Verbs to be and to do
To be VS to do
To be – «характеристика»
Какой?
To do – «действие»
Что делает?
GP – general practitioner – «общий практикант» - врач общей врачебной практики
Medical oncologist - химиотерапевт
Tumor – опухоль
To perform = do = выполнить
To be – «характеристика»
Какой?
Pronoun | Verb to be past | Verb to be present | Verb to be future |
I | was/ were | am | Will be |
He, she, it | was | is | Will be |
We, they | were | are | Will be |
Глагол to be – неправильный глагол → 3 формы:
Be (am, is, are) | Was/ were | been |
Примеры:
I am a 5th year MS
I was a 5th year MS
I have been a 5th year MS
Her friends and she are 4th year MS. They were classmates. They will be obstetricians and gynecologists.
To be = быть, являться
Will not = won’t
To be – «действие»
Что делать, что сделать?
Глагол to do – неправильный глагол → 3 формы:
do/ does | did | done |
Примеры:
You do a great job
You’ve done so much
You did great
Her friends and she study as 4th year MS. They used to be classmates. They will work as obstetricians and gynecologists. She loves it
To do
Pronoun | Verb to do past | Verb to do present | Verb to do future |
I | did | do | Will do |
He, she, it | did | does | Will do |
We, they | did | do | Will do |
Past participle – «прошедшая частичка»
Will not = won’t
To be VS to do
To do – «действие»
Что делаем
To be – «характеристика»
Какие?
Practice 1
TYPE I (IMMEDIATE) HYPERSENSITIVITY
Type I ______(to be/ to do) the only type of hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies and mast cells. It is manifested within minutes of the reexposure to an antigen. The IgE response _______ (to be/ to do) the normal protective response against many metazoan parasites, which _______ (to be/ to do) too large to be phagocytized or killed by other cytopathic mechanisms. Approximately 20% of all individuals in the United States, however, _________ (to be/ to do) this immune response against harmless environmental antigens, such as pet dander or pollen; these responses are called atopic or allergic responses.
Задание:
display
is
is
are
Practice 2
Задание:
Practice 2
Пример предложений:
Задание:
3. Астма характеризуется отеком слизистой бронхов
Practice 3
TYPE II (ANTIBODY-MEDIATED) HYPERSENSITIVITY
Antibodies against cell surface or extracellular matrix antigens cause diseases that are specific to the tissues where those antigens are present; they are not usually systemic. In most cases, these antibodies are autoantibodies, but they may be produced against a foreign antigen that is cross-reactive with self-components of tissues.
These antibodies can cause tissue damage by 3 main mechanisms:
• Opsonization of cells
• Activation of the complement system which recruit neutrophils and
macrophages that cause tissue damage
• Possible binding to normal cellular receptors and interference with their
function
Задания:
Задание №2: пересказать текст избегая метода перечисления фактов:
Произношение: antibodies, autoantibodies, foreign antigen, neutrophils, macrophages
Practice 4
In some types of type II hypersensitivity, complement is activated and/or ADCC* is active (e.g., hemolytic disease of the newborn* [HDNB]). In other types, cell function is altered* in the absence* of complement activation and ADCC (e.g., myasthenia gravis and Graves disease). Eventually, as these diseases progress, complexes of antigen and antibody may cause localized damage*, but they do not circulate so the damage is localized to the specific tissue*.
ADCC - Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Newborn – новорожденный
Altered – нарушена
Absence – отсутствие
Damage – урон, повреждение
Tissue - ткань
Задания:
Practice 5
TYPE III (IMMUNE COMPLEX) HYPERSENSITIVITY
The immune complexes that cause disease may involve either self or foreign antigens
bound to antibodies. These immune complexes are filtered out of the circulation in
the small vasculature, so their sites of ultimate damage do not reflect their sites of
origin. These diseases tend to be systemic, with little/ small tissue or organ specificity.
Ultimate – окончательный, конечный
Origin – происхождение, начало
Tissue - ткань
Задания:
Произношение: vasculature, immune, antibodies, antigenes
Practice 6. Type III Hypersensitivities
Задание:
Practice 6. Arthus reaction
Задание:
Homework
Homework
Homework
Кто про что рассказывает:
Соня - HDNB
Марина – pernicious anemia
Маша – acute rheumatic fever
Алина – Goodpasture syndrome
Настя – transfusion reaction
Ксения – autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
Диляра – myasthenia gravis
Дарья – type II (insulin-resistant) diabetes
Рамина - Graves disease