�SOCIAL SCIENCE �OUR PAST(HISTORY) �CLASS VI�
LESSON -04
IN THE EARLIEST CITIES
PREPARED BY- KAPILA VASHISHTHA
T.G.T. Social Science
JNV Budaun (Lucknow Region)
WHAT DO YOU SEE IN THIS PICTURE ?
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS
-READ THE POINTS GIVEN IN EACH SLIDE CAREFULLY.
-LISTEN THE DEMONSTRATION CAREFULLY.
-TAKE AN ATTENTIVE LOOK AT THE PICTURES AND MAPS GIVEN IN THE PRESENTATION.
-READ THE CHAPTER FROM THE BOOK AND RELATE THE CONTENT WITH THE POINTS GIVEN IN THE SLIDES.
-AT THE LAST SLIDE SOME PRACTICE QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN GIVEN. PLEASE TRY TO ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS.
THE STORY OF HARAPPA
- ABOUT 150 YEARS AGO WHILE CONSTRUCTING A RAILWAY LINE IN PUNJAB ENGINEERS FOUND THE REMAINS OF SOME OLD BUILDINGS.
- THEY USED THE BRICKS OF THOSE BUILDINGS FOR THEIR CONSTRUCTION WORK.
�- AFTER 70 YEARS OF THAT INCIDENT ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND THAT SITE AND RECOGNIZED THAT AS ONE OF THE OLDEST CITIES OF THE SUB CONTINENT .��- THAT WAS THE PART OF THE GREATEST ANCIENT CIVILIZATION- “INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION”.��- HARAPPA SITE WAS THE FIRST TO BE DISCOVERED SO ALL THE SITES HAVING SAME BUILDINGS WERE DESCRIBED AS HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION.
MAZOR SITES OF HARAPPAN �CIVILIZATION
SPECIAL POINTS OF HARAPPAN CITIES
1. CITIES WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO OR MORE PARTS.
2. WEST PART OF THE CITY ,KNOWN AS CITADEL, WAS SMALLER AND HIGHER.
3. EAST PART ,KNOWN AS LOWER TOWN, WAS LARGER AND LOWER.
4. BRICK WALLS WERE BUILT AROUND EACH PART.
5. IN SOME CITIES SPECIAL BUILDINGS WERE CONSTRUCTED, SUCH AS THE GREAT BATH OF MOHEN -JO –DARO.��6. IN SOME CITIES LIKE KALIBANGAN AND LOTHAL FIRE ALTARS WERE FOUND.� �7. IN SOME CITIES LIKE HARAPPA, MOHEN-JO- DARO, LOTHAL LARGE STORE HOUSES WERE FOUND.�
THE GREAT BATH
THE GREAT BATH WAS A VERY SPECIAL TANK.
TOWN PLANNING OF HARAPPAN CITIES
SOME COMMON CHARACTERISTICS WERE FOUND IN ALMOST ALL THE CITIES OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION--�1. HOUSES WERE ONE OR TWO STOREYS HIGH WITH ROOMS BUILT AROUND THE COURTYARD.�2. HOUSES HAD SEPARATE BATHING AREAS AND WELLS.�
3. ALMOST ALL THE CITIES HAD A WELL MAINTAINED DRAIN NETWORK.��4. HOUSES, DRAINS AND STREETS WERE BUILT IN WELL PLANNED MANNER.
LIFE IN THE CITY
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT THE LIFE IN THE HARAPPAN CITIES ARE HERE-
-PEOPLE BELONGED TO DIFFERENT OCCUPATINS IN THE HARAPPAN CITIES.
-THE RULERS PLANNED TO CONSTRUCT SPECIAL BUILDINGS.
-THE RULERS WERE THE OWNERS OF THE MOST VALUABLE OBJECTS SUCH AS GOLD, SILVER ETC.
-SOME PEOPLE WERE BUSY IN PREPARING SEALS AND INSCRIPTIONS.��-MANY PEOPLE OF THE SOCIETY WERE CRAFT PERSONS .��-MANY PEOPLE WERE TRAVELLERS WHO WENT TO DISTANT PLACESES TO BRING RAW MATERIALS AND NEW INFORMATIONS.
DEVELOPMENT OF CRAFTS
ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND VARIOUS OBJECTS WHICH TELL ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRAFTS IN HARAPPAN CITIES-
-STONE, SHELL AND METAL (COPPER, BRONZE, SILVER, GOLD)WERE USED TO MAKE CRAFTS.
-BRONZE AND COPPER WERE USED TO MAKE TOOLS AND WEAPONS.
�-COTTON WAS PROBABLLY GROWN AS EVIDENCES WERE FOUND IIN MEHRGRAH.�-ARTIFICIALLY PRODUCED MATERIAL ‘FAIENCE’ WAS ALSO PRODUCED BY GUM AND SAND POWDER TO MAKE BANGLES , BEADS AND VASSELS.�-GOLD AND SILVER WERE USED TO MAKE ORNAMENTS.�-RECTANGULAR SHAPED STONE SEALS WERE ALSO MADE.�
LIFE IN THE VILLAGES �(FOOD FOR PEOPLE IN THE CITIES)
-FOOD FOR THE PEOPLE IN CITIES WAS PRODUCED BY THE PEOPLE LIVING IN THE VILLAGES.
-WHEAT, BARLEY, PULSES,PEAS, RICE, MUSTERD WERE GROWN FOR FOOD.
-IN FARMING PLOUGH AND DIFFERENT METHODS OF IRRIGATION WERE USED.
-CATTLE, SHEEP ,GOAT AND BUFFALO WERE REARED IN PASTURES AS THESE ANIMALS WERE SOURCES OF FOOD .��-SOME PEOPLE PRODUCED FOOD BY HUNTING, FISHING AND GATHERING.�
SEARCH OF RAW MATERIALS
RAW MATERIAL IS THE MATERIAL WHICH IS FOUND NATURALLY AND USED TO PRODUCE A NEW PRODUCT , SUCH AS COTTON, PRODUCED BY FARMERS TO MAKE COTTON CLOTH.
IN HARAPPAN CITIES LOCALLY PRODUCED AND IMPORTED BOTH TYPES OF RAW MATERIALS WERE USED. EXAMPLES-
COPPER -- RAJASTHAN AND OMAN
TIN -- AFGHANISTAN AND IRAN
GOLD -- KARNATAKA
PRECIOUS STONES -- GUJRAT , IRAN , AFGHANISTAN
A CLOSER LOOK- HARAPPAN TOWNS IN GUJRAT
DHOLAVIRA-- THIS CITY WAS LOCATED IN THE RANN OF KUTCH. THE CITY WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS , EACH SURROUNDED BY STONE WALLS WITH ENTRANCE GATE.
FOR PUBLIC CEREMONIES THERE WAS A LARGE OPEN AREA
LOTHAL—THIS CITY WAS LOCATED ON THE BANK OF A TRIBUTARY OF SABARMATI IN THE GULF OF KHAMBHAT.
THIS WAS AN IMPORTANT CENTRE FOR MAKING STONE , SHELL AND METAL OBJECTS.
THE MYSTERY OF END
HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION WAS A VERY WELL DEVELOPED CIVILIZATION.
BUT BEFORE 3900 YEARS AGO THIS CIVILIZATION SUDDENLY ENDED.
CITIES AND TOWNS LOST THEIR PLANNING AND QUALITIES.
THE REASONS OF THIS END ARE STILL UNKNOWN.
VARIOUS SCHOLARS PRESENT DIFFERENT OPINIONS IN THIS REGARD. �SOME OF THE OPINIONS ARE-��- RIVERS DRIED UP�-DEFORESTATION�-FLOODS�-LOST OF CONTROL BY RULERS�
KEY WORDS
CITY--- A LARGE AN RELATIVELY DEVELOPED TOWN IN WHICH PEOPLE GENERALLY DO ACTIVITIES WHICH ARE DIRECTLY NOT RELATED TO NATURE.
CITADEL--- A CORE FORTIFIED AREA OF A TOWN OR CITY. IT MAY BE CASTLE OR FORTIFIED CENTER.
SPECIALIST--- SOMEONE WHO IS EXPERT IN A PARTICULAT WORK.
IRRIGATION--- TO PROVIDE WATER TO PLANTS IN AN ARTIFICIAL MANNER. ��RAW MATERIAL--- MATERIAL WHICH IS DERIVED DIRECTLY FROM NATURE AND WHICH IS USED TO PRODUCE SOMETHING .��SEAL--- A DEVICE WHICH IS USED FOR MAKING AN IMPRESSION ON WAX, CLAY OR PAPER.
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
Q1. WHEN DID HARAPPAN CITIES DEVELOP ?
Q2. WHY DID SOME SITES ,DISCOVERED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS CALLED HARAPPAN SITES ?
Q3. WHAT WAS THE GREAT BATH ?
Q4.WHAT WERE THE MAIN OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE IN THE HARAPPAN CITIES ?
Q5. WHAT WERE THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF DHOLAVIRA CITY ?
Q6. MAKE A LIST OF THE MAJOR SITES OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATION ?
MAP WORK-��IN THE MAP OF INDIA LOCATE THE FOLLOWING-��1. LOTHAL�2. HARAPPA�3. DHOLAVEERA�4.MOHAN JO DARO
THANK YOU