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STRAND 2

SUPPORT SYSTEMS -

Students will explore aspects of the body systems related to support.

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Standard 1

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Identify the basic functions of the skeletal system.

Hematopoiesis:

The process of producing blood cells in the red bone marrow

Structure/Support:

Provides a rigid framework that supports the soft tissues of the body and maintains the body’s shape

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How strong are bones?

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Identify the basic functions of the skeletal system.

Movement Facilitation

Bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction to movement

Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles

Mineral Storage

Bones store calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in bone matrix

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Identify the basic functions of the skeletal system.

Joints

Any location where 2 bones meet

Types:

Many joint are freely movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, knee, etc.

Some joints allow little to no movement such as the sutures of the skull

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Review

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Standard 2

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Explore the basic structure of the skeleton.

All of the following bones can (and will) be used on the

✨QUIZ - Verbal Muscle and Bone Identification

Use the Quizlet and Quizizz links on Canvas to help you get ready.

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Bones of the Cranium

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Vertebral Column

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The Ribs and Sternum

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Bones of the Upper Extremities

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The Pelvis

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Bones of the Lower Extremities

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Identify the basic functions of the skeletal system.

Ligaments attach bones to bones

They provide much of the support for our freely movable joints

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Somedays…

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Standard 3

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

FRACTURES

  • Broken Bone
    • Types of fractures
      • Closed or simple fracture
        • The bone is broken and the skin is intact
      • Open or compound fracture
        • The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the bone

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

  • Signs and symptoms
    • Pain upon palpation (touching)
    • Pain with movement
    • Obvious deformity
  • Caused by trauma
  • Treatment: Immobilization for 6-8 weeks
    • Compound fractures may require surgery

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

SCOLIOSIS:

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

  • Signs & Symptoms
    • One hip or one shoulder higher than the other
    • Back pain
    • Muscle spasms
  • Cause
    • An imbalance of muscles
    • A leg length discrepancy

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

  • Treatment
    • Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts, surgery

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

OSTEOARTHRITIS:

Arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and loss of cartilage in the joints

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

  • Cause: normal wear and tear on the joints
    • May be specifically causes by:
      • Obesity
      • Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly
  • Signs & Symptoms
    • Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling
    • Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and loss of motion
  • Treatment includes:
    • pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint replacement

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

OSTEOPOROSIS:

A condition in which bones become weak and brittle from loss of bone tissue

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

  • Cause: Loss of bone tissue
    • Risk factors include:
      • Getting older
      • Being small and thin
      • Being a white or asian women
  • Signs & Symptoms
    • Known as a silent disease, you might not know you have it until you break a bone
    • A bone mineral density test can be used
  • Treatment includes:
    • Eating foods rich in calcium and vitamin D
    • Doing weight-bearing exercises
      • Walking, Tennis, Dancing, Lifting Weights

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

SPRAIN:

The stretching or tearing of a ligament.

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Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the skeletal system.

  • 1st degree
    • The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears in the tissue
  • 2nd degree
    • A partial tear
  • 3rd degree
    • A complete rupture
      • Signs & Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint laxity, instability
      • Treat with RICE?

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Is RICE the best Treatment?

This might change during your time in healthcare…

keep and “I” our for it.

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Standard 4

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Describe the basic functions of the muscular system.

  • Heat Production (thermogenesis)
    • Heat is a byproduct of muscle contraction
  • Movement Production
    • Muscles shorten and pull on bones which produces movement
  • Structure (postural support)
    • Contraction of muscles keeps us upright and maintains posture

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Describe the basic functions of the muscular system.

  • Controls the volume of hollow organs
    • Smooth muscle surrounds our hollow organs and contractions propel the substances through them, aid in their emptying, or helps control their volume
      • Stomach and small intestines
      • The bladder
      • Blood vessels

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Describe the basic functions of the muscular system.

  • Protection of Internal Organs
    • Contraction of muscles causes them to become hard and offers protection to the underlying organs
    • Other muscles can contract prior to receiving a blow thus protection bones and soft tissue.

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Standard 5

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Explore the basic structure of the muscular system.

CARDIAC MUSCLE:

  • Striated – appears striped under a microscope
  • Involuntary- no conscious control
  • Found in the heart

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Explore the basic structure of the muscular system.

SMOOTH MUSCLE:

  • Located in walls of hollow internal surfaces such as:
    • blood vessels
    • Stomach
    • urinary bladder
    • intestines
  • Non-striated in appearance
  • Involuntary

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Explore the basic structure of the muscular system.

SKELETAL MUSCLE:

  • Attached to bones
  • Striated appearance under a microscope
  • Voluntary control (conscious control)

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Anterior Skeletal Muscles

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Posterior Skeletal Muscles

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Explore the basic structure of the muscular system.

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Explore the basic structure of the muscular system.

Identify the following muscles:

Deltoid = BLACK

Pectoralis Major = BLUE

Biceps Brachii = GREEN

Rectus Abdominis = RED

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Explore the basic structure of the muscular system.

Identify the following muscles:

Quadriceps = BLACK

Gluteus Maximus = BLUE

Hamstrings = GREEN

Gastrocnemius = RED

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Explore the basic structure of the muscular system.

Identify the following muscles:

Trapezius = BLACK

Deltoid = BLUE

Triceps Brachii = GREEN

Latissimus Dorsi = RED

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Explore the basic structure of the muscular system.

Identify the following muscles:

Biceps Brachii = BLACK

Gastrocnemius = BLUE

Deltoid = GREEN

Quadriceps = RED

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Muscle Memes...

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Standard 6

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the muscular system.

TENDONITIS:

  • Characterized by Inflammation of the tendons due to overuse or age-related changes of the tendon.
  • Common in individuals who begin a new exercise or increase their level of exercise.
  • Treatment includes: rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE).

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the muscular system.

STRAINS:

  • A tearing of a muscle or its attaching tendon
  • Occurs when a muscle receives a stress that overcomes its strength
    • Sudden, quick heavy lifting
    • During sports
    • While performing work tasks

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the muscular system.

  • 3 types of strains
    • 1st degree occurs when the muscle is stretched causing micro-tears in the muscle fibers (SWOLLEN)
    • 2nd degree sprain occurs when the muscle or tendon is partially torn (BRUSE)
    • 3rd degree sprain occurs when the muscle is completely ruptured (UNUSEABLE)

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the muscular system.

  • 3 types of strains
    • 1st degree occurs when the muscle is stretched causing micro-tears in the muscle fibers (SWOLLEN)
    • 2nd degree sprain occurs when the muscle or tendon is partially torn (BRUSE)
    • 3rd degree sprain occurs when the muscle is completely ruptured (UNUSEABLE)
  • Signs & symptoms include:
    • Pain, especially when the muscle is contracting.
    • Swelling and/or Bruising
  • Treatment includes
    • RICE = Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

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RICE is out!!

  • RICE may not be the most effective approach for acute sprains.
  • Ice can delay healing by reducing blood flow.
  • Rest and immobilization can contribute to negative effects on recovery.
  • MEAT approach focuses on active rehabilitation and pain management.
  • MEAT includes exercise, pain management, physical therapy, and manual therapy.

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the muscular system.

MUSCLE SPASM:

  • An involuntary muscle contraction
  • Also called a “Charlie Horse” or “muscle cramp”
  • Main causes are electrolyte imbalances, dehydration and fatigue

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the muscular system.

  • Initial treatment is to put the muscle that has the spasm on stretch
    • If spasm persists ice or heat can be used
  • Prevention includes maintaining a proper diet, drinking plenty of water and proper conditioning
    • Sports drinks may be beneficial during exercise to help replace lost sodium due to sweating

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the muscular system.

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY:

  • An inherited disorder in which the muscles are missing a certain protein causing degeneration of muscle tissue
  • Causes progressive weakness and loss of function of the affected muscles
  • There is no cure but physical therapy can lessen the severity of the disorder.

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Standard 7

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Describe the basic functions of the integumentary system.

  • Protection
    • Provides a barrier to keep organisms out
    • Stops water from entering or leaving the body
  • Sensory Organ
    • Gathers information about the environment using special nerve endings. (heat, cold, pressure and pain)
  • Temperature Regulation
    • Blood vessels open and close as the body gets warmer and colder
    • Sweat also helps cool the body

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Skin is your biggest organ!

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Describe the basic functions of the integumentary system.

Functions continued:

  • Vitamin D Production
    • UV light exposure causes the production of Vitamin D
  • Protection against UV Light
    • Acts as a sunblock
      • A pigment called Melanin blocks the sunlight from reaching deeper, easily damaged, layers of skin cells

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Why is skin color important for medicine?

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Standard 8

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Identify the layers of the skin and appendages.

  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous

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Identify the layers of the skin and appendages.

EPIDERMIS:

Outer layer of skin

Avascular - no blood vessels

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Identify the layers of the skin and appendages.

DERMIS:

Layer of skin under the epidermis

Contains the blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings of the skin

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Identify the layers of the skin and appendages.

SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER:

Composed of fat that helps insulate the body from heat and cold, provides protective padding, and serves as an energy storage area

Also called the hypodermis

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Layers specialize at different areas of your body.

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Layers specialize at different areas of your body.

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Identify the layers of the skin and appendages.

NAILS:

Composed of dead (keratinized) skin cells

Helps to grasp and manipulate small objects

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What are fingernails good for?

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Identify the layers of the skin and appendages.

HAIR:

  • Composed of dead (keratinized) skin cells
  • Primary function is protection
    • guards the scalp from injury and sunlight
    • eyebrows - eyelashes protect the eye
    • ears and nostrils keep out foreign objects

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Why so much HAIR!

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Identify the layers of the skin and appendages.

GLANDS:

  • Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands)
  • Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands)

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Standard 9

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the integumentary system.

ACNE:

  • An inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles
  • Primarily affects teenagers due to increased hormonal activity which causes the sebaceous glands to be over-active
  • Treated with topical creams that dry out the skin and oral antibiotics that decrease the inflammation of the sebaceous glands

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the integumentary system.

MYCOSIS - ATHLETES FOOT:

  • A common infection caused by the tinea fungus
  • Symptoms include itching, burning, and cracked, scaly skin between the toes and on the feet
  • It grows best in damp, dark, warm places
  • Treatment includes over-the-counter antifungal creams for most cases and prescription medicines for more serious infections.

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the integumentary system.

MYCOSES - RINGWORM:

  • Caused by tinea fungus
  • Causes a red skin rash that forms a ring on normal looking skin
  • This is not caused by a worm
  • Common treatment includes over-the-counter antifungal creams

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Why does ethnicity and skin color matter?

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the integumentary system.

SKIN CANCER:

  • Uncontrolled growth of cells
  • The sun is responsible for over 90% of all skin cancers
  • There are 3 most common forms of skin cancer:
    • Basal Cell - Most common
    • Squamous Cell
    • Melanoma - Most deadly

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Describe the disease and disorders associated with the integumentary system.