Branch : Automobile Engineering�Semester : 3rd
Subject : Environmental Studies
Chapter : 06
Topic : Social Issues and the Environment
Faculty : Er. Probodh Ranasingh
AY : 2021 – 22
Mayurbhanj School Of Engineering, Baripada
Social Issues and Environment
Introduction
From Unsustainable to Sustainable
G.H Bruntland, Director of World Health Organisation : “Meeting the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
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Current status
Key aspects of Sustainable development
Measures for Sustainable development
Social Issues
1. Urban problems related to energy
Energy demanding activities
Effects
Water Conservation
Actions…
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Some researchers have suggested that water conservation efforts should be primarily directed at farmers, in light of the fact that crop irrigation accounts for 70% of the world's fresh water use.
Drip irrigation instead of sprinkle irrigation.
Common strategies include:
public outreach campaigns, tiered water rates (charging progressively higher prices as water use increases), or restrictions on outdoor water use such as lawn watering and car washing.
100’s of ways to conserve water
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Rain Water Harvesting
Introduction
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In urban areas, the construction of houses, footpaths and roads has left little exposed earth
for water to soak in.
In parts of the rural areas of India, floodwater quickly flows to the rivers, which then dry up soon after the rains stop. If this water can be held back, it can seep into the ground and recharge the groundwater supply.
This has become a very popular method of conserving water especially in the urban areas.
Rainwater harvesting essentially means collecting rainwater on the roofs of building and storing it underground for later use. Not only does this recharging arrest groundwater depletion, it also raises the declining water table and can help augment water supply.
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Status
Process
Case study
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The area surrounding the River Ruparel in Rajasthan, is an example of proper water conservation. The site does not receive even half the rainfall received by Cherrapunji, but proper management and conservation have meant that more water is available than in Cherrapunji.
The water level in the river began declining due to extensive deforestation and agricultural activities along the banks and, by the 1980s, a drought-like situation began to spread.
Under the guidance of some NGOs (non- government organizations), the women living in the area were encouraged to take the initiative in building johads (round ponds) and dams to hold back rainwater.
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WATER SHED MANAGEMENT
Concept of Watershed
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The watershed and drainage basin are synonymous term indicating an area surrounded by a ridge line that is drained through a single outlet.
Objectives of watershed management
Resettlement and Rehabilitation
Intro
Displacement due to dams
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Need space for such huge project. Locals, tribals and natives are affected.
Families have to leave the ancestral place and need to settle elsewhere.
Hirakund dam: 20000 people in 250 villages
Bhakra Nangal : not even half of displaced resettled.
Sardar Sarovar: 41,000 families will get displaced due to reservoir.
Tehri dam: 10000 people of Tehri town
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Displacement due to mining
Displacement due to creation of Protected area
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A welcome step for natural resource conservation
But tribals loose the right to their natural homes
Entry is prohibited in core areas.
Valmiki Tiger reserve: 142 villages in Bihar of Tharu Community
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary: 53,472 tribal families in Kerala.
Rehabilitation- issues and policies
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Right to housing a basic human right
Government acquires land for various reasons
Already poor tribals most affected.
Loss of land, food, home, jobs, property assets, social isolation
Cash compensation not enough, Tribals are unaware so might be a case of cheating.
Communal settlement does not happen.
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Policy
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Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development has formulated a National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families, 2003 with the objectives to:
Minimize displacement and to identify non- displacing or least-displacing alternatives;
Plan the resettlement and rehabilitation of Project Affected Families, (PAFs) including special needs of tribals and vulnerable sections;
Provide better standard of living to PAFs; and
Facilitate harmonious relationship between the Requiring Body and PAFs through mutual cooperation.
National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement 2007
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Climate change
GLOBAL WARMING
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Overall increase in temperature by a few degrees.
It happens when greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane) trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, which increases the temperature.
This hurts many people, animals, and plants.
Many cannot take the change, so they die.
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Climate change Evidence
Solution
Acid Rain
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"Acid rain" is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.
Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds. The result is a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released from power plants and other sources, prevailing winds blow these compounds across state and national borders, sometimes over hundreds of miles.
pH less than 5.6
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If The acid chemicals in the air are blown into areas where the weather is wet, the acids can fall to the ground in the form of rain, snow, fog, or mist.
As this acidic water flows over and through the ground, it affects a variety of plants and animals.
The strength of the effects depends on several factors, including how acidic the water is.
In areas where the weather is dry, the acid chemicals may become incorporated into dust or smoke and fall to the ground through dry deposition, sticking to the ground, buildings, homes, cars, and trees.
Taj Mahal in Agra
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Ozone layer depletion
Natural sunscreen: Ozone layer
Consumerism and waste products
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
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India first country to have made provisions for environment protection in its constitution
After Stockholm Conference , 1972 Many laws and rules have been made Article 48- A : The state shall endeavour to
protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife of the country.
Article 51 A (g): - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compasion for living creatures
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ACTS
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Wildlife (Protection ) Act, 1972
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Forest (Conservation )Act, 1980
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) Rules , 1998
The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) (Amendment) Rules,2002
The Biological Diversity Act,2002
Environmental Ethics
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Two views:
Anthropogenic and Eco centric.
Earth ethics or environmental guidelines help us to protect our mother earth.
DO NOT’s and DO’s
Having fewer wants = limits to growth = good environment
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THANK YOU