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HYPERSONIC TESTING & DIGITAL TWINS

F. Morgado, C. Garbacz, O. Tumuklu, J. Needles, W. Maier, JJ. Alonso, K. Hanquist, M. Fossati

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What do experiments and simulations have in common when it comes to hypersonics?

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Credits: VKI’s Plasmatron experiment on blunt probe

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Content

  1. Modelling for HPWT digital twins*
    1. H2K at DLR
    2. CUBRC-LENS at U. of Buffalo
    3. Longshot at VKI
    4. HYMETS and NASA Langley

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  • Digital cloning of hypersonics and plasma tunnel models: the road ahead

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nemo

* Physical and numerical modelling based on SU2-nemo: https://github.com/su2code/SU2.git

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H2K at DLR Köln: proximal spheres

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  • Daub, D., Willems, S., Esser, B., Gülhan, A. (2021). Experiments on Aerothermal Supersonic Fluid-Structure Interaction. Future Space-Transport-System Components under High Thermal and Mechanical Loads 146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7
  • Gülhan, A., Willems, S., Neeb, D. (2021). Shock interaction induced heat flux augmentation in hypersonic flows. Exp Fluids 62, 242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03336-y

Reservoir pressure

520 kPa

Reservoir temperature

600 K

Mach number

7

Free stream velocity

1045.8 m/s

Free stream pressure

125.6 Pa

Free stream density

7.878 10-3 kg m-3

Free stream temperature

55.6 K

Unit Reynolds

2.2 106 m-1

Modelling approach: N/A – Validation test case

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H2K at DLR Köln: proximal spheres

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  • Morgado, F., Garbacz, C., Fossati, M. (2022). Impact of Anisotropic Mesh Adaptation on the Aerothermodynamics of Atmospheric Re-entry. AIAA J 60(7), https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J061071

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CUBRC – LENS: double cone

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Mach

16

Freestream Pressure

2.2 Pa

Stag. Enthalpy

2.2 MJ/kg

Geometry

25o/55o

Modelling approach: N/A – Validation test case

  • Druguet, M.C.,Candler, G.V.,and Nompelis, I.,”Effect of numerics on Navier-Stokes computations of hypersonic double-cone flows,"AIAA Journal,Vol.43,No.3,2005,pp.616-623. doi:10.2514/1

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Mach 16 conical patterns in N2-O2 mixtures

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  • Maier, W., Jacob T. Needels, J.T., Alonso, J.J., Morgado, F., Garbacz, C., Fossati, M., Tumuklu, O., Hanquist, K. (2023). Development of Physical and Numerical Nonequilibrium Modeling Capabilities within the SU2-NEMO Code. AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum, January 3-7, San Diego, CA. DOI: 10.2514/6.2023-3488

TemperatureTR [K]

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Longshot at VKI: cylinder &free-flying ring

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  • Grossir, G., Puorto, D., Ilich, Z., Paris, S., Chazot, O., Rumeau, S., Spel, M., Annaloro, J., (2020). Aerodynamic characterization�of space debris in the VKI Longshot hypersonic tunnel using a free-flight measurement technique, Exp Fluids 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-02995-7.

Test gas

N2

Mach number

~14

Unit Reynolds

2.3 106 m-1

Total enthalpy

2.5 MJ/kg

Duration

20 ms

Modelling approach: Imposition of transient test chamber free-stream conditions

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  • Morgado, F., Fossati, M., Kovacs, D., Magin, T. (2023). Rebuilding the VKI's Experiment on the Interference of a Free-Flying Ring and Stationary Cylinder Using a Multi-Fidelity Numerical Methodology. AIAA Scitech Forum, January, National Harbour, MD, USA. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-1386

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Longshot at VKI: cylinder & free-flying ring

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HYMETS at NASA Langley: cylindrical blunt probe

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Test gas

N2, O2, NO, O, N, Ar

Total enthalpy

6.5 MJ/kg

Mass flow rate

403 slpm

Arc pressure

109 kPa

Chamber pressure

0.228 kPa

Heat flux sensors

Copper & Teflon Slugs

  • Splinter,S.C., Bey,K.S., Gragg,J.G., Brewer,A.R. (2011). Comparative Measurements of Earth and Martian Entry Environments in the NASA Langley HYMETS Facility. 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Orlando, FL, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-1014

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Mach

P [kPa]

Ttr [K]

Tve [K]

YN2

YO2

YNO

YN

YO

YAr

Nozzle free stream

0.165

109

3,832

3,832

6.88e-1

5.39e-2

5.02e-2

3.95e-3

1.36e-1

6.77e-2

Nozzle stag. line at exit

4.6

0.228

778.13

1,815.75

6.94e-1

5.81e-2

4.53e-2

2.84e-6

1.35e-1

6.77e-2

Modelling approach: Decoupling of nozzle flow and test chamber free-stream

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  • Needels, J., Maier, W., Alonso, J.J., Duzel, U., Hanquist, K. (2022). Sensitivity Analysis of Gas-Surface Modeling in Nonequilibrium Flows. AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum, January 3-7, San Diego, CA. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-1636

TemperatureTR [K]

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HYMETS at NASA Langley: cylindrical blunt probe

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Heat flux [Wm-2]

Mach

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The road ahead: Models & outlook

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  • Turbulence transition, boundary layer development and receptivity to disturbances
  • Multi-fidelity approach for the “system level” twin
  • Modelling of the sensors/probes
  • Uncertainty modelling: epistemic and aleatoric for models and facility runs

… to achieve digital cloning of HPWT aiming for:

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  • Data fusion for flow characterisation and physics
  • Assessment of physical models
  • Digital design of experiments
  • Interpretation of results/campaigns
  • Training and facility development

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NEEDS

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Acknowledgements and support

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  • T. Magin, O. Chazot, J.B. Scoggins, M. Capriati, VKI for Fluid Dynamics
  • C. De Persis, G. Ortega, ESA
  • A. Loseille, Inria
  • R. Gollan, University of Queensland

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  • ESA MIDGARD. Contract 4000130436/20/NL/MH/ac, 2020-2023;
  • ESA DECODE. Contract 4000138578/22/NL/GLC/, 2022-2025;
  • EU H2020 MSCA-ETN Stardust-R. Grant agreement 813644;
  • NSTP Fast Determination of Satellite Re-entry and Fragmentation. Contract UKSAG21_0068;
  • EPSRC Impact Accelerator High-fidelity computational study of the aerothermodynamic performance of future sustainable access-to-space systems

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HYPERSONIC TESTING & DIGITAL TWINS – Q&A

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NEMO in the literature

  • Garbacz, C., Morgado, F., Fossati, M., (2023). Characterization of nonequilibrium shock interaction in CO2-N2 flows over double-wedges with respect to Mach number and geometry. Physics of Fluids 35, 066120. DOI: 10.1063/5.0148436
  • Maier, W., Jacob T. Needels, J.T., Alonso, J.J., Morgado, F., Garbacz, C., Fossati, M., Tumuklu, O., Hanquist, K. (2023). Development of Physical and Numerical Nonequilibrium Modeling Capabilities within the SU2-NEMO Code. AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum, January 3-7, San Diego, CA. DOI: 10.2514/6.2023-3488
  • Garbacz, C., Morgado, F., Fossati, M., (2022). Effect of thermal nonequilibrium on the shock interaction mechanism for carbon dioxide mixtures on double-wedge geometries. Physics of Fluids 34, 026108. DOI: 10.1063/5.0078233
  • Garbacz, C., Morgado, F., Fossati M. (2022). Response of shock interaction patterns to different freestream conditions in carbon-dioxide flows over double-wedges. AIAA AVIATION 2022 Forum. Chicago, IL. DOI: 10.2514/6.2022-3277
  • Gimelshein S.F., Wysong I.J., Fangman A.J., Andrienko D.A., Kunova O.V., Kustova E.V., Garbacz C., Fossati M., Hanquist K. (2021).  Kinetic and Continuum Modeling of High-Temperature Relaxation of O2 and N2 Binary Mixtures. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat transfer. DOI: 10.2514/1.T6258
  • Garbacz, C., Fossati, M., Maier, W.T., Alonso, J.J., Scoggins, J.B., Magin, T., Economon, T. (2021). Numerical study of nonequilibrium shock interference patterns over hypersonic vehicles. AIAA Journal.
  • Garbacz, C., Maier, W.T., Alonso, J.J., Scoggins, J.B., Magin, T., Economon, T. and Fossati, M. (2021). Shock Interactions in Inviscid Air and CO2-N2 Flows in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium. Shock Waves, Vol. 31, p. 239–253 (2021). DOI: 10.1007/s00193-021-00999-8
  • Maier, W., Needels, J., Garbacz, C., Morgado, F., Alonso, J., Fossati, M. (2021). SU2-NEMO: An Open-Source Framework for Hypersonic Reacting Flows. Special Issue on CFD methods for high-speed and non-equilibrium flows, Aerospace. DOI: 10.3390/aerospace8070193

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SU2-NEMO for digital twins�

  • Edge-based Finite Volume discretisation
  • Convective fluxes with MUSCL and limiting on primitives (MSW, AUSM, AUSM+up2)
  • Central scheme for viscous fluxes
  • Weak (and strong) formulation of boundary conditions
  • Mesh adaptation with different degrees of anisotropy (Metric-based adaptation for simplexes with Boundary Layer mesh regeneration)

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  • Continuum / Slip regime, steady, viscous, multi-component, gas mixture in thermochemical nonequilibrium 

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  • Viscosity and thermal conductivity via Gupta-Yos or Wilke/Blottner
  • Mass diffusion with Fick's approximation and Ramshaw correction
  • Landau-Teller vibrational relaxation with Millikan and White formula and Park’s limiting cross section for relaxation times 
  • Finite-rate chemistry (Arrhenius-type) 
  • Spalart-Allmaras/k-ω turbulence modeling
  • Catalytic wall and radiative equilibrium modelling

nemo

https://github.com/su2code/SU2.git

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