Biological Bases of Behavior
Module 9 - 15 AND Module 23-25
Nerves
Nerves
Nerves
Nerves/Neurons
Nerves/Neurons
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Nerves/Neurons
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Kane Tanaka, born 2 January 1903)
Nerves/Neurons
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Nerves/Neurons
many feet long
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many feet long
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many feet long
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- #1 Goal-- Make more neural connections then strengthen them!
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Afferent = arrive at the brain
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Afferent = arrive at the brain
Efferent = exit the brain
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Huron
Ontario
Michigan
Erie
Superior
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SAME
SENSORY
AFFERENTS
MOTOR
EFFERENT
-Glial Cells- GLUE cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons; play a role in learning, cognition (thinking), and memory
-Glial Cells- GLUE cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons; play a role in learning, cognition (thinking), and memory
- 100,000,000,000 Neurons
- The combination and order of cell communication makes us think and feel
-Glial Cells- GLUE cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons; play a role in learning, cognition (thinking), and memory
- 100,000,000,000 Neurons
- The combination and order of cell communication makes us think and feel
1 2
-Glial Cells- GLUE cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons; play a role in learning, cognition (thinking), and memory
- 100,000,000,000 Neurons
- The combination and order of cell communication makes us think and feel
1 2
- The combination and order of cell communication makes us think and feel
1 2
Neural Impulse- a spike of electrical activity that travels down the length of a nervous system.
- The combination and order of cell communication makes us think and feel
1 2
Neural Impulse- a spike of electrical activity that travels down the length of a nervous system.
Neural Impulse- a spike of electrical activity that travels down the length of a nervous system.
Outside Neuron= + charged Sodium (Na+)
Inside Neuron= - charged proteins and + charged Potassium (K+)
Inside Neuron= + charged Potassium
Outside Neuron= + charged Sodium
(Absolute)Refractory Period- in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron had fired; subsequent action potentials can’t occur until the axon returns to resting potential
(Absolute)Refractory Period-in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron had fired; subsequent action potentials can’t occur until the axon returns to resting potential
Advanced Chemistry Kids…
Refractory Period- in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron had fired; subsequent action potentials can’t occur until the axon returns to resting potential
The refractory period--brief period after 1 millisecond action potential when the neuron is resistant to re-excitation after an action potential. Permeability to sodium ions is low and to potassium ions is higher than normal.
Refractory Period- in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron had fired; subsequent action potentials can’t occur until the axon returns to resting potential
Below 50 IQ…
Neurotransmitter- Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neurons
Neurotransmitter- Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neurons
Reuptake- a NT’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
Neurotransmitter- Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neurons
Reuptake- a NT’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)- an increase in a cell’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation.
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)- an increase in a cell’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. Agonist- a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
Agonist- a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
Endogenous Chemical
Inside Source!
Inside your body!
Agonist- a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
Agonist- a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
Antagonists- a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response
Agonist- a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
Antagonists- a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response
EXCITE
INHIBIT
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
GABA
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate
Endorphins
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate
Endorphins
Dopamine
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Inhibitory
Normal Function
Mood, Regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite, sexual behavior
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Inhibitory
ne
Normal Function
Mood, Regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite, sexual behavior
Imbalance Problems
Depression
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
Inhibitory
SSRI- Selective
serotonin reuptake
inhibitor
Normal Function
Mood, Regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite, sexual behavior
Imbalance Problems
Depression
Affecting Substance (Drugs)
Antidepressants (Prozac), Hallucinogenic(LSD) Ecstasy
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
Excitatory
Adrenaline
Normal Function
Used by Neurons in autonomic nervous system and by neurons in almost every region of the brain
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
Excitatory
Adrenaline
Normal Function
Used by Neurons in autonomic nervous system and by neurons in almost every region of the brain
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
Excitatory
Adrenaline
FIGHT OR FLIGHT!! - bodies response to stress
Normal Function
Used by Neurons in autonomic nervous system and by neurons in almost every region of the brain
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
Excitatory
Adrenaline
FIGHT OR FLIGHT!!
Normal Function
Used by Neurons in autonomic nervous system and by neurons in almost every region of the brain
Imbalance Problems
High blood pressure, depression Multiple sclerosis
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
Excitatory
Adrenaline
FIGHT OR FLIGHT!!
Normal Function
Used by Neurons in autonomic nervous system and by neurons in almost every region of the brain
Imbalance Problems
High blood pressure, depression Multiple sclerosis
Affecting Substance (Drugs)
Antidepressants,
Beta-blockers
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Inhibitory AND Excitatory
(depends on which receptors
and where in the brain)
Normal Function
Used in efferent from CNS to muscles & memory
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Inhibitory AND Excitatory
(depends on which receptors
and where in the brain)
Normal Function
Used in efferent from CNS to muscles & memory
Imbalance Problems
Certain muscle disorders
Alzheimer’s disease
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Inhibitory AND Excitatory
(depends on which receptors
and where in the brain)
Normal Function
Used in efferent from CNS to muscles & memory
Imbalance Problems
Certain muscle disorders
Alzheimer’s disease
Affecting Substance (Drugs)
Botox, curare
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
G.A.B.A
Inhibitory
Gamma-aminobutyric
acid
Normal Function
The most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of the CNS
Neurotransmitters
G.A.B.A
Inhibitory
Gamma-aminobutyric
acid
Normal Function
The most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of the CNS
Imbalance Problems
Anxiety, Epilepsy
Neurotransmitters
G.A.B.A
Inhibitory
Gamma-aminobutyric
acid
Normal Function
The most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of the CNS
Imbalance Problems
Anxiety, Epilepsy
Affecting Substance (Drugs)
Barbiturates, “Minor” tranquilizers (Valium, Librium), Alcohol
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Glutamate
Excitatory
Normal Function
The primary excitatory NT in the CNS involved in learning and memory
Neurotransmitters
Glutamate
Excitatory
Normal Function
The primary excitatory NT in the CNS involved in learning and memory
Imbalance Problems
Release of excessive glutamate apparently causes brain damage after stroke
Neurotransmitters
Glutamate
Excitatory
Normal Function
The primary excitatory NT in the CNS involved in learning and memory
Imbalance Problems
Release of excessive glutamate apparently causes brain damage after stroke
Affecting Substance (Drugs)
PCP(“Angel Dust”)
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Endorphins
Inhibitory
Agonist
morphine
Normal Function
Pleasurable
sensations and control of pain
Neurotransmitters
Endorphins
Inhibitory
Agonist
morphine
Normal Function
Pleasurable
sensations and control of pain
Imbalance Problems
Lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction
Neurotransmitters
Endorphins
Inhibitory
Agonist
morphine
Normal Function
Pleasurable
sensations and control of pain
Imbalance Problems
Lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction
Affecting Substance (Drugs)
Opiates: opium, heroin, morphine, methadone OXY’s
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Inhibitory AND Excitatory
(depends on which receptors
and where in the brain)
Agonist
Wanting
Normal Function
Regulates motor behavior,
REWARD
motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Inhibitory AND Excitatory
(depends on which receptors
and where in the brain)
Agonist
Wanting
Normal Function
Regulates motor behavior,
REWARD
motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal
Imbalance Problems
Too much =Schizophrenia
Too little = Parkinson’s
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Inhibitory AND Excitatory
(depends on which receptors
and where in the brain)
Agonist
Wanting
Normal Function
Regulates motor behavior,
REWARD
motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal
Imbalance Problems
Too much =Schizophrenia
Too little = Parkinson’s
Affecting Substance (Drugs)
L-Dopa, Amphetamines, Ritalin, Alcohol, Cocaine, Anti-Psychotics
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Inhibitory AND Excitatory
(depends on which receptors
and where in the brain)
Agonist
Wanting
Normal Function
Regulates motor behavior,
REWARD
motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal
Imbalance Problems
Too much =Schizophrenia
Too little = Parkinson’s
Affecting Substance (Drugs)
L-Dopa, Amphetamines, Ritalin, Alcohol, Cocaine, Anti-Psychotics
Neurotransmitters
The Nervous System
Module 10
THE Nervous System- the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Central Nervous System- the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Brain- Receives support and protection from other parts of the body
Brain- Receives support and protection from other parts of the body
Spinal Cord- Backbone of the CNS
Reflex- A response you have to a stimulus that is inherent (you are born with it.)
Neural Network- Neurons in the brain connect to form networks
Peripheral Nervous System- (PNS) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Somatic Nervous System- (SNS) the division of the PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System- (ANS) the part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs.
Sympathetic Nervous System- the division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
Sympathetic Nervous System- the division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
Sympathetic Nervous System- the division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
Fight, Flight or Freeze
Sympathetic Nervous System- the division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
Parasympathetic Nervous System- the division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy
Parasympathetic Nervous System- the division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy
Endocrine System- the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine System- the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine System- the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
COMMUNICATE
Endocrine System- the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine System- the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Hormones- chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.
Endocrine System- the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Hormones- chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.
Hormone Examples: Adrenaline, Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Cortisol, Insulin, Androgens, Testosterone, Estrogen, Leptin, Ghrelin, Melatonin, Hypocretin
Hormone Examples: Adrenaline, Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Cortisol, Insulin, Androgens, Testosterone, Estrogen, Leptin, Ghrelin, Melatonin, Hypocretin
Adrenal Gland- a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
Adrenal Gland- a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
Pituitary Gland- the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Pituitary Gland- the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
The Master Gland
Pituitary Gland- the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Oxytocin- a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland
“love hormone” or “cuddle hormone”
Pituitary Gland- the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Oxytocin- a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland
“love hormone” or “cuddle hormone”
Pituitary Gland- the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
brain
pituitary
other glands
hormones
body
Pituitary Gland- the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Thyroid Gland- a butterfly shaped endocrine gland that is located in the neck.
- Responsible for metabolic rate
Thyroid Gland- a butterfly shaped endocrine gland that is located in the neck.
- Responsible for metabolic rate
Parathyroid Gland(s)- behind the thyroid; controls calcium level in blood.
Parathyroid Gland(s)- behind the thyroid; controls calcium level in blood
Calcium = Only nutrient with a dedicated system for regulation
Parathyroid Gland(s)- behind the thyroid; controls calcium level in blood
Pancreas- an internal organ that secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels: insulin and glucagon.
Pancreas- an internal organ that secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels: insulin and glucagon.
Gonads- secrete sexual hormones
Studying the Brain, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System
Module 11
True or false:
We only use 10% of our brain.
True or false:
We only use 10% of our brain.
True or false:
We only use 10% of our brain.
You use your whole brain.
You use all of it all of the time.
Brain weighs approx. 3 lbs
Brain weighs approx. 3 lbs
brain = 2% of our body weight
requires 20% of our oxygen.
Brain weighs approx. 3 lbs
brain = 2% of our body weight
requires 20% of our oxygen.
Your skin weighs 2x as much as your brain
Due to the complexity of the brain we shouldn’t be
reductionists
How to study the brain?
How to study the brain?
coughing
How to study the brain?
coughing VS. sports
coughing VS. sports
Gestalt (Ges-H-talt)- the whole is more than the sum of its parts; an organized whole.
Gestalt (Ges-H-talt)- the whole is more than the sum of its parts; an organized whole.
Gestalt (Ges-H-talt)- the whole is more than the sum of its parts; an organized whole.
Gestalt (Ges-H-talt)- the whole is more than the sum of its parts; an organized whole.
How to study the brain?
Clinical Observation- used by skilled clinicians, doctors, and therapists in order to glean information about their patients or clients.
Clinical Observation- used by skilled clinicians, doctors, and therapists in order to glean information about their patients or clients. Accidents- Do we really need to get a definition for this?
Clinical Observation- used by skilled clinicians, doctors, and therapists in order to glean information about their patients or clients. Accidents- Do we really need to get a definition for this?
Lesion- tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
Accidents- Do we really need to get a definition for this?
Lesion- tissue destruction. A brain
lesion is a naturally or
experimentally caused destruction
of brain tissue.
Accidents- Do we really need to get a definition for this?
Lesion- tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
Electroencephalography (EEG)- an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Lesion- tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
Electroencephalography (EEG)- an amplified recording of the waves of electrical
activity sweeping across the brain’s
surface. These waves are measured
by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Sleep Studies!
Electroencephalography (EEG)- an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)- a brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity.
Sleep
Studies!
Electroencephalography (EEG)- an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)- a
brain imaging technique that
measures magnetic fields from the
brain’s natural electrical activity.
Sleep
Studies!
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)- a brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity.
CT Scan(Computed Tomography) (CT/CAT)- a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure.
CT Scan(Computed Tomography) (CT/CAT)- a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure.
CT Scan(Computed Tomography) (CT/CAT)- a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure.
PET Scan(positron emission tomography)- a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
PET Scan(positron emission tomography)- a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
PET Scan(positron emission tomography)- a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.
fMRI- a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure.
fMRI- a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure.
Combination of PET and MRI
fMRI- a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure.
Hindbrain
Living part
fMRI- a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure.
Hindbrain
Living part
Midbrain
Emotion part
fMRI- a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure.
Hindbrain
Living part
Midbrain
Emotion part
Forebrain
Thinking part
Hindbrain/ Brain Stem
lower brain
or brainstem
part of the brain
Hindbrain/ Brain Stem
lower brain
or brainstem
part of the brain
the brain,
responsible
for automatic
survival functions.
Brain Stem
Medulla
Brain Stem
Medulla
Brain Stem
Medulla
Located just above the spinal cord.
Helps control
Medulla
Located just above the spinal cord.
Helps control
Pons
Pons
Cerebellum
Pons
Cerebellum
Pons
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation
Thalamus
Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation
Thalamus
Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation
Thalamus
Reticular Formation
Thalamus
Midbrain
Movement
Mood
Motivation
Emotion
Reticular Formation
The Limbic System
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Midbrain
Movement
Mood
Motivation
Emotion
Reticular Formation
Hypothalamus
One of the most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates
The Limbic System
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Reticular Formation
Hypothalamus
One of the most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates
Hypothalamus
Reticular Formation
The Five F’s
Hypothalamus
One of the most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates
Hypothalamus
Reticular Formation
The Five F’s
Fighting
Hypothalamus
One of the most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates
Hypothalamus
Reticular Formation
The Five F’s
Fighting
Fleeing
Hypothalamus
One of the most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates
Hypothalamus
Reticular Formation
The Five F’s
Fighting
Fleeing
Feeding
Hypothalamus
One of the most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates
Hypothalamus
Reticular Formation
The Five F’s
Fighting
Fleeing
Feeding
Fahrenheit
Hypothalamus
One of the most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates
Hypothalamus
Reticular Formation
The Five F’s
Fighting
Fleeing
Feeding
Fahrenheit
Fornicating
Homeostasis- the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that persists despite changes in the world outside.
The Limbic System
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Reticular Formation
Hypothalamus
One of the most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates
Homeostasis- the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that persists despite changes in the world outside.
Reticular Formation
Hypothalamus
One of the most important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates
The Limbic System
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Reticular Formation
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Reticular Formation
hunger
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Reticular Formation
hunger
Hypothalamus
Hunger controls are located in the
hypothalamus.
Lateral Hypothalamus- stimulates
hunger
Ventromedial Hypothalamus- depresses
hunger
Amygdala
Two almond-shaped neural clusters that influence more volatile Amotions like Aggression, Anger, and fear
Hypothalamus
Hunger controls are located in the
hypothalamus.
Lateral Hypothalamus- stimulates
hunger
Ventromedial Hypothalamus- depresses
hunger
Amygdala
Two almond-shaped neural clusters that influence more volatile Amotions like Aggression, Anger, and fear
Hypothalamus
Hunger controls are located in the
hypothalamus.
Lateral Hypothalamus- stimulates
hunger
Ventromedial Hypothalamus- depresses
hunger
Amygdala
Two almond-shaped neural clusters that influence more volatile Amotions like Aggression, Anger, and fear
Amygdala
Two almond-shaped neural clusters
that influence more volatile
Amotions like Aggression, Anger,
and fear.
Interesting Extra
-Plural- Amygdalae (you have 2)
-Regulate fear individually
Damaged left?
Increase in depression
Damaged right?
Reduced arousal to pain
Interesting Extra
-Plural- Amygdalae (you have 2)
-Regulate fear individually
Damaged left?
Increase in depression
Damaged right?
Reduced arousal to pain
Hippocampus
-Involved in the processing
and storage of memories.
Interesting Extra
-Plural- Amygdalae (you have 2)
-Regulate fear individually
Damaged left?
Increase in depression
Damaged right?
Reduced arousal to pain
Hippocampus
-Involved in the processing
and storage of memories.
Hippocampus
-Involved in the processing
and storage of memories.
The Story of Clive
Wearing
Brilliant musician who contracted a virus that damaged his hippocampus. Diagnosed with Retrograde Amnesia as well as Anterograde Amnesia which causes him to forget things from only a moment ago. However, he can still play music he learned years ago!
The Cerebral Cortex
Module 12
Cerebral Cortex- the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.
Cerebral Cortex- the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.
Cerebral Cortex- the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.
Sulci and Gyri- the folds and
indentations in the brain that
give it its wrinkled appearance.
Sulci- Valleys or Fissures
Gyri- Bumps
Cerebral Cortex- the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.
Sulci and Gyri- the folds and indentations in the brain that give it its wrinkled appearance.
Sulci- Valleys or Fissures
Gyri- Bumps
FROG RAT
Cerebral Cortex- the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.
brain, divided into 2 hemispheres
Sulci and Gyri- Sulci and Gyri are the folds and indentations in the brain that give it its wrinkled appearance.
FROG RAT
Cerebral Cortex- the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Sulci and Gyri- Sulci and Gyri are the folds and indentations in the brain that give it its wrinkled appearance.
Cerebral Cortex- the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Sulci and Gyri- Sulci and Gyri are the folds and indentations in the brain that give it its wrinkled appearance.
Four Lobes
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Broken into 2 Hemispheres
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Motor Cortex- an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Motor Cortex- an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Frontal Lobe(s)- the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Brain-Computer Interfaces
Motor Cortex- an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Brain-Computer Interfaces
Motor Cortex- an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Motor Cortex- an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Somatosensory Cortex- an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
Motor Cortex- an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Somatosensory Cortex- an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
Homunculus- a distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological "map" of the areas and proportions of the human brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body.
Toothpick Test!
I need a volunteer who isn’t afraid of pain!
Somatosensory Cortex- an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
Association Area- Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning remembering, thinking, and speaking
Somatosensory Cortex- an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
Association Area- Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning remembering, thinking, and speaking
receiving sensory
information or
coordinating
muscle
movements.
Somatosensory Cortex- an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
NOT associated with receiving sensory information or coordinating muscle movements.
Association Area- Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning remembering, thinking, and speaking
Parietal Lobe- The area in the brain which plays a major part in touch, pressure and temperature.
- Top and rear of the cerebral cortex
- Include the sensory cortex
- Made up of Association Areas
- Top and rear of the cerebral cortex
- Include the sensory cortex
- Made up of Association Areas
- Touch
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Pain
Parietal Lobe- The area in the brain which plays a major part in touch, pressure and temperature.
- Top and rear of the cerebral cortex
- Include the sensory cortex
- Made up of Association Areas
- Touch
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Pain
Parietal Lobe- The area in the brain which plays a major part in touch, pressure and temperature.
- Top and rear of the cerebral cortex
- Include the sensory cortex
- Made up of Association Areas
- Touch
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Pain
Parietal Lobe- The area in the brain which plays a major part in touch, pressure and temperature.
Occipital Lobe- The division of the brain that interprets visual information.
- Top and rear of the cerebral cortex
- Include the sensory cortex
- Made up of Association Areas
- Touch
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Pain
Occipital Lobe- The division of the brain that interprets visual information.
- Top and rear of the cerebral cortex
- Include the sensory cortex
- Made up of Association Areas
- Touch
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Pain
Temporal Lobe- area in the brain involved with hearing.
Occipital Lobe- The division of the brain that interprets visual information.
Temporal Lobe- area in the brain involved with hearing.
Occipital Lobe- The division of the brain that interprets visual information.
Wernicke’s Area- an area of the brain that is very important in the development of language.
Temporal Lobe- area in the brain involved with hearing.
Broca’s Area- area of the brain important for speech production.
Wernicke’s Area- an area of the brain that is very important in the development of language.
Broca’s Area- area of the brain important for speech production.
Aphasia- the inability to use language appropriately.
Broca’s Area- area of the brain important for speech production.
Aphasia- the inability to use language appropriately.
Aphasia- the inability to use language appropriately.
Plasticity- the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood
Aphasia- the inability to use language appropriately.
Plasticity- the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood
Plasticity- the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood
Neurogenesis- the formation of new neurons.
Plasticity- the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood
Brain Hemisphere Organization and the Biology of Consciousness
Module 13
Plasticity- the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood
Corpus Callosum- the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
Plasticity- the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood
Corpus Callosum- the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
Split Brain- a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.
Corpus Callosum- the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
For each eye…
Split Brain- a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.
For each eye…
Consciousness- Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Split Brain- a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.
Consciousness- Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Cognitive Neuroscience- the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
Split Brain- a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.
Cognitive Neuroscience- the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
Consciousness- Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Cognitive Neuroscience- the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
Dual Processing- the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Cognitive Neuroscience- the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
Dual Processing- the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Dual Processing- the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Blindsight- A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
Dual Processing- the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Blindsight- A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences
Module 14
Blindsight- A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
Behavioral Geneticists- the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Blindsight- A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
Behavioral Geneticists- the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Behavioral Geneticists- the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Heredity- the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.
Behavioral Geneticists- the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Heredity- the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.
Environment-
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
Heredity- the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.
Environment-
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
Chromosomes-
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
Environment-
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
Chromosomes-
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-
a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Chromosomes-
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-
a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Genes-
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-
a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Genes-
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.
Genes-
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.
Genome-
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes.
Genes-
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.
Genome-
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes.
Identical (Monozygotic) Twins-
develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two; genetically identical.
Identical (Monozygotic) Twins-
develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two; genetically identical.
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins-
develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.
Twin and Adoption Studies
-A person whose identical twin has schizophrenia has a 30-50 percent chance of developing it too.
-If one twin is on the autism spectrum, an identical twin is on the spectrum 70 percent of the time
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins-
develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins-
develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.
Twin and Adoption Studies
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins-
develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.
Twin and Adoption Studies
University of Minnesota Twin Studies
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins-
develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.
Twin and Adoption Studies
University of Minnesota Twin Studies
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins-
develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.
Biological Versus Adoptive Relatives
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins-
develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.
Heritability- the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. “Difference among people”
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins-
develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.
Interaction- the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).
Heritability- the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. “Difference among people”
Interaction- the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).
Molecular Genetics- the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.
Interaction- the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).
Molecular Genetics- the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.
Molecular Behavior Genetics- the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.
Interaction- the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).
Molecular Behavior Genetics- the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.
Epigenetics- the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
Molecular Genetics- the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.
Epigenetics- the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
LICK YOUR RATS!
Molecular Behavior Genetics- the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.
Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature
Module 15
Evolutionary Psychology- the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Epigenetics- the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
Mutation- a random error in gene replication that leads to a change.
Evolutionary Psychology- the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Evolutionary Psychology- the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Mutation- a random error in gene replication that leads to a change.
Natural Selection- the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Evolutionary Psychology- the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Natural Selection- the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Evolutionary Psychology- the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Adaptation- an individual's ability to adjust to changes and new experiences, and to accept new information.
Natural Selection- the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Critiques of the Evolutionary Perspective
-Starts with an effect, then moves back to produce an explanation
- We are the product of nature and nurture
- Individuals are influenced by biology, psychology and culture
Adaptation- an individual's ability to adjust to changes and new experiences, and to accept new information.