Structural Audit

• Evaluation for the structural system of the building

• Head Office Address: Mhatre Niwas, Mahtre Wadi, Next to Sony- Mony Electronics,

S.V. road, Borivali (West), Mumbai- 400092.

• Dombivali Office Address: 202, 2^nd Floor, Mhatre Tower, Phadke Road, Opp. Ambika Hotel, Dombivali(E )- 421 201.

Email:

rmhatre1967@gmail.com rajeshmahtre2011@rediffmail.com

Mobile no: 9820727675

Prime Management & Consultancy

• HELLO�GOOD MORNING �EVERYONE…!

Save Structure,

Save Life..!!

RAJESH T. MHATRE

[M.Tech (Civil), M.B.A]

Deputy Engineer [K.D.M.C] V.R.S

[Chartered Engineer / Architect / Structural Engineer / Structural Auditor / Valuer}

STRUCTURAL AUDITOR &VALUER

According to government regulations:

All commercial and residential societies are expected to undergo assessment and obtain a structural stability certificate from a chartered civil engineer, every 5 years. We are the competent authority to provide such certification. Assessing the strength and weakness of the structure, conducting NDT, preparing repair/ rehabitation scheme monitoring repair work and issuing structural stability certificate.

Need for Structural Audit

• To save human life and buildings.
• To understand the existing status and condition of building.
• To find critical areas to repair immediately for comply with statutory requirements.
• To enhance life cycle of building by suggesting preventive and corrective measures like repairs and retrofitting.
• For awareness about building health. and to project the expected future life.
• To comply with municipal and other statutory requirements.

COMPANY �PROFILE

STRENGTH OF STAFF

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DOMAIN �CAPACITIES

LIST OF UNDERTAKEN PROJECT

PREFACE

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WE SINCERELY THANK YOU FOR GIVING US AN OPPORTUNITY TO WORK WITH YOUR SOCIETY & FOR THE FAITH IN OUR UTILITY AND TECHNICAL COMPETENCY.

THE ENTIRE BUILDING WAS VISUALLY SURVEYED EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY, THE SURVEY WAS CARRIED OUT FLAT-WISE, SHOP-WISE AND FOR COMMON AREAS LIKE TERRACES, STAIRCASE BLOCKS, OVERHEAD TANKS, LIFT MACHINE ROOM, DUCTS TO ASSESS THE CONDITION OF THE STRUCTURE. THE FRAMING SYSTEM OF THE BUILDING CONSISTS OF COLUMNS, BEAMS AND SLABS WITH APPROPRIATE BRACING’S AND CROSS SECTIONAL PROVISIONS. IT IS IMPORTANT FOR BASIC STABILITY THAT THE STRUCTURE HAS ADEQUATE STIFFNESS AND RIGIDITY, TO ENSURE LONG TERM PERFORMANCE. THE DAMAGES AND THE DETERIORATION OF THE STRUCTURE CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE FOLLOWING FOUR MAIN CAUSES:-

• NATURAL FACTORS I.E. NORMAL AGING, ATMOSPHERIC FACTOR, ETC.
• DESIGN DEFICIENCIES.
• STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO UNANTICIPATED STRESSES.
• ERRORS DURING CONSTRUCTION

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PREFACE

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THIS SURVEY IS AIMED TO IDENTIFY:

• STRUCTURAL DEFECTS.
• SEEPAGE AND LEAKAGE DEFECT.
• PLASTER DEFECTS.
• PLUMBING DEFECTS.
• WATER PROOFING DEFECTS.

IMPORTANT PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN ENCLOSED WHICH GIVES AN EASY WAY TO ADOPT, TO IMPROVE OUR COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND WITH A VIEW TO UNDERSTAND THIS SUBJECT OF SERVICE ABILITY WITH RELATIVE EASE

WE SINCERELY THANK & ACKNOWLEDGE ALL THE CONCERNED PERSONS OF THIS BUILDING.

EVERY CONSCIOUS EFFORT IS BEEN MADE TO COVER ALL THE NEEDED ASPECTS OF THE WORK THAT NEEDS TO BE ATTENDED TO.

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SUMMARY ON STRUCTURAL AUDIT REPORT�Chapter I �(Part A)�Structural Repair –Today’s Need

Repairs can be defined as re-instating the structure back in to its existing status by strengthening it to perform for which it is designed for Repairs can be further differentiated in to Structural Repair and General Building repair.

Structural repairs are the systems used to strengthen the building to increase its performance life and may be re-instating it into stable condition due to de-stressed happened by various reasons; e.g. Bad Constructions practices, Physical/Mechanical abuses, earthquakes etc.

General Repairs are those adopted to repair small areas e.g. re-surfacing, re-jacketing the RCC members (Nonstructural) mainly related to waterproofing needs and can be considered as cosmetic methods to bring the structure back in to good conditions.

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) is a popular material for building construction in India because it is cheaper than structural steel. The popularity is increasing day by day because of various research and developments with the concrete (e.g. higher grades of concrete with the use of plasticizers, super plasticizers etc.)If the construction quality is best, the life span expectancy of the RCC structure is to the tune of 60 to 80 years. It can also be extended up to 100 years, if it is properly maintained throughout its life.

Also, construction in RCC is considered to be labor intensive and supposedly requires fewer high-tech tools, infrastructure, and skills than doe’s structural steel. Over the past 20 years, we have seen a boom in the number of low- and medium-rise RC frame buildings with masonry in-fills. However, the real estate boom over the past 2 decades has resulted in large, privately constructed buildings that have not been adequately designed. Nominal mixes (with predetermined proportions of cement, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates) are used to make concrete without a formal mix design. Volume batching is primarily employed instead of weigh batching; resulting into difficulty of not accounting for moisture in the aggregates, which could at times be large. Also, the placement of concrete is manual. Water available at site is used for concreting without always verifying its suitability. Some salts detrimental to the durability and strength of concrete do enter into the concrete. Moreover, the quantity of water is adjusted to ensure good workability, often resulting in higher water content than necessary and in porous hardened concrete.

Unfortunately, we are lagging behind in the maintenance part. Also the behavior of the concrete structure in the dry climate and in the humid climate is different. The structure in the humid climate deteriorates rapidly as compared to dry climate. So, special precautions have to be taken to safeguard the reinforcement (e.g. cover, anticorrosive treatment to the reinforcement bars etc.)

As per our opinion, the stages of the maintenance can be broadly categorized in to the following:

• Stage I– Maintenance after every 5-7 years – (e.g. external painting, checking of terrace leakages, overhead &u underground tank problems, draining off the drainage & storm water etc.)

Chapter - I (Part B)�WHAT IS STRUCTURAL AUDIT?

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Structural Audit is an overall health and performance checkup of a building like a Doctor examines a patient. It ensures that the building and its premises are safe and Have no risk. It analyses and suggests appropriate repairs and retrofitting measures Required for the buildings to perform better in its service life. Structural audit is done By an s and licensed structural consultant.

• THE PURPOSE OF STRUCTURAL AUDIT IS :
• To save LIFE& PROPERTY.
• To know the health of your building & to project the expected future life.
• Highlight the critical areas that need to be attended with immediate effect.
• To proactively assist the residents and the society to understand the seriousness of the
• Problems and the urgency required to attend the same.
• To comply with Municipal or any other statutory requirements.

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HOW DO WE CARRY IT OUT?

If we are serious about the Structural Audit, What do we tell our Structural Engineers? What are our expectations?

• STEP 1: It is imperative that we must have Architectural and Structural plans of The buildings. It will be helpful if we have detailed structural calculations Including assumptions for the structural design. The assumptions can also include the allowable live loads; whether the building is designed for residential, commercial, light industry or heavy industry and whether any future provision for adding new floors is considered? What type of Earthquake loads is considered? Which I.S. Code requirements have been met?
• STEP 2: If the Architectural plans and Structural plans are not available. The same can be prepared by any Engineer by measuring the size of the building & locating the position of the columns, beams and size of all such structural elements.
• STEP 3: Inspection of the Building – A detailed inspection of the building can reveal the following:
• Any settlement in the foundations.
• Visual cracks in columns, beams and slabs.
• Concrete disintegration and exposed steel reinforcements – photographs can be helpful.
• Slight tapping with hammer can reveal deterioration in concrete.
• Extent of corrosion in reinforcement.

HOW DO WE CARRY IT OUT?

• STEP 4: Tests Recommended: It is important that various tests should be carried out in old buildings. This will give an idea about the extent of corrosion, distress and loss of strength in concrete & steel.

Tests may include:

• Concrete Core cutting & Compression tests for columns, beams and slabs for Strength Assessment of concrete.
• Half Cell Potential test for determining the probability of corrosion in the embedded steel.
• Carbonation test for carbonation depth measurement for Steel.
• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test (UPV) for Strength Assessment of concrete.
• Integrity tests for pile foundations.
• STEP 5: Highlight the critical areas and how to go for repairs. For e.g.
• No. of columns requiring immediate attention including treating rusted steel, adding new steel, jacketing of columns etc. – Repairing foundations, repairing balconies, chajja.
• Attending to beams and slabs wherever required.
• Attending to water proofing of terrace, toilet blocks.
• Attending to cracks in external walls and providing good quality of paint.
• The critical areas highlighted need to be attended immediately.
• STEP 6 : Earthquake Criteria: Mumbai is located in Earthquake Zone III as per Indian Standard Codes. The Earthquake Code IS 1893-2002 provides rigorous analysis and design of Buildings. Structures so that is can withstand the Earthquake forces. It may be possible to retrofit the old buildings, so that they do not collapse during Earthquake; but may develop some cracks and allow enough time for people to escape. Thus saving precious lives.
• STEP 7 : Compliance of Audit requirements. Audit is a good thing, but in itself Audit is not sufficient, It is important that the findings and/or recommendations of audits are implemented satisfactorily, within a stipulated time limit and are certified by Structural Engineers; Otherwise the Audit findings will remain on paper.
• Is it a costly process?

Of course this is going to be costly; but human lives are more important and they need to be saved at any cost.

CONCLUSION:

If your building Is more than 15 years old, it is important that rigorous audit is to be carried out every five years.

This will be a continuous process as it is difficult to guarantee future life of old buildings. However, regular Audits and implementing audit findings will avoid sudden

Collapse of buildings and save thousands of life. This process will also increase the future life of buildings.

Stage 2 –Maintenance after every 15-20 years –(e.g. External plastering and painting, replacement of damage drainage pipes, tracing out local as well as overall leakages inclusive of those mentioned in stage 1)

Stage 3 - Maintenance after every 25-30 year (e.g. major structural repairs, inclusive of stage.1&2 wherever required.)

If the structure is properly constructed under strict quality control & good work membership, construction material specification complying IS standard, the stages will be further prolonged. Any negligence in the structure can have an excellence service life

As mentioned earlier, the behavior of the concrete structure in dry climate and in humid climate is different. In humid climate, due to air & water entrainment reinforcement steel rusts and forms scales around its periphery. As the volume of scaling increases it tries to disintegrate the concrete part. If we allow the process doesn’t stop, the structure becomes more and more weak.

It is advisable to have a “Structural Audit” After every five years to observe &to control the long-term damage, which are making the structure weak. Nothing (including human being) is long lasting .But every attempt should be made to utilize &enjoy the benefits for maximum possible period.

Advantages of Structural Audit

1. Useful for loan application to bank, useful for insurance claim.
2. Additional proof of sounds structure before purchase or sale flat.
3. Member can understand the exact status/condition of their individual flat.
4. Easier to convince, to get co-operation and found from members.
5. Helps contractors to understand the exact nature of distress before touching the structure for repairs, chance of increasing the work/cost is minimum.
6. Even member can visualize the extent of repairs during work and can experience.
7. The condition of water distribution and water protection system also forms part of structural status report.
8. Cost effective solution and specification will give the full justice to your contributed amount.
9. It has remedial measures.
10. Estimate repair cost priorities are taken care.

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Structural Audit Recommended Tests

• Non Destructive Tests:

The following NDT tests are required to be carried out on structural elements. However, it is important that the testing scheme is prepared based on preliminary survey of the building/structure:

●USPV Test to assess the integrity of concrete.

●Rebound Hammer Test to estimate the in situ compressive strength of cover concrete.

●Half cell potentiometer Test to determine the probability of active corrosion.

●Carbonation Test to assess the depth of carbonated concrete.

● Core Tests to determine the estimated equivalent in situ compressive strength & to establish correlation between Rebound hammer test & in situ strength of concrete.

●Cover Test to assess the cover provided to RCC structural members.

ULTRA SONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST

 Application:

UPV test are done inaccordance with Indian standards IS 13311(Part 1) These Test Are Preliminary Done To Established

The homogeneity of concrete

• Presence of cracks, voids and other
• imperfection
• Changes in quality of concrete over time
• This test does not established compressive strength of tested concrete
• PROCEDURE:
• The concrete surface where probes are to be applied is cleaned property.
• Grease is applied on the test surfaces
• The probes are pressed on the surface of the structural element to remove air gaps.
• Distance between the two probes is noted
• Read time taken for the ultra sonic pulse from the instrument.
• Calculate velocity = distance/ time

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Criteria’s for grading of Concrete Quality

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REBOUND HAMMER TEST

Application:

Rebound Hammer Test Are Done In Accordance With Indian Standards IS: 13311 (part 2)1992 & BS 1881: Part 202: 1986 to estimate the in situ strength of concrete based on the correlation established between in-situ strength at the particular location & rebound numbers.

• PROCEDURE:
• The concrete surface is cleaned properly.
• The area of approx. 300 mm × 300mm is rubbed with CARBORANDUM Stone to remove loosely adhering scales, or remains of plaster mortar If any.
• In this area 12 points at approximate 30mm apart are selected in Grid
• By holding the rebound hammer at right angles to surface of the concrete member, 12 readings are taken at selected points.
• Of these readings, abnormally high & abnormally low results are eliminated & average of the balance readings is worked out.
• Taking into consideration the factors influencing hardness of the concrete surface like moisture condition of the surface, carbonation, test location within the member, direction of test etc. corrected rebound number is worked out.
• The compressive strength of concrete against each rebound number is obtained from graph prepared on correlation established between rebound numbers at core test locations & equivalent cube strength values.

HALF CELL POTENTIAL TEST

• Application:

These tests are used to assess the probability of corrosion in reinforcement. HCP test are done in accordance with ASTM C876 Standard.

• Procedure :
• Identify test location and drill a hole in the concrete to reach the reinforcement.
• Established electric contract for reinforcement.
• Place the half cell at various location on the concrete surface and measure the voltage in the voltmeter
• Correlate the obtain voltages to probability of corrosion has taken place

CARBONATION TEST

• Procedure :
• Identify test location and drill a hole in the concrete to reach the reinforcement.
• Spray the phenolphthalein indicator into the hole and then insert the steel rod.
• The color change determines till what depth carbonation has taken places
• If the color turns to pink it indicates that concrete is not affected by carbonation & if there is no color change it indicates concrete is affected by carbonation.

CONCRETE CORE TEST

Application:

• Concrete core test are done in accordance with Indian standards IS: 1199 and IS: 516
• These tests are done primarily to obtain the compressive strength of the concrete sample. In addition, the density of the concrete sample is also obtained.

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• Procedure:
• The exact passion from where the core can be extracted from the concrete member is determined using a rebar mapping device so as to avoid the reinforcing bars within the concrete member
• Concrete core of diameter of at least three times the maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate is obtained using a core cutting machine
• The obtained cores are capped on both sides in a laboratory using epoxy mortar. The capped surface shall be at right angles to the axis of the specimens and shall not depart from a plane by more than 0.05 mm
• The core is then placed in a water at a temperature of 24 to 30 C FOR 48 hours before testing
• The core is then subjected to compression forces on a compression testing machine. The breaking point is observed and noted
• The obtained compressive strength is converted to equivalent cube strength and is reported after applying suitable correction factors in accordance with the Indian standards.

Core Extracted

Extracted Core

Compression Testing

COVER METER TEST

• The instrument used is PROFOMETER-4 , REBAR Locator Model S, Manufactured by M/s. PROCEQ SA, Switzerland, which is able to perform following functions.
• To locate the bar accurately.
• To assess the clear cover to the bar.
• To calculate bar diameter of the selected bar.

The instrument works on magnetic principle & has limitations of spacing between bars to identify the bars individually.

The limitation of REBAR locator instrument to identify bars & its diameter is that of REBAR from concrete surface is less than 70mm depth &spacing of bars should be more than 150mm.

REBAR LOCATOR

• Rebar Locator test is used for locating reinforcement in concrete structures and also to determine the depth of concrete cover.
• Commonly used to map the rebars before coring of concrete so as to avoid structural damage.
• Many of devices are capable only of detecting metals close to the concrete surface (concrete cover of 75mm or less) and cannot be used for determining rebar alignment at all. The newer devices Proceq Profometer 5+ have larger range.
• Measuring Range
• Operating Temperature -0 °C to +60 °C
• Storage Temperature -10 °C to +60 °C
• Cover Depth measurement - Small range upto 100mm
• Large range upto 185mm
• Diameter measurements - Up to a cover of 70 mm
• REBAR LOCATOR TEST APPLICATIONS

• The test is useful for determining concrete cover, location of embedded rebars & estimate size of rebars. The instrument is based on magnetic technique & is applicable only for reinforced concrete structures.

• To determine concrete cover and detect reinforcement and approximate bar diameter.

• Serves as a useful tool before Half Cell Potential Testing and Concrete Core Testing.

BRICK TEST

1) Absorption Test on Bricks 

• Absorption test is conducted on brick to find out the amount of moisture content absorbed by brick under extreme conditions. In this test, sample dry bricks are taken and weighed. After weighing these bricks are placed in water with full immersing for a period of 24 hours. Then weigh the wet brick and note down its value. The difference between dry and wet brick weights will give the amount of water absorption. For a good quality brick the amount of water absorption should not exceed 20% of weight of dry brick.

2) Crushing Strength or Compressive Strength Test on Bricks

Crushing strength of bricks is determined by placing brick in compression testing machine. After placing the brick in compression testing machine, apply load on it until brick breaks. Note down the value of failure load and find out the crushing strength value of brick. Minimum crushing strength of brick is 3.50N/mm².if it is less than 3.50 N/mm², then it is not useful for construction purpose.

CHEMICAL TEST

• Chemical Test (IS 456 : 2000) :- The CL content of concrete is found to be 0.700 to kg/m3 which is not within the permissible limit.
• SO3 content of concrete id found to be between 150 to 250 mg/l. which is within the permissible limit.
• The pH value has been found to be in the range from 7.5 to 8.0, which is not within the permissible limits for 7.5.

POND TEST

• Testing of leakage and seepage by water pond test

The colour water test is an inexpensive and effective method for detecting any defect in sanitary fitments and drainage works. For the sake of health and safety, you may consider using food dye. Colour dye in powder or liquid form should be dissolved or diluted in water for tracing the source of seepage. It should be noted that colour dye seepage will discolour and stain the ceiling. About 10 liter of colour water is needed for each test. Pour colour water by making square watts on terrace top (which is open to sky )and water pour in this watts .and kept for observation for two to three days You may prepare the colour water in the receptacle as shown in photos . Afterwards observe whether colour seepage will appear on the ceiling of the lower slab . Colour water seeping through the concrete floor slab will take about an hour or sometimes three to four days to finally appear on the ceiling.

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test (IS 13311 (Part-1) : 1992) :- The reading in this case are in range from 2.01 Km/sec to 2.70 Km/sec and the average reading is 2.24 Km/sec, which indicates concrete quality is to be DOUBTFUL.
• Rebound Hammer Test (IS 13311 (Part-1) : 1992) :- The hammer reading (Rebound Number) in this case are in range from 13 to 17 and the average equivalent cube compressive strength is below 10 N/mm² which is very poor compressive strength.
• Half-Cell Potential Test (ASTM 876-09) :- The reading lie between -324 mV to -361 mV which indicates that there is an increasing probability of corrosion. Around 50% to 90% probability of corrosion has been found approximately.
• It is to be noted that a probability of corrosion i.e. 50% does not mean that the diameter of the existing reinforcement has reduced to 50%. The probability of corrosion simply refers to the corrosion activity taking place at that point.
• Carbonation Depth Measurement Test (EN 14630 : 2007) :- Average carbonation depth of hardened concrete is in range from 20 to 50 mm when total depth is in the range from 20 and 50 mm respectively. There is 60% to 100% carbonation of concrete has been which is critical.
• Core Test (IS 516 : 1959) :- Core Compressive Strength of an extracted core is (as per IS 516 and SP 24) 11.80 and 10.59 MPa which is poor compressive strength by considering today’s design practices. The average equivalent cube compressive strength is 13.98 MPa.
• Chemical Test (IS 456 : 2000) :- The CL content of concrete is found to be 0.700 to kg/m3 which is not within the permissible limit.
• SO3 content of concrete id found to be between 150 to 250 mg/l. which is within the permissible limit.
• The pH value has been found to be in the range from 7.5 to 8.0, which is not within the permissible limits for 7.5.
• Rebar Mapping and Cover Meter Test :- The details of rebar mapping have been attached separately in which dimensions of column, number of main bars, diameter of main bars, diameter of stirrups and spacing of stirrups has been mentioned.
• Concrete clear cover is found is found to be 50mm. Details has been mentioned in separate sheet. Kindly go through it.

DEFECTS

1)Defect : Paint defect – pops

• Causes :
• Excessive film build traps the solvent which is released during flash or bake
• Insufficient flash off time before baking

PAINT DEFECTS

2) Defect : Paint defect - Metallic Inconsistency / Mottling

• Causes :
• Oil canning of substrate surface (slight convex or concave distortion)
• Batch to batch paint variation
• Insufficient agitation of paint
• Inconsistent application techniques
• Variations in paint film thickness
• Part design may necessitate hand spray (returns, framing, recessed areas)

3) Defect : Paint defect - Adhesion Failure

• Causes :
• Improper surface preparation
• Painting over oil, grease or other contaminants

PAINT DEFECTS

4) Defect : Paint defect – light coverage

• Causes :
• Inadequate film build
• Faraday cage effect

5) Defect : Paint defect – colour inconsistency

• Causes :
• Batch-to-batch paint variation
• Poor agitation
• Over backing / burnt material

PAINT DEFECTS

• Defect :–Erosion of mortar joint
• Causes :
• Spalling of the mortar and brick will occur due to the expansive nature of frozen water.
• This happens when excessive moisture enters the wall.
• The cracking occurs due to movement, or from thermal expansion
• Probably the mortar is unstable to be as resistant as it should be to severe weathering such as the use of high cement content mortars can result in loss of bond between brick and mortar.

MORTOR DEFECTS

1) Defect : Plaster Defect – Blistering

• Causes :
• This is the formation of small patches of swelling out beyond the plastered surface arising out of late slacking of lime.

PLASTER DEFECTS

2) Defect : Plaster Defect – Blistering

• Causes :
• Due to poor workmanship
• Due to thermos statically changes in the climate
• Due to settlement in the building.
• At the junction of dissimilar structures
• Not proper bonding on the wall
• Not uniformly of the thickness of the joints.
• Improper curing of the wall.
• Not providing moulding and drips
• Due to excessive silt in the sand
• Due to application of plaster before completion of curing time of masonry work.
• Not proper mixing of mortar.

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3) Defect :Plaster Defect – Crazing

• Causes :
• Due to poor workmanship

PLASTER DEFECTS

4) Defect :Plaster Defect – Crazing

• Causes :
• It is the whitish crystalline substance which appears on the surface due to presence of salts in plaster making material as well as brick sand cement water bad appears.

5) Defect :Plaster Defect – Falding

• Causes :
• The scaling away of patches of plaster surface due to lack or loss of adhesion with the previous coat.

PLASTER DEFECTS

6) Defect : Plaster defect – peeling

Causes :

• The use of low-quality paint, resulting in inadequate adhesion and flexibility
• Oil-based paint applied over latex paint
• Paint was spread too thin during application
• Poor surface preparation, especially when the paint is applied to bare wood without priming
• Paint drying too fast due to environmental conditions
• Paint becoming brittle with age, failing to expand and contract with temperature and humidity changes

7) Defect : Plaster defect – hollowness

• Causes :
• The scaling away of patches of plaster surface due to lack or loss of adhesion with the previous coat.
• Presence of air through cracks on surface
• Moisture content

PLASTER DEFECTS

PLASTER DEFECTS

8) Defect :Fungus Formation Or Mould Formation

• Heavy growth and vegetation turned into trees if not removed .this result in heavy leakage from the terrace and external façade resulting in severe deterioration of the building.
• Causes :
• Water leakage will happen by the plumbing that is not installed properly. Some time water
• Leakage also comes from the toilet. Besides that, the gutter of roof also can cause the mould that will attach itself to the wall.
• Moisture of the wall can cause the faster growth of the mould.
• Higher humidity can cause the growth of mould faster. Plus, the residence was surrounded by abundant of big trees and reduces of direct sunlight through the building. Thus the degree of humidity around the building is high.

9) Defect : Insect Or Termite Attacks

Termites are small, pale to brownish black in colour, insect that capable of feeding on mostly anything including timber

• Causes :
• a) Moisture
• Termites will survive in moist environment. This is because they do not have hard body cover
• and may easily lose moisture from their body. Thus, consistently humid environment is well suited
• for them. The sources of moist are from leakage of water pipe, roof system and other source of
• water habitat such as pool, lake, or pond.
• b) Source of food
• Any surrounding area that has dead wood is probably foraged by the termites. Any building
• structure material that is made from wood or timber will be easily targeted by them if it is wet andmoist.
• c) Dark, and Low Light Intensity
• If the building has a very low tolerance to light, it will to provide a well habitat for immature
• grow of termites.
• d) Minimal flow of air
• Minimal flow of air or low ventilation in building due to humidity in certain area which can
• lead to higher chance of survival of community of termites.

PLASTER DEFECTS

1) Defect : Leakage From Ceiling / Floor/ Loft With Internal Area Above

• Causes :
• Leakage from bathroom or kitchen above usually caused by seepage from fitments, bathtubs, shower trays, buried pipes or drains due to improper construction of joints, installation of sealants or occurrence of cracks.
• Waterproof cement rendering underneath floor tiles for the floor above not installed/specified or such waterproofing features damaged by installation of sockets or conduits.
• Mal-function of waterproofing in nearby external features such as balconies or external walls above

LEAKAGE DEFECTS

2) Defect : Leakage Or Seepage Marks On Wall

• Causes :
• Water penetration through external wall defects such as cracks, joints, honeycombs, spalling, weak points, holes, punctures, leftovers of debris, and movement of external wall components.
• Water penetration through defective external wall finishes such as loosened mosaic tiles, cracked ceramic tiles & paint surface; through poor cladding or curtain walls constructions or weaknesses in water-resisting components.
• Water leakage through partition walls between units of pre-fabricated elements or between buildings.

LEAKAGE DEFECTS

3) Defect : Leakage Through Window Or Adjacent Wall

• Causes :
• Improper fillings around frames.
• Deformation of frame, defective gasket, sealant or putty for window glass setting or frames.
• Air conditioning box or platform tilting inwards.
• Insufficient sealant around air conditioning units.

LEAKAGE DEFECTS

4) Defect : Leakage Through Drains Or Pipes

• Causes :
• Seepage through defective joints or pipes caused by poor installation or differential movements / settlements, movement of building structures or ground or water table.
• Corrosion of pipes at junctions with floors or walls.
• Invasion of water into conduits and distribute throughout the network.
• Blockage leading to excessive pressure built up.
• Attack by rodents or roots of plants.

1) Defect : Causes Of Cracks On Wall

• Causes :
• Moisture change.
• Thermal moment: When this movement is restraint, internal stresses are set-up in the component, and may cause cracks due to tensile or shear stress.
• Elastic Deformation: Structural components of a building undergo elastic deformation due to dead and the super imposed live loads, in accordance with hook law.
• Certain chemical reactions in building materials result in appreciable increase in volume of materials, due to which internal stresses are setupwhich may results in outward thrust and formations of cracks
• Shear cracks in buildings occurs when there is large differential settlementof foundation
• Roots of a tree generally spread horizontally on all sides to the extent ofheight of the tree above the ground and when the trees are located in the vicinity of a wall, they can cause cracks in walls due to expensive action ofroots growing under the foundations.

TYPES OF CRACKS

2) Defect : Cracks In RCC Columns And Beams Found Cracked At Many Places.

• Causes :
• Moisture Movement:
• Corrosion of embedded reinforcement
• Thermal movement
• Poor Construction practices.
• Growth of vegetation
• Poor Maintenance

TYPES OF CRACKS

3) Defect : Hollow/ Crack Plaster Over Beam, Column, Slab, Wall

• Causes :
• Moisture Movement:
• Corrosion of embedded reinforcement
• Poor Construction practices.
• Fungus formation
• Distress in RCC members
• Carbonation of steel

4) Defect : RCC member viz. columns beams, and top slab found cracked @ few places , Hand rail steel exposed , Mid landing portion found crack and damage , Trade/Rises found crack

• Causes :
• Lack of preventing maintenance
• Corrosion of steel

TYPES OF CRACKS

(5)

TYPES OF CRACKS

6) Defect :Vertical Cracks On Overall Surface Of Beam

• Causes :
• Less load carrying capacity

5) Defect : crack at joining of beam, column and slab

• Causes :
• Early remove of formwork during construction

7) Defect : Parallel And Short Cracks On Columns

• Causes :
• Use of Bad concrete, less bearing strength or less width of column provided than required

(6)

(7)

8) Defect : Vertical Cracks On Surface Of Column Parallel To The Steel Provided

• Causes :
• due to corrosion of steel

TYPES OF CRACKS

(8)

9) Defect : Diagonal Cracks On The Surface Of Column At Any Place

Causes :

• Less load carrying capacity
• less width of column provided than required

(9)

10) Defect : Horizontal Crack At The Joining Of Beam And Colum

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Causes :

• Less provision of steel than required and
• keeping more spacing between steel bars

(10)

Rusting of Iron and steel is the most commonly known process of corrosion. The following equation describes the formation process of rust :

4 Fe + 2 H₂O + 3 O₂ 🡪 2 Fe₂O₃.H₂O

Iron + Water + Oxygen Hydrated Iron Oxide

Concrete is permeable to water and solutions of chloride & sulphates. Penetration of the solutions of these chemicals can produce a gradual change in the condition within the concrete ultimately leading to corrosion of steel and deterioration of concrete. Because of the attack the concrete carbonation starts and the concrete loses its alkalinity. Major constituents like carbon dioxide, sulphates, sulphur dioxide etc. cause the loss of alkalinity in concrete.

Any corrosion of reinforcement results in the formation of rust, which occupies a volume of about 2.2 times that of iron from which it is formed. This corrosion product has literally no place to go and hence it produces a large intern al pressure, as high as 1 ton/inch² around the concrete resulting in longitudinal cracks parallel to reinforcement in the concrete. These cracks allow further ingress of salts, water and air & thus the corrosion of rebar and cracking of the concrete progress at a faster rate leading finally to spalling of the concrete, where that part of concrete no longer plays any role in carrying and transferring of load. Thus, the strength of the concrete member is reduced endangering safety and stability of whole or part of the structure.

Corrosion :

• Defect : Distress In R.C.C Component
• Causes :
• Corrosion due to proximity of sea, pollution
• Structural member crack & damage
• Alterations in flat
• Leakages from bathroom and WC, external wall. G.I. water
• pipes and Drainage pipes & their fittings.
• Loosened plaster of wall, column, beam, slab
• Brick masonry cracks, quality of mortar, workman ship.
• Waterproofing on terraces and chajja-wall junctions.
• Poor workmanship and use of construction material not
• according to I.S. specifications.

Distress

In RCC Component

Dampness and its causes

CATEGORIES GIVEN TO STRUCTURE AFTER AUDIT COMPLETION

1) C-1 CATEGORY

(Demolish the Building)

CATEGORIES GIVEN TO STRUCTURE AFTER AUDIT COMPLETION

2) C-2 A CATEGORY

(Evacuated and/or partial demolition requiring major structural repairs)

CATEGORIES GIVEN TO STRUCTURE AFTER AUDIT COMPLETION

3) C-2 B CATEGORY

(To be no eviction only structural repairs)

CATEGORIES GIVEN TO STRUCTURE AFTER AUDIT COMPLETION

4) C-3 CATEGORY

(No eviction needs minor repairs only )

HOTEL �TAJ BLUE DIAMOND

TAJ BLUE DIAMOND PUNE ��AREA ABOUT MORE THAN 4000 SQ/METER.��LOCATION:- VASANI NAGAR, KOREGAON PARK ROAD PUNE.��STATUS:- 5 STAR HOTEL ��FLOORS:- BASEMENT + GROUND FLOOR + MAZZINE FLOOR + SERVICE FLOOR +5 STOREY.��YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION:- MORE THAN 40 YEARS.

NAME OF �DEMOSTRATION WORK:-

APPOINMENT LETTER

FROM HOTEL TAJ BLUE DIAMOND

STABILITY

CERTIFICATE

CATEGORIES GIVEN TO STRUCTURE AFTER AUDIT COMPLETION

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• C-2B CATERGORY

(No Eviction only Structural Repairs)

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PHOTOS

MAIN LOBBY RECEPTION COUNTER SALOON

BANQUET HALL

MAIN KITCHEN

WHISPERING

BAMBOO

AREA

INTERNAL ROOMS

GYM AREA

INTERNAL PASSAGE

TERRACE AREA

PLUMBING DUCT

RCC WATERTANK

EXTERNAL PHOTOS

Scope Of Work In Structure Audit Covering Following Areas

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• Any Settlement In The Foundations.
• Deflection, Stress, Sagging, Hogging, Cracks, Movements Of Structure Etc.
• Visual Cracks In Columns, Beams And Slabs.
• Concrete Disintegration And Exposed Steel Reinforcements – Photographs Can Be Helpful.
• Slight Tapping With Hammer To Reveal Deterioration In Concrete.
• Extent Of Corrosion In Reinforcement.
• Status Of Structural Components – Sagging, Deflection, Cracks, Hogging Stress, Buckling, Etc.
• Status Of Architectural Features Viz. Chajjas, Fins, Canopies Etc.
• Cracks In Walls Indication Swelling In R.C.C. Members Or Distress Or Deflection Or Corrosion.
• Leakages From Terrace & Toilet Blocks.
• Leakages & Dampness In Walls Resulting Into Cracks And Corrosion.
• Changes Carried Out Affecting Structure
• Toilet Blocks- Added Or Changes Made
• Change Of User – From Residential To Commercial To Industrial
• Change Of Partition Walls
• Status Of Electrical Meter Room / Pump Room
• Status Of Staircase
• Status Of Overhead & Underground Water Tanks – Leakages, Cracks & Frequency Of Cleaning.
• Plinth Protection In The Compound Including Status Of Drainage, Water Pipes & Pump

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REBOUND

HAMMER TEST

ULTRA SONIC GAUGE

THICKNESS TEST

CORE TEST

EXTERNAL

PHOTOS

NDT TEST CONCLUSION REPORT

Conclusion:-

 The Non-destructive test reports Shows that Compressive strength of Structure is of medium Quality.

VISUAL INSPECTION

WORK COMPLETION CERTIFICATE�FROM HOTEL TAJ BLUE DIAMOND

DESIGN WORK FOR PARSHIK HILL ENTRANCE GATE

BMC Panel Engineer

STRUCTURAL AUDITORS LICENSE OF BMC

MIRA- BHAYANDAR

THANE

VASAI-VIRAR

KALYAN-DOMBIVALI

BHIVANDI

ULHASNAGAR

STRUCTURAL AUDITORS LICENSE OF VARIOUS REGIONS

CERTIFICATE

PROFESSIONAL

ENGINEER

CHARTERED VALUER

CERTIFICATE

CHARTERED ENGINEER

ASSOCIATE

THIRD PARTY AUDITOR LICENSE

MIRA-BHAYANDAR

KALYAN-DOMBIVALI

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER LICENSE OF VARIOUS REGIONS

MUMBAI

THANE

NAVI-MUMBAI

KALYAN-DOMBIVALI

PANVEL

SUPERVISOR LICENSE

SURVEYOR LICENSE

GST CERTIFICATE

MHADA LICENSE

AUTHORISED TRAINING CENTRE

CERTIFICATE

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SPECIAL THANKS �TO �PANVEL MUNCIPAL

CORPORATION

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