needs
• Establish even a rough framework/structure for how you might decide where to buyout and why
• Attending a webinar series like this so you aren’t completely caught off guard
• Reviewing the stepping stones and considerations
• Understanding the reality of federal funding so expectations are appropriately established right away – even for “FastTrack” Funding
• Understanding and building Local and State funding relationships so you can make a case immediately and effectively

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Funding an Acquisition Strategy

Available Resources:

Acquisition planning support - FCAAP

Acquisition planning + funding - FbD

Jonathon Loos

Flood Policy Lead

Floodplain Management Unit

Dept. of Ecology

Floodplains by Design

Est. 2013, FbD is an ambitious public-private partnership that includes a capital grant program and a network dedicated to advancing floodplain resilience statewide.

FbD projects – competitive grant program administered by Ecology on biennium cycle.

Funding available: ~$ 35-65 million each biennia, project awards range ~$50k-10 million.

Applicants: Cities, Towns, Counties, Tribes, Conservation Districts, municipal corporations, flood control districts, NGOs​

Activities: ​Multiple-benefit floodplain projects that integrate flood hazard reduction, ecosystem restoration, and enhance working lands at a watershed scale.

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• Pre-Construction Planning and Construction
• Feasibility Studies, Design and Permitting
• Land acquisition and Easements (willing sellers)
• Buy-outs and Relocation Costs
• Riparian/Wetland Restoration
• Outreach and Education

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Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe: Rivers Edge Levee Setback

Flood Control Assistance Account Program (FCAAP)

Established in 1984, FCAAP is a state grant funding program managed by Ecology on a biennial funding cycle.​ Funding is available for –​

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Flood planning projects – competitively evaluated and awarded.

Average award: $150,000​

Applicants*: Cities, Towns, Counties, Federally-recognized Tribes, Conservation Districts, Flood control districts​

Activities: ​

• Developing/updating CFHMPs​
• Studies in support of CFHMP activities​
• Mapping/modeling​
• Public outreach/engagement​ (e.g. acquisition planning)
• Match for federal projects ​

*Projects in underserved communities prioritized in 2021-23 and 2023-25 biennia​

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Emergency flood response projects – available on first come-first served basis.

Funding available: $150k - 400k available per biennium

Applicants: Cities, Towns, Counties, Conservation Districts, Flood control districts​

Activities: ​

• Emergency flood response and recovery work, such as: ​
• Acquisition
• Purchasing pumps, barricades, & signage​
• Replacing undersized culverts​
• Coordinating emergency response & recovery​
• Water quality testing​

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Aligning Floodplain Acquisitions with Salmon, Conservation & Open Space Funding Sources

Susan O’Neil

Sr Conservation Planner, ESA

Acquisition Funding Sources to Consider

STATE/LOCAL

Salmon Recovery Funding Board (RCO)

Washington Wildlife & Recreation Program (RCO)

Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account (RCO)

Floodplains by Design (ECY)

Streamflow Restoration Grants (ECY)

Rivers and Habitat Open Space Program (DNR)

Puget Sound Acquisition & Restoration Fund* (PSP/RCO)

Estuary & Salmon Restoration Program* (WDFW)

Conservation Futures* (County)

*restricted to certain geographies in the state

NATIONAL BIL PROGRAM EXAMPLES

NOAA Transformational Habitat & Resilience - allowable as a component of a project

NFWF America the Beautiful Challenge - not excluded but must demonstrate that its critical to overall landscape restoration being conducted

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PRIVATE LOAN FUND FOR ACQUISITIONS

Washington Opportunity Fund - up to $500K

Tips and Tricks

• See RCO’s Acquisition Tool Kit & Manual 3
• For SRFB/PSAR grants, RCO allows a geographic envelope that IDs multiple parcels for acquisition

Described in Manual 18 - pp 13-14

“An applicant may propose buying multiple properties within stream reaches, estuaries or nearshore areas if any parcel within the specific area will achieve the project’s objectives”

• Geographic envelope includes all parcels- contiguous or nearly contiguous and interchangeable when being evaluated.
• Describe prioritization and include at least one parcel with willing seller (& Landowner Acknowledgement Form)
• Future amendments and funding can be sought for any parcel within the envelope that becomes available - shortens the time between project identification and purchase
• Who is using this approach now? Skagit, Snohomish, Stillaguamish, Entiat and Wenatchee
• Don’t forget the Waiver of Retroactivity!

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• Puget Sound Regional Council has a Conservation Toolkit to accompany their 4-county Open Space Plan

Learn more!

ESA does detailed funding strategies for sites, reach-scale plans, salmon recovery/open space plans

Contact me: Susan O’Neil soneil@esassoc.com or Spencer Easton seaston@esassoc.com

Contact RCO staff for questions on allowable projects and approach: Kat Moore, Elizabeth Butler

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Considerations when Choosing which Grant Opportunity to Pursue

Before the grant:

• Capacity - Writing & Review
• Grant Funding Available vs. Project Cost
• Timing/End Goals
• Match/Cash Flow
• Coordination with landowners

�After the grant:

• Management & Reporting
• Billing & Accounting
• Coordination with tenants

�Question you need to ask: is the benefit to cost ratio of applying for a grant worth it?

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Grant Acquisitions

Upcoming Events and Past Event Recordings

Upcoming Programming- Links to Calendar Invite

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• June 13th Webinar: Implementing a Local Acquisition and Buyout Approach

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• July 11th L&L - Exploring Creative Roles State’s Are Playing to Get People Out of Harm’s Way

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• August: SUMMER! No Lunch and Learn

Links to Recordings and Materials from Past Events

• May Webinar - Integrating Nature-Based Solutions for Effective Hazard Mitigation Planning – Coming Soon!

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• June 6th L&L: Flood Risk - A Need for Acquisition and Buyouts Click here for video: https://vimeo.com/954568495

Click here for slidedeck: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1yw-X0mK1iVWqRWmq9l0I9e7aqI6kwrfQ/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=110040039135982504015&rtpof=true&sd=true

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June 10th: Crafting and Funding

June 13th: Implementing

Secure Funding to Completed Project

Resources

Links to AR Siders Work Provided in Chat

AR Siders Website: https://www.sidersadapts.com/

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This report by AR Siders and L. Gerber-Chavez draws on case studies and interviews with experienced buyout administrators to understand why buyout programs are challenging and to identify how administrators have managed to reduce or overcome challenges.

https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Buyouts_Lessons_Learned_Siders_Gerber_Chavez_TNC_Full_Report_2021.pdf

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Social justice implications of US managed retreat

buyout programs - AR Siders

https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s10584-018-2272-5?author_access_token=bAr_N6AU7_14U0_5I_OrxPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY6i0pTTVhGWP4AkulV6LxNlFsRLvpYsDANA8Dx97FmnZoxIcXxln3NQ8r9bkFZGGNeqt-pFbtJ4wShJuHEqyM94XoBuXD1lTgWtyRyhVP6NIA%3D%3D

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https://ticforenviros.learnworlds.com/

Resources

RCO Manual 3: Acquisition Projects

This is a go-to resource for acquisition support as it provides information on steps and procedures relevant for many acquisitions regardless of the funding source.

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USACE: National Nonstructural Committee

https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Project-Planning/nnc/

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Book: Seek Higher Ground, The natural solution to our urgent flooding Crisis - by Tim Palmer

https://www.powells.com/book/seek-higher-ground-9780520382732

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