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Welcome to the Association of State Drinking Water Administrator’s �Lead Service Line Inventory Symposium�

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Lead Service Line Inventory Symposium�Session 3 – Capitalizing in Innovations for LSL Inventories

J. Alan Roberson, P.E.

ASDWA Executive Director

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HOUSEKEEPING ITEMS

  • Please note that ASDWA is unable to offer CEUs or completion certificates for this symposium.
  • ASDWA will not be able to provide technical support for GoToWebinar during the session. If you have issues with a lagging video or sound, please check your broadband connection. We recommend closing all other applications to maximize your bandwidth.
  • All sessions will be recorded and will be available later on ASDWA’s website should you have connection issues or if you miss a session.
  • Each session will include at least 30 minutes for question and answers, so please type your questions into the chat box and we will bring those up in the discussion portion.

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Now available for download on our website:

  • ASDWA’s LSL Inventory Framework
  • LSL Inventory Template

​

​

www.asdwa.org/lead-and-copper-rule-lcr/

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SYMPOSIUM OVERVIEW��Morning Webinars�11:00 AM-12:30 PM EST��Afternoon Webinars�3:00 PM-4:30 PM EST��Recordings and slide decks will be available on the event page:�www.asdwa.org/event/lead-service-line-inventory-symposium/�

    • Session 1: Overview of LCRR 
    • Session 2: Notes from the Field: State and Utility Experiences with Existing LSL Inventory Rules

Wednesday, February 2

    • Session 3: Capitalizing in Innovations for LSL Inventories
    • Session 4: Small Systems, Big Challenges: Implementing LSL Inventories and Replacements at Small Systems 

Wednesday, February 9

    • Session 5: Water System Inventory Case Studies
    • Session 6: Show Me the Money: Funding for LSL Inventories and Replacement

Wednesday, February 16

    • Session 7: The Other Side of the Meter: Practical Tools for Collecting Private-Side Service Line Material
    • Session 8: Tell Me About It: Mapping and Communicating your LSL Inventory and Replacements

Wednesday, February 23

    • States-only debrief (3:00-4:30 EST)

Wednesday, March 2

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WHAT THIS SYMPOSIUM…

IS

  • A starting point for the drinking water community to begin developing inventories
  • An introduction to adaptive management
  • Shared experiences from states and water systems
  • Discover opportunities to further the discussion on inventories

IS NOT

  • About EPA’s inventory guidance
  • The final word on inventories or specific inventory requirements
    • Questions will remain for how states should/will implement rule
  • A forum for answering every possible question about inventories
    • Not planning to develop a set of FAQS
    • Not planning to answer state-specific questions
  • A forum to debate LCRR or LCRI

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SESSION 3 SPEAKERS

  • Brandon Onan, Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy

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  • Will Pickering, Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority

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  • Jonathan Cuppett, Water Research Foundation

​

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Brandon Onan

EGLE - DWEHD

616.307.6736 | onanb@Michigan.gov

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Utilizing Available Data and Statistics to your Advantage

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EGLE – Lead and Copper Unit

Environmental Specialists

  • Jeni Bolt – Rule Specialist
  • Holly Gohlke – School Specialist
  • Matt Sylvester, E.I.T. – Corrosion Control Engineer

Environmental Quality Analysts

  • Heather Jackson – EQA
  • Stephen Pennington – EQA
  • Aislinn Deely – EQA
  • Tyler Postma – EQA
  • Heather Brown – EQA
  • Vacant Position - Engineer

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Brandon Onan, P.E. – Unit Supervisor

​

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Introduction – The Issue

    • Federal Lead and Copper Rule Revisions
      • Require systems to inventory service lines – primarily lead service lines
        • What is the Issue - Water systems are at various states of knowledge associated with the materials in their distribution systems.
          • Typically, watermains and larger assets are more well known in terms of materials.
          • Service line material knowledge, however, is mixed.
            • Some systems may know everything about the service lines in their system
            • Some may know everything about the public side with little to no knowledge of what’s on the private side.
            • Some may know nothing about the majority of service lines in the system.

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Define Terms

  • "Lead service line" means a portion of pipe that is made of lead, which connects the water main to the building inlet. A lead service line may be owned by the water system, owned by the property owner, or both. For the purposes of this subpart, a galvanized service line is considered a lead service line if it ever was or is currently downstream of any lead service line or service line of unknown material. If the only lead piping serving the home is a lead gooseneck, pigtail, or connector, and it is not a galvanized service line that is considered a lead service line the service line is not a lead service line.
  • Private Side – means the portion of a service line that is privately owned.
  • Public Side – means the portion of a service line that is publicly owned or owned by the water system.

​

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Lead Service Line Inventory Requirement

  • All water systems must develop an inventory to identify the materials of service lines connected to the public water distribution system.
  • The system must use the following to identify lead or galvanized service lines:
    • All construction and plumbing codes, permits, and existing records or other documentation which indicates the service line materials used to connect structures to the distribution system.

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    • All water system records, including distribution system maps and drawings, historical records on each service connection, meter installation records, historical capital improvement or master plans, and standard operating procedures.

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    • All inspections and records of the distribution system that indicate the material composition of the service connections that connect a structure to the distribution system.

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    • Any resource, information, or identification method provided or required by the State to assess service line materials.

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Not enough records, now what?

  • What do you do when the use of records alone doesn’t get you everything?
    • Is anecdotal staff knowledge adequate?
      • Likely not…but it does have value!
    • In a lack of records, how can you do anything short of a line-by-line investigation to be able to defend what you know?
      • Que the academics!

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Statistically Significant?

  • Why is the use of statistics to anyone’s advantage?
    • Well, if you are willing to tolerate some risk/error, then you can use an appropriate sample size to provide data about the system as a whole, based on the sum of its parts.
      • If we use the appropriate sample size, we can use data from those samples to project the likelihood of occurrence across the rest of the system
      • Simply put, with statistics we can have a reasonable estimate as to the extent of a system’s knowledge or make up in the most efficient manor.

​

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What’s the Method? (Overview)

  1. Identify all potable water service lines of “unknown” material;
  2. Identify how many service lines need to be physically verified to get a statistically significant data set;
  3. Randomly select the service lines needed for physical verification;
  4. Create a tool for tracking materials during verification;
  5. Conduct verifications;
  6. Record results of physical verification; and
  7. Evaluate results.

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Number Needed for 95 Percent Confidence Level

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Random Selection of Sites

  • Why a randomly uniform sample?
  • How do you get a randomly uniform sample set?
    • Use Excel!

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Evaluate Verification Results

  • What is there to evaluate?
    • Did you have records for sites that you verified?
    • Did they match?
    • Is there a pattern to the results?
    • Did you find what you expected?

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Example Table

Service Line ID & Location

Service Line Material�Based on HISTORICAL RECORDS

Service Line Material�Based on FIELD VERIFICATION

Parcel ID/ Service Line ID

Address

Connector (gooseneck)

Historical Record�Main-to-Curbstop

Historical Record�Curbstop-to-Home

 

Interior (18” or 1st shutoff)

Date of Historical Record

Type of Record

Year Built

Connector (gooseneck)

Verified Material�Main-to-Curbstop

Verified Material�Curbstop-to-Home

 

Interior (18” or 1st shutoff)

Date Verified

Method

123456789

23 Main St

NA

Copper

Copper

Unknown

​

​

1958

NA

Copper

Copper

Copper

1/2/2020

Hydrovac

123456790

60 1st Ave

NA

Copper

Copper

Unknown

12/1/1956

Note card

1951

NA

Copper

Copper

Copper

12/6/2019

Hydrovac

123456794

12 Michigan Ave

Unknown

Unknown

Copper

Copper

​

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1927

Lead

Galvanized

Lead

Lead

6/20/2020

Excavation

123456795

34 2nd Ave

Lead

Galvanized

Copper

Copper

​

​

 

NA

Copper

Copper

Copper

11/22/2020

Hydrovac

123456796

941 W Main St

NA

Copper

Copper

Copper

3/15/1986

Permit

1954

NA

Copper

Copper

Copper

11/13/2019

Hydrovac

123456798

24 North St

Lead

Galvanized

Copper

Copper

​

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1935

Lead

Galvanized

Lead

Lead

10/25/2020

Excavation

123456800

26 Grand Ave

Unknown

Unknown

Copper

Unknown

6/15/1929

Note card

1926

NA

Copper

Lead

Copper

11/28/2019

Excavation

123456803

13 24th St

Lead

Galvanized

Copper

Unknown

1/11/1952

Note card

1871

NA

Lead

Galvanized

Galvanized

5/25/2020

Hydrovac

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800-662-9278 | Michigan.gov/EGLE

Brandon Onan, Lead and Copper Unit Supervisor

onanb@Michigan.gov | 616-307-6736

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Service Line Inventory

Leveraging Existing Work and Cleaning Up Data

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February 9, 2020

Daniel Duffy, P.E.

COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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AGENDA

  • Introduction
  • Leveraging Existing Work
  • Understanding and Cleaning Up Your Data

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COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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INTRODUCTION

  • Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority was created in the 1980’s, taking the water system over from the City of Pittsburgh
  • Parts of the System date back more than 150 years
  • About 80,000 residential and non-residential service line connections
  • Until the 1980s, the utility did not own any of the service lines so installation and maintenance records not always maintained

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COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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INTRODUCTION

  • Initial inventory assembled quickly in response to LCR Action Level exceedance
  • Further refinements completed after digitizing records
  • Formal update prepared December 2020
  • Constantly in a state of update – records maintained in GIS

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COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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LEVERAGING EXISTING WORK

  • Internal Utility Operations
    • Develop a system to be able to take advantage of work the utility does every day
    • Ideally GIS-based to allow easier transfer of data
    • Capture service line work but also have a system where utility staff can take advantage of any service line exposed
    • Have a specific process for meter replacements
    • This will be critical to comply with the LCRR when utilities are required to supply pitchers and filters whenever a LSL is disturbed (operating a valve on a service line or meter setter)

​

COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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LEVERAGING EXISTING WORK

  • Utility Construction Activities
    • Similar issue to utility operations, develop a system so any data related to service lines replaced or exposed can be captured in the field
    • Ideally GIS-based application that can be used on tablets
    • Need to provide the app to outside consultants providing inspection services (if this is how your utility manages construction projects) – make sure you provide adequate training and QC the data!

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COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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LEVERAGING EXISTING WORK

  • Developer Activities
    • More likely to get as-built drawings that need to be input to GIS
  • Private Plumbing Activities
    • Work with the local permitting agency to obtain their inspection data
    • Digitize to the extent possible

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COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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DATA CLEAN UP

  • Understanding your records – interview long-time employees (or retired employees) to get an understanding of processes
    • When did lead stop being used?
    • How were the records being maintained/ practices at the time?
    • What does the record actually say?
    • Processes for infrastructure work?

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COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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DATA CLEAN UP

  • Determine what other data sources may exist
    • PWSA found out that the City retained cabinets of records we needed to obtain, scan and evaluate
    • As-builts from water, sewer and development projects

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credit: Michael Baker International via YouTube

COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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DATA CLEAN UP

  • Using Build-date to clear up unknowns
    • PWSA evaluated build dates after 1990 to see if there was enough evidence to classify the service lines as non-lead
    • Looked at historic aerial photos, curb box inspection records, records of developments, etc.
    • A structure may have been constructed on a lot with an existing service line, so unless we could identify a second source of data we left the location as unknown

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COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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SUMMARY

  • Take advantage of every source of information being created by your on-going operations
  • Know and Understand your data before it is used to make decisions regarding LSLR
  • Plan on maintaining your inventory forever!

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COMMUNITY LEAD RESPONSE

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The Water Research Foundation � LSL Inventory Research

February 9th, 2022

Jonathan Cuppett – Research Program Manager

The Water Research Foundation

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized without permission.

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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2) Resource Access

Discussion Items

1) LSL Inventory Research

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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WRF LSL Inventory Research

  1. Innovative Techniques for Lead Service Line Location: #813 (Published in 1995)
  2. Lead Service Line Identification Techniques: #4693 (Published in 2020)
  3. Lead Pipe Detection by Electrical Resistance: #4698 (Published in 2020)
  4. Identifying Service Line Materials without Excavation: Distinguishing LSLs from non-LSLs #5152 (starting soon)
  5. Full Lead Service Line Replacement Guidance- #4713 (Published in 2021)

​

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Innovative Techniques for Lead Service Line Location: #813 (Published in 1995)�

  • No viable remote sensing technology exists (i.e. no excavation required)
  • Eddy Current Technology: probe can be inserted into pressurized or drained lines and differentiate Lead, Copper, Brass, and Galvanized in Bench and Field Trials
    • 90-degree bends, valves, reducing fittings in the meter setting, and curb stop valves did limit effectiveness of eddy current
    • Inserting probes in a pipe can impact pipe scale and increase lead release
  • Framework for analysis of historical records was suggested

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Lead Service Line Identification Techniques: #4693 (Published in 2020)�

LSL ID Methods:

  • Prospective (no/limited excavation)
  • Direct (have access to SL)
  • Indirect (multiple pieces of data/records )

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Prospective Methods (no/limited excavation)

  • Metal Detectors
  • Magnetometers and Gradiometers
  • Ground Penetrating Radar
  • Stress Wave Propagation
  • Acoustic
  • Electrical Conductivity Object Locators
  • Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

​

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Direct Methods (have access to SL)

Potholing and vacuum excavation

  • Multiple holes may be needed to capture partial replacements

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Field Crew Inspection

  • Maintenance activities
  • Meter Replacement
  • Leak Repair

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Closed-circuit television

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Scratch Test or Magnet Test

  • Scratch: Soft, Silver, and Shiny = lead
  • Scratch: Orange = Copper
  • Magnet sticks = iron or steel
  • Magnet does not stick = lead or copper

​

​

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Indirect Methods (multiple pieces of data/records)

  • Tap cards
  • Plans
  • ​Historical utility records
  • Tax records
  • Plumbing permits
  • Machine Learning
  • Water Sampling?
  • Portable test kits?

​

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Conclusions

  • At this time, no prospective method can reliably and cost effectively confirm the service line material without excavation

​

​

​

​

​

​

  • Use combination of direct and indirect methods to develop service line inventory

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Lead Pipe Detection by Electrical Resistance: #4698 (Published in 2020)

  • Boston Water and Sewer Commission
  • Massachusetts Water Resources Authority
  • Lab and Field measurement of Cu, Pb, and Brass electrical resistance

​

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Lab Measurement of resistivity of Cu, Pb, and Brass.

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Metal

Measured Resistivity (Ω·m)

Theoretical Resistivity (Ω·m)

Copper

1.9 x 10-8

1.7 x 10-8

Lead

15 to 30 x 10-8

21.3 x 10-8

Brass

8.6 x 10-8

6 to 9 x 10-8

Measurements made on actual service line pipes removed from the field.

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Field Tests Set-Up

Measurements made In Boston, MA, �from curb stop to water meter.

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Field Tests - Results

Field Location�(House)

Pipe Length (Feet)

Calculated Resistance if all Copper SL (mΩ)

Resistance Measured (mΩ)

Calculated Resistance if all Lead SL (mΩ)

Nature of Pipe

A(1)

7

0.34

70.5

1.6

Lead

A(2)

5

0.24

0.24

1.2

Copper

B(1)

27

1.3

8.2

6.2

Lead

C(1)

8

0.385

10.2

1.8

Lead

C(2)

8

0.385

0.59

1.8

Copper

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Conclusions

  • Resistance: Lead >> Copper
    • Confirmed in lab and field
  • Measurement in less than 1 minute after leads are connected
  • Two access points to the pipe are needed
  • Electrical grounding and pipes filled with water have negligible impact on resistance
  • Proof of concept at this time: More testing and refinement needed to overcome real world field issues

Example of Curb Stop Access in Boston, MA

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Identifying Service Line Materials without Excavation: Distinguishing LSLs from non-LSLs #5152 (starting soon)

  • PI: Richard Brown (Cornwell Engineering)
  • DC Water
  • American Water
  • Aqua America
  • GCWW
  • Aquarion Water
  • Pittsburgh WSA
  • Utility Field Testing (50 locations)
    • No Dig Prospective Methods (stress waves, acoustic waves, XRF)
    • Potholing
    • Profile Sampling
    • Water System Records
    • Excavation/Replacement Confirmation

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Full Lead Service Line Replacement Guidance- #4713 (Published in 2021)

  • >100 FLSLR’s across North America
  • Evaluated High Velocity Flushing following FLSLR
  • Chapter 4: LSL Inventory

​

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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2) Resource Access

Discussion Items

1) LSL Inventory Research

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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www.waterrf.org Report access: Option # 1

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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WRF - Lead and Copper Overview

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Entire WRF Lead/Copper research portfolio: Hyperlinks to project pages

~$20 million value

>50 LCR Projects

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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www.waterrf.org Report access: Option #2

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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WRF Account Registration

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Thank You

Comments or questions, please contact:

jcuppett@waterrf.org �

For more information, visit

www.waterrf.org�

​

​

​

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized without permission.

© 2022 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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QUESTIONS?

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Join us for our next session!��Morning Webinars�11:00 AM-12:30 PM EST��Afternoon Webinars�3:00 PM-4:30 PM EST��Recordings and slide decks will be available on the event page:�www.asdwa.org/event/lead-service-line-inventory-symposium/�

    • Session 1: Overview of LCRR 
    • Session 2: Notes from the Field: State and Utility Experiences with Existing LSL Inventory Rules

Wednesday, February 2

    • Session 3: Capitalizing in Innovations for LSL Inventories
    • Session 4: Small Systems, Big Challenges: Implementing LSL Inventories and Replacements at Small Systems 

Wednesday, February 9

    • Session 5: Water System Inventory Case Studies
    • Session 6: Show Me the Money: Funding for LSL Inventories and Replacement

Wednesday, February 16

    • Session 7: The Other Side of the Meter: Practical Tools for Collecting Private-Side Service Line Material
    • Session 8: Tell Me About It: Mapping and Communicating your LSL Inventory and Replacements

Wednesday, February 23

    • States-only debrief (3:00-4:30 EST)

Wednesday, March 2