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Latin American Policies

Chapter 23

Lesson 4

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The United States in Panama

  • Americans and Europeans had wanted to build canal
    • 50 miles across Panama
  • 1880s-French company tried
  • United States was acquiring land in both Oceans
  • Need for canal grew

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Revolution in Panama

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  • 1903-Panama part of Colombia
  • Secretary Hay negotiated treaty with Colombia
    • Control of land for 99 years
    • $10 million, $250,000/year
  • Colombian senate rejected
  • T.R. encouraged people of Panama to rebel
  • 11/2/1903 Panama declared independence
  • U.S. stopped Colombian troops from interfering

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The Panama Canal

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  • U.S. recognized Panama independence
  • Hay signed treaty with Panama
  • T.R. actions angered many in Latin America, some in Congress
  • T.R. had no regrets
  • Building the canal was difficult
    • Hot, humid, mosquitoes
    • Yellow fever, malaria
    • Thousands died
  • William Gorgas-developed mosquito control measures

William Gorgas

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Opening the Canal

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  • Opened 8/15/1914
  • Great success from start
  • San Francisco to New York
    • Was 12,600 miles
    • Now 4,900 miles
  • Helped extend naval power
  • Fleet could be moved easily
  • Increased U.S. involvement in Latin America
  • Some in Latin America bitter over U.S. acquisition of land
  • U.S. gave to Panama in 1999

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Policing the Western Hemisphere

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  • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” - T.R.
    • No threats, action
  • Roosevelt believed U.S. should exercise “international police power”

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Roosevelt Corollary

  • Presidents followed Monroe Doctrine
    • No Europe involvement
  • T.R. added Roosevelt Corollary
  • U.S. had right to get involved in Latin America to provide stability
  • 1905-took control of Dominican Republic finances following revolution
  • 1906 sent troops to Cuba

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Dollar Diplomacy

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  • Taft wanted to substitute “dollars for bullets”
  • Giving loans, investing in economies of Latin America
  • Built roads and harbors
  • Increased trade
  • Still led to anti-U.S. feelings

William Howard Taft

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Relations with Mexico

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  • 1900 - Mexico poor with a few rich landowners
  • 1911-Francisco Madero led successful revolution
  • Two years later, killed by General Victoriano Huerta
  • Huerta favored the rich and foreign interests
  • U.S. refused to recognize

Francisco Madero

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Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy

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  • President Wilson wanted to avoid imperialism
  • Promote democracy in other countries to achieve stability
  • Supported Huerta’s rival in Mexico, Carranza
  • Seized port of Veracruz
  • Carranza took power

Venustiano Carranza

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Francisco “Pancho” Villa

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  • Francisco “Pancho” Villa rose up against Carranza
  • Shot 16 Americans in Mexico because of U.S. support of Carranza
  • Burned town in New Mexico, killed 18
  • General Pershing chased Villa, never caught
  • WWI changed attention

Pancho Villa