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Abstract

Analyze

Measure

Optimal Location Placement of an eSports Event

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Final Cost

With the increase in popularity in eSports across the United States of America, it is important to look at how eSports can continue to grow in the future. One way of doing so includes the creation or combination of a stadium or arena to host eSport events, ranging from first person shooter games such as Call of Duty and Halo to real time strategy games like League of Legends. However, the use of an eSports venue is not important if the city’s location is not in an optimal location.  Due to this, many factors are included to find the optimal location: population, demographics, and the current venues each city has that is capable of hosting an eSports events. With this data, cluster analysis methods are used to predict an optimal location to host an eSports event to aid the increase in popularity of eSports along with looking at the benefits eSports brings to the chosen city along with its potential costs.

Steel H beams will be forged in an off site facility, and transported to the construction location. The H beams will most likely be forged as two shorter sections (totaling 41ft.), and welded together on site. The average costs for a 30 ton H beam was $400 / ton. Workers will dig post holes, insert a permanent cast, set the H beams in, and then fill the cast with concrete. Once the H beams are set, the rest of the foundation can be excavated.

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At the same time, rebar cages will be tied together for the foundation and precast panels. The cages will be placed in their respective frames, and concrete will be poured around the cage.  Making sure that centered rebar rods are sticking out of the foundation for the precast panels to be set on. The average cost for rebar is $0.75 / ft. while concrete is $90 / yd^3.

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After the precast panels have cured, they will be transported to the construction location. Using “tilt up construction”, the panels will be raised vertically, positioned to slide between the H beams, and then lowered atop the centered rebar in the foundation.  

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Materials

Land and Transportation

Equipment

Labor

The total cost of security is $634,532,880.30. The majority of costs come from the 23 currently existing checkpoints along the border which are located in areas of higher population. The wall will be constructed giving consideration to the location of checkpoints.

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In addition to checkpoints, 2,000 security cameras will be installed on top of the wall for added security. Each camera is able to spot a problem without a guard physically having to be there. Cameras on the wall will not be the only way to spot potential problems ,but also through the use of drones. Each of the 200 drones needed to patrol the wall, will be equipped with a camera.

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The final security additions added to the wall will be barbed wire and security lights. Barbed wire will be on top of the entire wall to deter people from climbing over. The lights will tower above the wall on the United States side to increase visibility. The lights will help border patrol spot persons that have already made it over the wall. Out of the 1,000 miles of land the wall covers, 70,000 total lights (approx. 1 every 70ft.) are needed to sufficiently light the area.

Security

Improvements

Using estimates and quotes from a variety of sources for the 5 categories, the final cost was minimized, summed together, and converted to Pesos. A yearly maintenance fee and costs for border patrol would also have to be added per year over the life of the wall.

Materials:

As Trump stated, the wall will be constructed out of precast concrete panels in-between large steel H beams atop a concrete foundation. The foundation and precast panels will be reinforced with a steel rebar cage for added strength. The dimensions for the mentioned materials are given in the table below. The dimensions are at a minimum without comprising strength.

Labor:

For the duration of construction, the operation will be divided into three 8 hour shifts (24 hours per day) with rotating workers to complete to complete the project in the assumed 5 year time frame. Another crew could be used starting at the other end. However, in the interest of minimizing cost, one crew was chosen.

Each of the workers from engineers to drivers, will have a salary that includes a 20% stipend to cover expenses such as housing, food, shelter, and other everyday necessities. All annual salaries were taken from the US’s Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Equipment:

For the 5 year time frame, renting equipment would increase cost exponentially. With this in mind, the equipment will be purchased to minimize total cost. After the construction of the wall, the equipment could be sold to recover some of the capital spent. Quantities of equipment were minimized, with replacements taken in to consideration.

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Land and Transportation:

In the map given below, the necessary land is highlighted from the East Coast to El Paso. The land will be seized through the utilization of eminent domain. Any privately owned land may be taken hold of by the government for public use, as long as just compensation is provided. “Just compensation” is loosely defined, and will vary from property to property. Along with land acquisition, modes of transportation, and development of roads are to be minimized.

Summary of Costs

Materials :

$8,920,107,563.50

Labor:

$92,705,240.00

Land and Transportation:

$2,054,406,000.00

Equipment:

$11,579,492.00

Security :

$634,532,880.30

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Minimized Cost:

$11,713,331,175.80

Pesos*:

$203,929,095,770.67

*1 US dollar = 17.41 Pesos

Sponsors :

State Parks often sell bricks for a pavilion or monument with the donor's name to help fund the project.  The wall could have a similar system, with company names painted /engraved onto the wall.  With over 400,000 wall segments, it leaves much room for sponsors to purchase at least one segment for advertising. Wall segments in highly populated areas will have a greater cost.

Satellite and X-Ray Imaging :

Regarding security of the wall, extra measures can be put in place to enhance security such as satellites. Being in the atmosphere, the satellites can monitor the wall without having onsite personnel.  Also to check for tunnels under the wall, X-Ray technology could be utilized. However, the cost to implement and maintain such a measures would be extraordinary (base price of $700 million).

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Deeper Foundation / Higher Wall:

If the height of the wall were to be increase, all other costs would increase as well (materials, equipment, transportation, etc.). However, the increase in wall height would make the wall harder to go over, and secure the border more effectively.

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Wall Type:

There are different types of walls which could be built with various benefits and drawbacks. For example, concrete bricks which would provide a stronger structure, but take more time to build. A double layered security fence with trenches, like the West Bank Barrier, could also be considered to reduce costs. Other changes towards the wall type could include cement beams. This reduces cost, but does not provide as great as support for the precast concrete panels.

The total cost for equipment will be $11,579,492. A variety of equipment would be needed to complete this large scale project. To the left, a chart with a full list of equipment quantity, and their total costs are shown.

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IT loaders need to be heavily utilized in moving a large amount of landscape. Large Diameter Drills will be used to dig post holes for each H beam, while the Pile Drivers will pound them in. Cranes are the main equipment in “tilt up construction”, and will rise the precast panels into place These types of equipment, while expensive, are essential in the completion of raising the wall. Small Tools such as hammers, drills, nails, etc. also need to be considered in equipment cost. Each tool varies in price so an average amongst tool was used to determine the appropriate cost.

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The final numbers were based on how much the piece of equipment will be utilized in construction. In all, the cost of equipment includes everything needed on the construction site to complete the wall.

The total cost of land and transportation is $2,054,406,000 With the minimum span of 1,000 miles, land and transportation are huge factors in the final cost.

Land seizures through eminent domain are estimated to be around 500 claims, with a $1 million cost per seizure. The estimate is giving consideration to the amount of land already owned on the border.

Once the land is acquired, roads can be developed for transporting materials and construction equipment. There are some existing roads close enough to the border for utilization. However, an estimated 500 miles of roads still need to be developed with a price tag of $3 million per mile.

As with equipment, modes of transportation would be purchased instead of rented. Modes of transportation from most utilized to least are freight trucks & trailers, pickup trucks, water trucks, concrete trucks, and concrete pump trucks. The unit prices range from $30,000 to $260,000, and quantities from 3 to 30. Costs of maintenance repairs, and traffic control are also factored in.

Finally, a minimum of 800,000,000 gallons of gas will be used by the low-mileage trucks with the average gas price in the region around $1.62 per gallon.

The total cost of labor will be $92,705,240 for five years. With a project as large as this, annual salaries of workers needs to be addressed. The graph to the right shows the amount of workers, and their total cost per year.

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Laborers have the highest cost, but also the highest quantity as many are needed to complete the wall. They are needed for land preparation, equipment maintenance, grounds maintenance, and other miscellaneous tasks. Drivers having the second highest costs, will be needed for the transportation of the above mentioned materials (i.e. concrete, rebar, steel beams, etc.). Site Security will also be essential to insure the safety of the workers during the construction of the wall.

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The final numbers were based on how much each profession was needed in construction. In all, the cost of labor includes everyone needed to be sure the wall raises safely and securely.

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Competitor Analysis

Assumptions

Security:

The wall alone will not be enough to secure the border. Levels of security measures will need to be utilized. Security includes constraints such as checkpoints, cameras, lights, barbed wire, and drones. These would be the minimum security requirements, without including costs to employ border patrol.

• All variables have remained the same since acquired and are equally weighted
• Catastrophes and natural disasters are ignored due to unpredictability
• People are equally likely to attend an event in each city
• Arena is already built and in good condition
• Most number of clusters is optimal

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Matthew Bronakowski, Jacob Ernst, Sam Palombo

Dr. Christy Crute, Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA