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SUBJECT : ANATOMY

Topic Asthi with reference to scapula

Guided By :

Dr. Amit Kumar Singh (Asso Prof & HOD) Dr. Varsha Gupta (Asst. Prof.) Department of Rachana Sharir

Presented By –

Vandana Yadav (24)

B.A.M.S. Ist Prof. Batch 2022-2023

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अस्थि संथिान (Skeletal system) विभिन्न प्रकार के ऊतकों (tissues) का समूह है-

  1. अस्थि ऊतक (Osseous or bone tissue)
  2. उपास्थि (Cartilage)
  3. घन संयोजी ऊतक (Dense connective tissue)
  4. उपकिा ऊतक (Epithelium)
  5. . मेदवह ऊतक (Adipose tissue)

6. नडीवीह ऊतक (Nervous tissue)

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व्युत्पत्ति��• “अस्यते इति अस्थि।”��मरणोपरान्त सभी धातुओं के क्षीण हो जाने के पश्चात्लेन अस्थिधात ही अवशेष मात्र रहने के कारण ‘अस्यते इति अम्यति’��इस व्युत्पत्ति से जाना जाता है। कोई आचार्य अस्थि को देह का सार भी मानते हैं।��• तस्मात् चिरविनष्टेषु त्वमासेषु शरीरिणाम्। अस्थिनि च विनश्यतिं साराण्येतानि देहिनाम् ।।��त्वचा मांस आदि सब रचनाएँ नष्ट होने पर भी अस्थियों नष्ट नहीं होती; क्योंकि वे��देह का सार होती है।��अस्थि धातू की व्युत्पत्ति और निरुक्ति अस्यते अस्+कथिन्। (वाचस्पत्यम्)��अस्यते क्षिप्यते यत् । अस् + कथिन् । (शब्दकल्पद्रुम)���

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. ,अस्थि धातू के पर्याय��(वाचस्पत्यम्)��कुल्य, मेदोज आदि नामकरण है।��• अस्थि निर्माण��रसाद्रक्तं ततो मासं मांसान्मेदस्ततोऽस्थिच । अस्थ्नो मज्जा ततः शुक्रंशुक्राद्गर्भः प्रसादजः ॥ च०चि० 15/16��रस से रक्त, रक्त से मांस, मांस से मेद, मेद से अस्थि, अस्थि से मज्जा, मज्जा से शुक्र तथा शुक्र से गर्भ की उत्पत्ति होती हैं।

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अस्थि की परिभाष

सअस्थि की परिभाषा��“स्थिर, कठिन तथा शरीर के अंग-प्रत्यंगों को आकार तथा आधार प्रदान करने वाली रचना को अस्थि कहते हैं।”��“अस्यते इति अस्थिः।”��• इसी से वह अन्य धातुओं की अपेक्षा अधिक समय तक अपना ही रूप धारण किये हुए रहता है।��• जैसे मृत शरीर को जमीन में दबा देने के पश्चात् कुछ दिनों के बाद वहाँ की मिट्टी खोदकर देखी जाये तो रस, रक्त, मांस, मेद आदि धातु‌एँ तथा शरीर की अन्य रचनाओं का नाममात्र अवशेष वहाँ नहीं दिखेगा, और अस्थियाँ वैसी ही मिलेंगी।��• इसी से कहा गया है, कि वह अधिक समय तक स्थिर रहता है। क्योंकि शरीर की रचनाओं में सबसे कठिन अंश वही होता है।

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अस्थियों का स्वरूप��अस्थिधातु शरीर में सबसे अधिक कठिन भाग हैं। इनमें गुरु, खर,

कठिन, स्थूल, स्थिर एवं मूर्तिमत् (दृष्टिमान) गुण पाये जाते है ।��इसी कारण इन गुणों से ये शरीर का धारण करने, मज्ट करने एवं मांस के आलम्बन में समर्थ होती हैं। उपरोक्त कारण इन्हें पार्थिव कहा जाता है।

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अस्ों के आकाश, वायु, जलहीनता और पृथ्वी। (च.शा. 1/27)��अस्थियों का संगठन पांचभौतिक दृष्टि से किया गया है।��अस्थियों का छिद्रित होना, छिद्रिष्ट भाग युक्त होना, तथा अस्थियों में अन्दर की रक्तवहानलिकाएँ का बनना आकाश महाभूत के कारण आकाश महाभूत अर्थात् रिक्त स्थान।��अस्थियों की प्राणमयता, परिवर्तनशीलता, वृद्धि और पुनरुत्पादक के गुण वायु महाभूत के कारण है|

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अस्थियों के प्रकार��• दीर्घ अस्थि (Long bones) – ये ऊर्ध्व और अधः शाखाओं में स्थित हैं। प्रत्येक अस्थि के बीच के भाग को काण्ड तथा किनारों को प्रान्त कहते हैं। महर्षि सुश्रुत ने इन्हें नलकास्थि नाम दिया है।��• लघु अस्थि (Short bones)- इनकी स्थिति मणिबन्ध एवं कूर्च में रहती है जहाँ अनेक लघु अस्थि मिलकर अस्थि-कंकाल में दृढ़ता एवं संहति प्रदान करती है और आवश्यकता होने पर अल्प गति भी प्राप्त होती है।��• चपटी अस्थि (Flat bones) – ये अस्थि चपटी और चौड़ी होकर कोमल कोष्ठांगों की सुरक्षा का कार्य करती हैं। कपालास्थियाँ मस्तिष्क को सुरक्षा प्रदान करती है।

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त्तवषर्ास्थि (Irregular bones) - उपययक्त अस्थियों के अततररक्त कछ अस्थियों के आकार में कोई क्रम नहीं होता। ककसी थिान प्रिधयन तनकलता है तिा ककसी थिान पर खात।

एतातन पञ्चविधातन ििस्न्त; तदयिा-कपाल रुचक तरुण-िलय- नलक-संज्ञातन। (स.शा. 5/20)

अस्थियों के प्रकाि (Types of Bones)-

ये अस्थियाँ पाँच प्रकार की होती हैं; यिा-

  1. कपालास्थियाँ,
  2. रुचकास्थियाँ,
  3. तरुणास्थियाँ,
  4. िलयास्थियाँ
  5. नलकास्थियाँ।

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कपालास्थि (Flat bones)-

ये भशर की अस्थि अंसफलक, जान्िस्थि, श्रोणणफलक के रूप में चपटी अस्थि है|

रुचकास्थि दाँतों (Teeth) को कहा गया है।

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तरुणास्थि

यह अस्थि का पियरूप है। अचधकांश अस्थियाँ तरुणास्थि के रूप में प्रारम्ि होती हैं और बाद में अस्थि में पररिततयत होती हैं। परन्तनासापटले, कणयशष्कभल, क्िनाडी एिं कशेरुकों के मर्धय में तरुणास्थि ही पायी जाती हैं।

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वलयास्थि (Irregular Bones)-

ये गोलाकार, अदयध चन्द्राकतत अस्थियाँ हैं, जो पष्ििंश म कशेरुक तिा िक्ष में पशयका के रूप में स्थित है।

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िलकास्थि (Long bones)

नलकास्थि आघात से टट जाती है। कपालास्थि आघात से दब जाती है तिा रुचकास्थि एिं िलयास्थि में अस्थिप्रान्तों क

कडे हो जाते हैं।

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अस्थि की संख्या

1. महवषय चरक एिं आचायय िानिट्ट,कश्यप के अनसार-360

2. महवषय सश्रु ुत के अनसार -300

3. साधतनकों के अनसार - 206

चिक

श्र

वागभट

आधनि क

शाखाओं में

32*4=128

30*4=120

35*4=140

30*4=120

मर्धय शरीर

140

117

120

50

चगरिा के ऊपर

92

63

100

36

360

300

360

206

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The Scapula

  • The scapula (Latin shoulder blade) is a thin bone placed on the posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage.
  • . The scapula has two surfaces, three borders, three angles, and three processes .
  • The scapula is a highly mobile bone that is situated on the posterior aspect of the body.
  • The scapula is best viewed from behind.
  • There are 2 scapulae one on either side of the spinal column
  • Each overlies the 2nd – 7th ribs

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  • The scapula is a flat
  • triangular-shaped bone.
  • It has a number of interesting projections. Best viewed from the lateral aspect.

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Side determination

  • The lateral or glenoid (Greek socket) angle is
  • large and bears the glenoid cavity.

  • The dorsal surface is convex and is divided by the triangular spine
  • into the supraspinous and infraspinous fossa.

  • . The costal surface is occupied by the concave subscapular fossa to fit on the convex chest wall .

  • The thickest lateral border runs from the glenoid cavity above to the inferior anlge below.

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SURFACES

  • The scapula has two surfaces-
  • The costal surface or subscapular fossa is concave and is directed medially and forwards.
  • It is marked by three longitudinal ridges.
  • The dorsal surface gives attachment to the spine of the scapula.
  • which divides the surface into a smaller supraspinous fossa and a larger infraspinous fossa.

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BORDERS

  • The scapula has 3 borders-
  • Superior border.
  • Lateral border.
  • Medial border.

  • The superior border is shortest. Near the root of the coracoid process, it presents the suprascapular notch.

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Superior border

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  • The lateral border is thick. At the upper end, it presents the infraglenoid tubercle.

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Medial border

  • The medial border is thin. It extends from the superior angle to the inferior angle.

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ANGLES

  • The scapula has three angles-
  • Superior angle.
  • Inferior anlge.
  • Lateral Or glenoid anlge.

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Superior angle

  • The superior angle is covered by the trapezius.

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Inferior angle

  • The inferior angle is covered by the latissimus dorsi. It moves forwards round the chest when the arm is abducted.

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Lateral anlge

  • The lateral or glenoid angle is broad and bears the glenoid cavity or fossa, which is directed forwards, laterally and slightly upwards.

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PROCESSES

  • The scapula has three processes-
  • Spine process
  • Acromion process
  • Coracoid process

  • The spine or spinous process is a triangular plate of bone with three borders and two surfaces.
  • It divides the dorsal surface of the scapula into the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae.

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Spine or spinous process

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  • The acromion process has two borders, medial and lateral;
  • two surfaces, superior and inferior; and a facet for the clavicle .

  • 3 The coracoid (Greek like a crow’s beak) process

is directed forwards and slightly laterally.

  • It is bent and finger-like. It is an atavistic type of epiphysis.

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Acromion process

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Coracoid process of scapula

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ATTACHMENTS

The multipennate subscapularis muscle arises from the medial two- thirds of the subscapular fossa .

The supraspinatus arises from the medial two-thirds of the supraspinous fossa including the upper surface of the spine .

infraspinatus arises from the medial two-thirds of the infraspinous fossa, including the lower surface of the spine .

The deltoid arises from the lower border of the crest of the spine and from the lateral border of the acromion .

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Muscles attachments

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  • The serratus anterior is inserted along the medial border of the costal surface:
  • One digitation from the superior angle to the root of spine, two digitations to the medial border, and five digitations to the inferior angle .

  • The long head of the biceps brachiu arises from the supraglenoid tubercle, and the short head from the lateral part of tip of the coracoid process.

  • The coracobrachialis arises from the medial part of the tip of the coracoid process.

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  • The pectoralis minor is inserted into the medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process .
  • The long head of the triceps brachii arises from the infraglenoid tubercle.
  • The teres minor arises by two slips from the upper two-thirds of the rough strip on the dorsal surface along the lateral border .

  • The teres major arises from the lower one-third of the rough strip on the dorsal aspect of the lateral border .

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  • The rhomboid minor is inserted into the medial border (dorsal aspect) opposite the root of the spine .

  • The rhomboid is inserted into the medial border (dorsal aspect) between the root of the spine and the inferior angle.

  • The inferior belly of the omohyoid arises from the upper border near the suprascapular notch .

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LIGAMENTS

  • The coracoacromial ligament is attached:
  • (a) to the lateral border of the coracoid process, and
  • (b) to the medial side of the tip of the acromion process .
  • The coracohumeral ligament is attached to the root of the coracoid process .

  • The coracoclavicular ligament is attached to the coracoid process.

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  • The transverse ligament bridges across the supra- scapular notch and converts it into a foramen which transmits the suprascapular nerve.
  • The suprascapular vessels lie above the ligament .

  • The spinoglenoid ligament may bridge the spino- glenoid notch.
  • The suprascapular vessels and nerve pass deep to it .

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OSSIFICATION

  • The scapula ossifies from one primary centre and seven secondary centres.
  • The primary centre appears near the glenoid cavity during the eighth week of development.
  • The first secondary centre appears in the middle of the coracoid process during the first year and fuses by the 15th year .
  • The subcoracoid centre appears in the root of the coracoid process during the 10th year and fuses by the 16th to 18th years.

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The other centres, including two for the acromion process, one for the lower two-thirds of the margin of the glenoid cavity,

  • one for the medial border and one for the inferior angle, appear at puberty and fuse by the 25th year.

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CLINICAL ANATOMY

  • Paralysis of the serratus anterior causes ‘winging’

of the scapula.

  • The medial border of the bone becomes unduly prominent, and the arm cannot be abducted beyond 90° .
  • • The scaphoid scapula is a developmental

anomaly, in which the medial border is concave

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Winging

of right scapula

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Research paper on scapula:-

Abstract:-

Scientific evidence supporting a role for faulty scapular positioning in patients with various shoulder disorders is cumulating. Clinicians who manage patients with shoulder pain and athletes at risk of developing shoulder pain need to have the skills to assess static and dynamic scapular positioning and dynamic control. Several methods for the assessment of scapular positioning are described in scientific literature. However, the majority uses expensive and specialised equipment (laboratory methods), making their use in clinical practice nearly impossible. On the basis of biometric and kinematic studies, guidelines for interpreting the observation of static and dynamic scapular positioning pattern in patients with shoulder pain are provided. At this point, clinicians can use reliable clinical tests for the assessment of both static and dynamic scapular positioning in patients with shoulder pain. However, this review also provides clinicians several possible pitfalls when performing clinical scapular evaluation. On the basis of its clinical relevance, its proven reliability, its relation to body length and its applicability in a clinical setting, this review recommends to assess the scapula both static (visual observation and acromial distance or Baylor/double square method for shoulder protraction) and semidynamic (visual observation and inclinometry for scapular upward rotation). In addition, when the patient demonstrates with shoulder impingement symptoms, the scapular repositioning test and scapular assistant test are recommended for relating the patients’ symptoms to the position