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MDA 102

SCHOOL OF ADVERTISING AND MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS

FACULTY OF MEDIA STUDIES

PREPARED BY:

FURZANNE KASMAWI

CHAPTER 10

PRINCIPLES OF ADVERTISING

The Social, Ethical and Economic Aspects of Advertising

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

 

  • Discuss the shape-versus-mirror debate.
  • Analyze the legal topics that guide advertising practice.
  • List the key of regulatory agencies and their responsibilities.
  • Explain the way the advertising industry regulates itself.
  • Critique the key ethical issues that challenge the practice of advertising.
  • Outline three way to determine if an advertising decision is ethical.

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TOPIC OUTLINES

Introduction

10.1 ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ETHICS

10.1.1 Advertising and Promotions : Two view points

10.1.2 Understanding ethics

 

 

10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

10.2.1 Advertising as Untruthful or Deceptive

10.2.2 Advertising as Offensive or in Bad Taste

10.2.3 Advertising and Children

10.2.4 Social and Cultural Consequences

10.3 ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING

10.3.1 Effects on Consumer Choice

10.3.2 Effects on Competition

10.3.3 Effects on Product costs and prices

 

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TOPIC OUTLINES

10.4 Summary

Activity/Assignment

Next Session Preview

References

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INTRODUCTION

  • The primary focus of this chapter is the number of ethical perspectives to show how various aspects of advertising and promotion often involve ethical considerations. Advertising and promotion are areas where a lapse in ethical standards or judgment can result in actions that are highly visible and often very damaging to a company.

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10.1 ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ETHICS

Creates Needs and

Wants Among Consumers

Promotes Materialism,

Insecurity and Greed

Is More Propaganda

Than Information

Provides

Information

Creates Jobs and

Helps New Firms Enter a Market

Encourages

A Higher Standard

Of Living

Promotes

Competition in

The Marketplace

Is More Propaganda

Than Information

Creates Needs and

Wants Among Consumers

Creates Jobs and

Helps New Firms Enter a Market

Encourages

A Higher Standard

Of Living

Provides

Information

Proponents Argue That Advertising and Promotion:

Critics Argue That Advertising and Promotion

Promotes

Competition in

The Marketplace

10.1.1 Advertising and Promotion: Two Viewpoints

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10.1 ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ETHICS

Not All Issues Can Be Regulated

A Marketing or Promotion Action May Be Legal but Not Considered Ethical

Marketers Must Make Decisions Regarding the Appropriateness of Their Actions

A Marketing or Promotion Action May Be Legal but Not Considered Ethical

Not All Issues Can Be Regulated

Ethics: Moral principles and values that govern the actions of an individual or group.

10.1.2 Understanding Ethics

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10.1 ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ETHICS

  • The role of advertising in society is controversial and has sometimes resulted in attempts to restrict or ban advertising and other forms of promotion to certain groups or certain products.

  • For example, Alcohol-related problems have grown on college campuses in recent years and have resulted in many negative consequences including death. Hence, the advertising that is related to the alcohol consumption is banned for group of college students.

10.1.2 Understanding Ethics

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10.1 ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ETHICS

  • Criticism often focuses on the actions of specific advertisers. Groups like the National Organization for Women(NOW) and Women Against Pornography have been critical of advertisers for promoting sexual permissiveness and objectifying women in their ads.
  • For example, recently NOW expressed outrage over a print ad used by fashion brand Dolce & Gabbana that it feels suggests gang rape.

10.1.2 Understanding Ethics

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10.1 ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ETHICS

  • The Beneton’s most controversial ads, were those used in its ‘’Death Row’’ campaign that ran in 2000. The campaign, aimed at drawing attention to the use of capital punishment in the United States, features ads showing piercing portraits of death-row inmates.

10.1.2 Understanding Ethics

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10.1 ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ETHICS

10.1.2 Understanding Ethics

Protest from the families of the inmates’ victims and threatened boycotts from enraged consumers. A year later the lawsuit was settled when Benetton agreed to write letters of apology to the four families whose relatives were murdered by the inmates featured in the ads.

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

  • Deceptive advertising is advertising intended to mislead consumers by making claims are false or failure to make full disclosure of important facts, or both.

  • Misleading: Where there is representation, omission, or practice, there must be a high probability that will mislead the consumer.
  • Reasonabless: Is to judge deception by looking at whether the consumer’s interpretation or reaction to an advertisement is reasonable.
  • Injurious: The deception must lead to material injury or consumer decision making in purchase.

10.2.1 Advertising as Untruthful or Deceptive

Kellogg’s cereal H1N1 ‘Immunity’ claim: misleading advertisement cashing in on the pandemic paranoia of swine flu?

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

  • Forrester Research found that consumers mistrust ads for most types of products and rely on word of mouth form friends and family as the most trusted source of information.
  • Sometimes advertisers have made overtly false or misleading claims or failed to award prizes promoted in a contest or sweepstakes.

10.2.1 Advertising as Untruthful or Deceptive

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

  • Poor Taste and Offensive Advertising: Viewer reactions are affected by such factors as sensitivity to the product category, the time the message is receive, or the person is alone or with other viewing the message.

10.2.2 Advertising as Offensive or in Bad Taste

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

  • Another way advertising can offend consumers is by the type of appeal or the manner of presentation. For example, many people object to appeals that exploit consumer anxieties.
  • Fear appeal ads, especially for products such as deodorants, mouthwash, dandruff shampoos are criticized for attempting to create anxiety and using a fear of social rejection to sell these products.

  • Some ads for home computers were also criticized for attempting to make parents think that if their children couldn’t use a computer, they would fail in school. Another example ; If you don’t apply this facial cream, your skin will become dry and looked unpleasant

10.2.2 Advertising as Offensive or in Bad Taste

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

  • Sexual appeals : always portrays women (or men) as the sex object is considered demeaning and sexist, particular if sex is not relevant to the product.
  • Ads for cosmetics and lingerie are among the most criticised for their portrayal of women as sex objects. Some ads have even been criticized for being implicitly suggestive.

10.2.2 Advertising as Offensive or in Bad Taste

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

may even generate publicity for their companies.

offend many people but catch the attention of consumers

Nudity, sexual suggestiveness, or other startling images

Shock Advertising

10.2.2 Advertising as Offensive or in Bad Taste

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

10.2.2 Advertising as Offensive or in Bad Taste

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

Children's TV �Watching Behavior

Children between ages 2-11 watch on average 21.5 hours of TV per week and may see 22,000 commercials per year

Television is an important source of information for children about products

10.2.3 Advertising and Children

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

They Lack the Knowledge and

Skills to Critically Evaluate

Advertising Claims

They Cannot Differentiate

Between Programs and Commercials

Children Must Learn

Through the Socialization

Process

Children Must Learn

Through the Socialization

Process

They Cannot Differentiate

Between Programs and Commercials

They Lack the Knowledge and

Skills to Critically Evaluate

Advertising Claims

Need to Acquire Skills Needed

To Function in the Marketplace

Consumer Advocates Argue That Children Are Vulnerable to Advertising Because:

While Marketers Argue That:

10.2.3 Advertising and Children

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

10.2.3 Advertising and Children

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

Suggests material possessions are symbols of status, success and accomplishment and/or will lead to greater social acceptance, popularity, sex appeal, and so on.

Seeks to create needs rather than merely showing how a product or service fulfills them

Images of the good life and suggests the acquisition of material possessions leads to contentment and happiness and adds to the joy of living.

10.2.4 Social and Cultural Consequences

Advertising encourages materialism

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

But persuasive advertising plays on consumers’ emotions, anxieties and psychological needs and desires such as status, self-esteem, and attractiveness which is unacceptable.

Advertising should just provide information useful in making purchase decisions and should not persuade.

Information advertising reports price, performance and other objective criteria as desirable

10.2.4 Social and Cultural Consequences

Advertising makes people buy things they don’t need

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10.2 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CRITICSM OF ADVERTISING

Portrayal of Women to Reflect Their Changing Role in Society

Portrayal of

Women As

Sex Objects

Ethnic Stereotyping/

Representation of Minorities

Ethnic Stereotyping/

Representation of Minorities

Portrayal of

Women As

Sex Objects

Gender

Stereotyping

Gender

Stereotyping

Portrayal of Women to Reflect Their Changing Role in Society

Other groups

Criticisms of Advertising

With Regard to Stereotyping

10.2.4 Social and Cultural Consequences

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10.2 ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING

Making Consumers Aware of Products and Services

Providing Consumers With Information to Use to Make Purchase Decisions

Providing Consumers With Information to Use to Make Purchase Decisions

Making Consumers Aware of Products and Services

Encouraging Consumption and Fostering Economic Growth

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10.2 ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING

  • Differentiation : perceived as unique or better than competitors

Brand loyalty : to gain control of the market, usually at the expense of smaller brands.

10.3.1 Effects on Consumer Choice

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10.2 ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING

  • BARRIER TO ENTRY : Economists argue that power in the hands of large firms with huge advertising budgets results in less competition and higher prices.

Economies of scale: particularly with respect to factors such as media costs.

.

10.3.2 Effects on Competition

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10.2 ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING

  • Advertising increases the prices consumers pay for products and services. Economists say the large sums of money spent advertising a brand constitute an expense that must be covered and the consumer ends up paying for it through higher prices.

A second way advertising can result in higher prices is by increasing product differentiation and adding to the perceived value of the product in consumers' minds.

10.3.3 Effects on Product costs and prices

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10. 6 Summary

  • The role of advertising in society is controversial and has sometimes resulted in attempts to restrict or ban advertising and other forms of promotion to certain groups or certain products.

  • Advertisers must consider the ethics and rules in the making of advertisement.

  • Most advertising today contains deception and bad taste that effect the consumers’ view.

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NEXT WEEK :

QUIZ 2

CHAPTERS COVERED : 6 TO 10

STRUCTURE OF QUESTIONS:

OBJECTIVES

TRUE AND FALSE

FILL IN THE BLANK

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THAT’S THE END OF THE WHOLE SUBJECT!

HOPE YOU HAVE ENJOYED THIS SUBJECT THROUGH OUT THE SEMESTER!

AND GOOD LUCK IN YOUR FINAL EXAM!

� 

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LIST OF REFERENCES

   

  • George E. Belch, Michael A. Belch, 2007 Advertising & Promotion, An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, 7th International Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

  • Wells, Moriarty & Burnett 2006, Advertising – Principles and Practice, 7th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall Education, New Jersey.

  • William F. Arens, 2006, Contemporary Advertising, Tenth International Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

  • Timothy A. Porchers, 2005, Persuasion in the Media Age, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

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APPENDIX

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