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Square Kilometre Array

S.A. Torchinsky�Observatoire de Paris�responsible scientifique du projet Européen SKADS

www.skads-eu.org

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Square Kilometre Array

  • Science goals
  • Technical overview
  • Worldwide efforts in SKA
  • Technological development in Europe
  • Time line
  • SKA in Europe and in France
  • Future development

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SKA Key Science

?

Tests of gravity

Epoch of Reionisation

Cosmic Magnetism

Cradle of Life

Large Scale Structure

Transient Universe

The Unknown

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Strong Field Tests of Gravity

Binary orbit permits determination of masses

Relativistic effects permit (re) determination of masses.

ALL MUST AGREE

http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~pulsar/

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Strong Field Tests of Gravity

  • Large surveys will find exotic binarys
    • ~20 000 pulsars in the galaxy
    • Nearly edge-on Pulsar – Black-hole binary (at least one)
      • Probe eg. Frame dragging, cosmic censorship, no hair theorem
  • Pulsar timing array
    • Gravitational wave background

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Probing the Dark Ages

  • When did the first luminous objects form?
  • How did they form and over what period of time?

​

  • SKA will detect the Epoch of Reionisation and map the evolution history of the first luminous objects

Di Matteo et al

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Cosmic Magnetism

Faraday rotation of > 107 polarised background sources

Origin of magnetic fields

    • Dynamo?
    • Primordial?

​

NGC 891 (Krause)

M 51 VLA+Eff 6cm

(Fletcher & Beck)

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Large Scale Structure

Billions of galaxies!

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Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations

  • Improve signal confidence by measuring wiggles in separate redshift bins
  • A catalog of a billion galaxies
  • Position and redshift measured simultaneously
  • There are fluctuations at all scales but there is a preferred scale of around 1 deg.

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Complementarity with Planck

1%

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Cradle of Life

  • Protoplanetary disks resolved to Earth-like orbits
  • Organic molecules
    • acetaldehyde (1.1 GHz)
    • acetamide (9.2 GHz)
    • cyclopropenone (9.3 GHz)
    • propenal (26 GHz)
  • Extrasolar planets
  • Extra terrestrial intelligence

​

G. Bryden / NASA

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Indicators of �Extra Terrestrial Intelligence

Project

Phoenix

Allen

Telescope

Array

SKA

Jill Tarter

SETI at leakage levels from nearby stars

eg:

  • planetary radar
  • Interplanetary communication
  • Interstellar communication

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Transient signal

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Transients

  • Pulsar is a special case of transient phenomena (periodic)
  • Giant pulses
  • Supernova
  • Bursters
  • ETI

​

requires:

  • fast time constant
  • memory buffer for post analysis
  • wide instantaneous, fully-sampled FoV

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The Unknown

  • New discoveries always result from observations in new parameter space
    • sensitivity
    • spatial resolution
    • spectral resolution
    • polarisation
    • time domain
    • observing speed (multibeaming)
  • eg. CMB, pulsars, extra solar planets,…

SKA improves all of these

SKA is designed for the Key Projects but with an overriding design philosophy of flexibility to maximise the likelihood of new discoveries

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SKA Science Book

Chris Carilli & Steve Rawlings,

New Astronomy Reviews, Vol.48, Elsevier, Dec. 2004

​

http://www.skads-eu.org/p/SKA_SciBook.php

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Cosmology, Galaxy Formation

and Astroparticle Physics on

the Pathway to the SKA

Hans-Rainer Klöckner, Steve Rawlings,

Matt Jarvis, Angela Taylor (eds.)

Cosmology, Galaxy Formation and Astroparticle Physics on the Pathway to the SKA

Available online:

www.skads-eu.org (click “memos” or “documents”)

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Overall SKA Configuration

Station

Core ~5km dia

Central

Processing

Facility

Comms links

Not to scale!

180km

Dishes spread

along spiral

Dishes

AA-hi

AA-lo

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Three Technologies

  • ~5km inner cores
    • sparse aperture arrays (eg. LOFAR)
    • dense aperture arrays (eg. EMBRACE)
    • parabolic dishes
  • Outer core ~5km of stations
  • Arms > 5km of stations
  • dishes spread out along spiral arms
  • maximum baseline of ~3000km

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candidate site: South Africa

  • Karoo radio quiet zone

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Candidate site: Australia

  • Mileura Radio Quiet Zone

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Worldwide SKA efforts

  • Europe
    • LOFAR
    • Square Kilometre Array Design Studies
      • 4 year study, 38MEuro (11MEuro from EU Framework Programme 6)
      • EMBRACE demonstrator at Westerbork and Nançay
    • PrepSKA
      • EU FP7 5.5MEuro, 2008-2011
      • Central Design Integration Team in Manchester
    • SKA on ESFRI Roadmap
  • Australia & Canada
    • AU$56M announced in 2007 Australian budget
    • ASKAP demonstrator
  • South Africa
    • Karoo Array Telescope and MeerKAT
    • Over US$200M confirmed by SA gov’t for construction, infrastructure, including high capacity network to Karoo region.
  • USA
    • Allen Telescope Array
    • Technology Demonstrator Programme

www.skads-eu.org

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http://cordis.europa.eu/esfri/

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ASTRONET�Infrastructure Roadmap

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http://www.astro.livjm.ac.uk/~airs2008/

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Feuille de Route

06 | 08 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 |

Concept Des’n

System Design

Prod’n Readiness & System Verif’n

SKA mid +low Construction & Commissioning

SKA-hi Construction

Sites �short-listed

Initial SKA specs

External Engineering Review of design

Reference Design selected

Pathfinder Suite Construction

Early Science SKA mid+low

SKA-mid+low

Complete

Site

Select

SKA Pathfinders

Complete

Concept design for SKA-hi

System design SKA-hi

Pathfinder science

Projet globale: 50+ instituts dans 18 pays

FP6: SKADS

FP7: PrepSKA

[Path2SKA]

[AAVS]

http://www.skatelescope.org

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SKA in Europe

  • Square Kilometre Array Design Studies
    • 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2009
    • 26 institutes in 13 countries
    • 38MEuro (including matching funds and EU funds)
    • Detailed design and costing, including science simulations, signal transport, processing requirements, construction costs,…
    • www.skads.eu.org/p/memos.php

​

www.skads-eu.org

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DS1 Management

DS2 Science and Astronomical

Data Simulations

DS3 The Network and its Output Data

DS4 Technical Foundations

and Enabling Technologies

DS5 Aperture Array Demonstrator

DS6 Cylindrical Concept Demonstrator

DS7 Assessment of Preparatory Work &

Studies

DS8 Overall System Design

and Preliminary SKA Plan

Square Kilometre Array Design Studies

Coordinator

Arnold van Ardenne, ASTRON

​

Project Manager �Andre van Es, ASTRON

​

Project Scientist: �Steve Torchinsky, Obs. de Paris

​

Project Engineer: �Andrew Faulkner, Univ. Manchester

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SKADS Tasks

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EMBRACE

  • Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt
  • Aperture-Plane phased-array
  • 500MHz – 1500MHz
  • Linear polarisation
  • 96m2 at Westerbork
  • 64m2 at Nançay

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EMBRACE Tile

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Nançay Beamformer Chip

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EMBRACE as a Science Instrument

  • Demonstrate that EMBRACE can be used for astronomical observations
    • Pulsar timing
    • Multibeam pulsar timing
    • HI mapping
    • Continuum mapping
    • Source tracking
    • Observations in the presence of strong sources (moon, sun)
    • Correlation with long baseline (Westerbork – Nançay)
    • Engineering/characterisation testing
      • Beam profile, Tsys, Aeff, etc,

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Simulations for the SKA

Effort in SKADS:

  • Catalog of continuum sources (250 Million sources)
  • Epoch of Reionisation (tomography from z≈15 to z≈6)
  • The Cosmic Web
  • Pulsars

​

  • See Proceedings of the Pushchino Meeting
    • www.skads-eu.org/memos.php
    • And others listed there, available on astro-ph

​

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Simulations for the SKA

Proceedings of the meeting held at�Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory, Russia�30 July – 1 August 2007

edited by S.A. Torchinsky

image by D. Obreschkow

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SKADS Science Interactions

The Universe

Our understanding of the Universe

Sky Simulation (DS2T1)

Convolution with the telescope (DS2T2)

Network simulator (DS3T3)

Technology development �(DS4)

Technology demonstrators�(DS5 & DS6)

observations

brain power

Catalogs, images, EM fields

voltages

measurements�and�simulated performance

Request spec change�BENCHMARK

Backend data

Data imaging�(DS2T2)

Simulated telescope image

Data analysis (DS2)

science goals achievable?

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SKADS Science Interactions

The Universe

Our understanding of the Universe

Sky Simulation (DS2T1)

Convolution with the telescope (DS2T2)

Network simulator (DS3T3)

Technology development �(DS4)

Technology demonstrators�(DS5 & DS6)

observations

brain power

voltages

measurements�and�simulated performance

Backend data

Data imaging�(DS2T2)

Simulated telescope image

Request spec change�BENCHMARK

Catalogs, images, EM fields

Data analysis (DS2)

science goals achievable?

Consider trade-offs

NO: not technologically feasible

NO: too expensive

YES: We can do better than that !

SKADS�Design & Costing

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SKA Design and Costing

  • SKADS final deliverable “Designed and Costed SKA”
  • First memo: detailed design
    • www.skads-eu.org/memos.php
    • SKA Memo #93
    • ~1.5BEuro
  • Development of costing tool: SKACost
    • Designed and costed components and subsystems
    • Data base for costing different SKA implementations
    • SKADS in collaboration with International SKA Program Office

​

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SKADS Science Simulations

?

In the context of technological constraints

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La France dans SKADS

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SKADS-France - responsables

SKADS-France OPAR W. van Driel

​

DS1 Coordination and Management OPAR S. Torchinsky USN

DS2-T1 SKA Science Simulations OPAR F. Combes LERMA�DS3-T4 Siting and related Issues OPAR W. van Driel GEPI

DS4-T1 Front-end Technologies OPAR, UORL, OMMIC J. Pezzani USN

DS4-T4 Wideband Integrated Antennas OPAR, OMMIC J. Pezzani

DS4-T5 Beamforming OPAR, IRCOM, OMMIC J. Pezzani

DS4-T3 RFI Mitigation Strategies OPAR, UORL P. Colom LESIA

DS7 Cont. assessment and Design Rev. OPAR W. van Driel

​

DS5-T1 Design EMBRACE subsystems OPAR, OMMIC P. Picard

DS5-T2 Dev. and Prod. of EMBRACE OPAR, OMMIC I. Thomas USN

DS5-T3 Assess. EMBRACE Performance OPAR S. Torchinsky,

J. Pezzani

SKADS Management Team: S. Torchinsky

SKADS Board (Instituts): W. van Driel (S. Torchinsky)

SKADS Coordinating Committee (DS leaders): W. van Driel (S. Torchinsky)

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SKADS et SKA en France

  • Développement du système du contrôle
  • Développement des puces de phasage (beamformers)
  • Systèmes d’élimination des signaux parasites
  • Accueil du démonstrateur EMBRACE à Nançay
  • Test et exploitation du démonstrateur
  • Simulations de l’époque de réionisation
  • Responsible Scientifique du Projet Européen SKADS
  • Membre du Conseil International SKA
  • Exploitation du télescope SKA (vers 2014)

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SKADS after 2009

  • EU-FP6 project SKADS ends 30 June, 2009
  • Overlap with PrepSKA (EU FP7)
    • European led
    • Starts 1 April, 2008
    • Worldwide participation:
      • EU, Australia, South Africa, Canada, USA, China
    • International SKA Program Development Office in Manchester
    • Governance
    • Technology development
  • Path2SKA (EU FP7 Marie-Curie)
    • Sky simulations to telescope simulations for virtual observations
    • Led by Steve Rawlings, Oxford
  • Aperture-Array Verification System (under discussion)
    • Larger than EMBRACE
    • Dual polarisation (perhaps all-digital)
    • In southern Europe (Spain or Portugal)

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Effort in PrepSKA

France: 13.2FTE

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FP7: PrepSKA

  • 5.5 MEUR CE obtenus sur 3 ans (demande d’un an supplémentaire prevue)
  • Moitié du budget pour le recrutement du CDIT:

l’équipe centrale de l’intégration des designs: 15 personnes à Manchester

  • Soutien aux équipes régionales, pas directement aux labos individuels
  • Objectifs principaux:

- MoA pour la construction de SKA « prêt à signer » par les agences

- Concept détaillé de SKA-Phase 1 (10%), concept de SKA

- Construction de 2 antennes prototypes

  • Partenaires mondiales

France: Obs. de Paris, Université d’Orléans, INSU

- amplificateurs à faible bruit (LNA), récepteurs intégrés (µ-électronique )

- élimination d’interférences radio – responsabilité de sous-tache (UORL)

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PREPSKA – contribution française�

 

​

WP2 FTE = k€ organisations

​

2.1.7 SKA manufacturing studies 1 90 OBSPAR NXP

2.6.1 Low-noise amplifiers 2.5 150 OBSPAR XLIM

2.6.2 Integrated receivers 3.5 210 OBSPAR XLIM

2.8.1 Station DSP 4.2 252 OBSPAR UORL NXP

2.8.3 Interference mitigation 6 360 OBSPAR UORL NXP

​

Total 13.2 FTE (=1 M€) : 4 FTE/an sur 3 ans

​

Partenaire: CNRS

Organisations: OPAR Observatoire de Paris Observatory (USN +GEPI, LESIA)

UORL Université d’Orléans (LESI)

XLIM Université de Limoges

NXP (ex-Philips Semiconductors), Caen

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Aperture Array Verification System

~300 m2, all-digital (?), national funds,

in SKA site, or in southern Europe

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Préparation scientifique à SKA�

 

​

Extragalactique:

Observations en HI de galaxies à distances cosmologiques (z≥2)

Synergie avec projets clé du E-ELT, ALMA, …

​

Projet clé en cours au NRT:

- NIBLES, 4000 galaxies du relevé optique SDSS (2007-2009)

  • Matière sombre/baryonique, formation d’étoiles – galaxies locales
  • 1 Masters + 1 PhD à University of Cape Town (co-direction UCT/GEPI)

1 PhD + 2 post-docs à temps partiel au GEPI

​

Liens avec le Pathfinder MeerKat sud-africain

- Interférometre, 8000 m2, champs de vue 1 deg2; opérationnel en 2012

  • Vitesse de survey en HI, en aveugle = 10,000 x celle du NRT
  • Détection/imagerie d’un million de galaxies en HI (2012-2015)

redshift moyenne 0.2, jusqu’à z~0.8

Galactique:

Molécules organiques et radio-recombination lines

  • projet pour Effelsberg, et éventuellement EMBRACE
  • postdoc CNRS, GEPI

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Contact

Steve Torchinsky

SKADS Project Scientist

USN, Observatoire de Paris

Phone: +33 1 45 07 75 02

Email: Steve.Torchinsky@obspm.fr

Web: http://www.skads-eu.org

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