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Memex, Xerox, WIMP, WWW

Odkud se vzalo moderní GUI a web tak jak je známe dnes?

Martin Talpa

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2018: WWW, WIMP everywhere

Odkud se vzaly okna, ikony, myš, hyperlink ...

Odkud přišel ten nápad?

Macintosh? 1984? MS Windows? X Window?

Barners-Lee? WWW? CERN?

Ale co bylo před tím?

IBM? ENIAC? A pak Macintosh?

Bylo to jinak !!!

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1933: Vannevar Bush

Meccano differential analyzer

Vannevar Bush

- analog computers

- Manhattan project

- Raytheon

1945, “As We May Think”

Vannevar Bush’s Memex

In July of 1945, Bush wrote an essay for the well-respected literary magazine The Atlantic Monthly which inspired and resonated with innovators for decades after it was first published. “As We May Think”

he envisioned a machine, which he named the “Memex”, which could store and instantly retrieve vast amounts of information by a knowledge worker seated at a large desk.

"As We May Think" predicted (to some extent) many kinds of technology invented after its publication, including hypertext, personal computers, the Internet, the World Wide Web, speech recognition, and online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia:

The user of the Memex could instantly browse through an almost unlimited number of articles. The Memex user could then connect an item on one screen to another, creating a permanent “link” between their labels.

Bush envisioned the memex as a device in which individuals would compress and store all of their books, records, and communications, "mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility". The memex would provide an "enlarged intimate supplement to one's memory"

Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified. The lawyer has at his touch the associated opinions and decisions of his whole experience, and of the experience of friends and authorities. The patent attorney has on call the millions of issued patents, with familiar trails to every point of his client's interest. The physician, puzzled by a patient's reactions, strikes the trail established in studying an earlier similar case, and runs rapidly through analogous case histories, with side references to the classics for the pertinent anatomy and histology. ...

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1945: Memex

"As We May Think" predicted (to some extent) many kinds of technology invented after its publication, including hypertext, personal computers, the Internet, the World Wide Web, speech recognition, and online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia

Bush envisioned the memex as a device in which individuals would compress and store all of their books, records, and communications, "mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility". The memex would provide an "enlarged intimate supplement to one's memory"

“Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified. The lawyer has at his touch the associated opinions and decisions of his whole experience, and of the experience of friends and authorities. The patent attorney has on call the millions of issued patents, with familiar trails to every point of his client's interest. The physician, puzzled by a patient's reactions, strikes the trail established in studying an earlier similar case, and runs rapidly through analogous case histories, with side references to the classics for the pertinent anatomy and histology.”

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->

Ted Nelson

-> Xanadu -> Hypertext -> Apple HyperCard -> WWW

Douglas Engelbart

-> NLS -> Mother of all demos -> Xerox PARC -> WIMP

-> Apple Lisa, Macintosh, MS Windows, ...

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Douglas Engelbart

Doug Engelbart came across the essay shortly after its publication, and keeping the memex in mind, he began work that would eventually result in the invention of the mouse, the word processor, the hyperlink

1957 - SRI International (Stanford Research Institute), Menlo Park, California

1962 - Augmenting Humanr Intellect: A Conceptual Framework

-> funding from DARPA -> Augmentation Research Center (ARC)

1968 - oN-Line System (NLS)

-> bitmapped screens, mouse, hypertext, collaborative tools, graphical user interface, videoconferencing

Doug Engelbart came across the essay shortly after its publication, and keeping the memex in mind, he began work that would eventually result in the invention of the mouse, the word processor, the hyperlink

In 1945, Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think",[16] a call to action for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge. He had also read something about the recent phenomenon of computers, and from his experience as a radar technician, he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen. He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display "working stations", flying through information space, harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways. Harnessing collective intellect, facilitated by interactive computers, became his life's mission at a time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools.[17]

SRI International (known then as Stanford Research Institute) in Menlo Park, California in 1957

1962 produced a report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework.

This led to funding from DARPA to launch his work. Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center (ARC, the lab he founded at SRI).

The ARC became the driving force behind the design and development of the oN-Line System (NLS).

He and his team developed computer interface elements such as

bitmapped screens,

the mouse,

hypertext,

collaborative tools,

graphical user interface.

videoconferencing

Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970, for the wooden shell with two metal wheels (computer mouse – U.S. Patent 3,541,541),

which he had developed with Bill English, his lead engineer sometime before 1965.

NLS would make its first public appearance at the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference[10] in San Francisco's Civic Auditorium

1968 The Mother of All Demos

The 90-minute presentation essentially demonstrated almost all the fundamental elements of modern personal computing: windows, hypertext, graphics, efficient navigation and command input, video conferencing, the computer mouse, word processing, dynamic file linking, revision control, and a collaborative real-time editor (collaborative work).

Compare to typical 1968 computer

The firsts:

The computer mouse

2-dimensional display editing

In-file object addressing, linking

Hypermedia

Outline processing

Flexible view control

Multiple windows

Cross-file editing

Integrated hypermedia email

Hypermedia publishing

Document version control

Shared-screen teleconferencing

Computer-aided meetings

Formatting directives

Context-sensitive help

Distributed client-server architecture

Uniform command syntax

Universal "user interface" front-end module

Multi-tool integration

Grammar-driven command language interpreter

Protocols for virtual terminals

Remote procedure call protocols

Compilable "Command Meta Language"

The downfall of NLS, and subsequently, of ARC in general, was the program's difficult learning curve. NLS was not designed to be easy to learn; it employed the heavy use of program modes, relied on a strict hierarchical structure, did not have a point-and-click interface, and forced the user to have to learn cryptic mnemonic codes to do anything useful with the system.

Frustrated by the direction of Engelbart's "bootstrapping" crusade[citation needed], many top SRI researchers left, with many ending up at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, taking the mouse idea with them.

Among these people were Bill English, who would further improve upon the mouse

Alan Kay, also in attendance at the demo, would go on to design an object-oriented computing environment called Smalltalk while he was at PARC

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1968: The Mother of All Demos

1968 The Mother of All Demos

The 90-minute presentation essentially demonstrated almost all the fundamental elements of modern personal computing: windows, hypertext, graphics, efficient navigation and command input, video conferencing, the computer mouse, word processing, dynamic file linking, revision control, and a collaborative real-time editor (collaborative work).

Compare to typical 1968 computer

The firsts:

The computer mouse

2-dimensional display editing

In-file object addressing, linking

Hypermedia

Outline processing

Flexible view control

Multiple windows

Cross-file editing

Integrated hypermedia email

Hypermedia publishing

Document version control

Shared-screen teleconferencing

Computer-aided meetings

Formatting directives

Context-sensitive help

Distributed client-server architecture

Uniform command syntax

Universal "user interface" front-end module

Multi-tool integration

Grammar-driven command language interpreter

Protocols for virtual terminals

Remote procedure call protocols

Compilable "Command Meta Language"

The downfall of NLS, and subsequently, of ARC in general, was the program's difficult learning curve. NLS was not designed to be easy to learn; it employed the heavy use of program modes, relied on a strict hierarchical structure, did not have a point-and-click interface, and forced the user to have to learn cryptic mnemonic codes to do anything useful with the system.

Frustrated by the direction of Engelbart's "bootstrapping" crusade[citation needed], many top SRI researchers left, with many ending up at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, taking the mouse idea with them.

Among these people were Bill English, who would further improve upon the mouse

Alan Kay, also in attendance at the demo, would go on to design an object-oriented computing environment called Smalltalk while he was at PARC

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Wow...

The 90-minute presentation essentially demonstrated almost all the fundamental elements of modern personal computing: windows, hypertext, graphics, efficient navigation and command input, video conferencing, the computer mouse, word processing, dynamic file linking, revision control, and a collaborative real-time editor (collaborative work).

Compare to a typical 1968 computer (IBM S/360):

NLS’s firsts:

The computer mouse

2-dimensional display editing

In-file object addressing, linking

Hypermedia

Outline processing

Flexible view control

Multiple windows

Cross-file editing

Integrated hypermedia email

Hypermedia publishing

Document version control

Shared-screen teleconferencing

Computer-aided meetings

Formatting directives

Context-sensitive help

Distributed client-server architecture

Uniform command syntax

Universal "user interface" front-end module

Multi-tool integration

Grammar-driven command language interpreter

Protocols for virtual terminals

Remote procedure call protocols

Compilable "Command Meta Language"

9 of 16

But ...

difficult learning curve
heavy use of program modes
relied on a strict hierarchical structure
did not have a point-and-click interface
forced the user to have to learn cryptic mnemonic codes to do anything useful with the system

-> Bill English, Alan Kay and others from ARC -> Xerox PARC

The downfall of NLS, and subsequently, of ARC in general, was the program's difficult learning curve. NLS was not designed to be easy to learn; it employed the heavy use of program modes, relied on a strict hierarchical structure, did not have a point-and-click interface, and forced the user to have to learn cryptic mnemonic codes to do anything useful with the system.

Frustrated by the direction of Engelbart's "bootstrapping" crusade[citation needed], many top SRI researchers left, with many ending up at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, taking the mouse idea with them.

Among these people were Bill English, who would further improve upon the mouse

Alan Kay, also in attendance at the demo, would go on to design an object-oriented computing environment called Smalltalk while he was at PARC

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1970: Xerox PARC

Laser printers
Computer-generated bitmap graphics
The graphical user interface, featuring windows and icons, operated with a mouse
The WYSIWYG text editor
Interpress, a resolution-independent graphical page-description language and the precursor to PostScript
Ethernet as a local-area computer network
object-oriented programming in the Smalltalk programming language and integrated development environment
Model–view–controller software architecture

Founded in 1970 as a division of Xerox Corporation, PARC has been in large part responsible for such developments as laser printing, Ethernet, the modern personal computer, graphical user interface (GUI) and desktop paradigm, object-oriented programming, ubiquitous computing, electronic paper, amorphous silicon (a-Si) applications, and advancing very-large-scale integration (VLSI) for semiconductors.

Xerox PARC has been the inventor and incubator of many elements of modern computing in the contemporary office work place:

Laser printers

Computer-generated bitmap graphics

The graphical user interface, featuring windows and icons, operated with a mouse

The WYSIWYG text editor

Interpress, a resolution-independent graphical page-description language and the precursor to PostScript

Ethernet as a local-area computer network

Fully formed object-oriented programming (with class-based inheritance, the most popular OOP model to this day) in the Smalltalk programming language and integrated development environment

Prototype-based programming (the second most popular inheritance model in OOP) in the Self programming language

Model–view–controller software architecture

AspectJ an aspect-oriented programming (AOP) extension for the Java programming language

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1973: Xerox Alto

the first WYSIWYG document preparation systems, Bravo and Gypsy;
the Laurel email tool, and its successor Hardy;
the Sil vector graphics editor, used mainly for logic circuits, printed circuit board, and other technical diagrams (-> all modern CAD systems)
the Markup bitmap editor (-> Paint, Photoshop, ...)
the Draw graphical editor using lines & splines (-> Illustrator, Correl Draw, …)
the first versions of the Smalltalk environment
Interlisp
one of the first network-based multi-person video games

In 1973!!!!

12 of 16

Wow ...

vs

13 of 16

But...

There was no spreadsheet or database software. The first electronic spreadsheet program, VisiCalc, did not arise until 1979.
Xerox itself was slow to realize the value of the technology that had been developed at PARC
each machine cost tens of thousands of (1973!) dollars despite its status as a personal computer
total production was about 2,000 systems.

The Alto became well known in Silicon Valley and its GUI was increasingly seen as the future of computing. In 1979,

Xerox eventually commercialized a heavily modified version of the Alto concepts as the Xerox Star, first introduced in 1981. A complete office system including several workstations, storage and a laser printer cost as much as $100,000, and like the Alto, the Star had little direct impact on the market.

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O 10 let pozdeji ...

1983 Apple Lisa

Steve Jobs arranged a visit to Xerox PARC in 1979, in which Apple Computer personnel would receive a demonstration of the technology from Xerox in exchange for Xerox being able to purchase stock options in Apple.After two visits to see the Alto, Apple engineers used the concepts to introduce the Apple Lisa and Macintosh systems.
First versions of Lisa GUIs even lacked icons. These prototype GUIs are at least mouse-driven, but completely ignored the WIMP ( "window, icon, menu, pointing device") concept
Copyright lawsuit from Xerox years later...

1984 Apple Macintosh
1984 X Window System (X11)
1985 Windows 1.0 -> copyright lawsuit from Apple Computer
1985 Amiga Workbench
1985 DRI GEM (Atari ST) -> designed by a former PARC employee
1986 GEOS (Commodore 64) -> copyright lawsuit from Apple
...
1989 NeXTSTEP

A NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first web server and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990.
By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the first web browser (which was a web editor as well) and the first web server. The first web site, which described the project itself, was published on 20 December 1990

Apple Lisa 1983

Apple Macintosh 1984

X Window System (X11, or shortened to simply X)

X originated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1984.

X primarily defines protocol and graphics primitives – it deliberately contains no specification for application user-interface design, such as button, menu, or window title-bar styles. Instead, application software – such as window managers, GUI widget toolkits and desktop environments, or application-specific graphical user interfaces – define and provide such details. As a result, there is no typical X interface and several different desktop environments have become popular among users.

A window manager controls the placement and appearance of application windows. This may result in desktop interfaces reminiscent of those of Microsoft Windows or of the Apple Macintosh (examples include GNOME 2, KDE, Xfce) or have radically different controls (such as a tiling window manager, like wmii or Ratpoison)

Windows 1.0, a GUI for the MS-DOS operating system was released in 1985

The Amiga computer was launched by Commodore in 1985 with a GUI called Workbench.

GEOS was launched in 1986. Originally written for the 8-bit home computer Commodore 64 and shortly after, the Apple II series

The similarity to the Macintosh desktop led to a copyright lawsuit from Apple Computer,

Digital Research (DRI) created the Graphics Environment Manager (GEM)

It was developed from DRI software, known as GSX, designed by a former PARC employee.

GEM received widespread use in the consumer market from 1985, when it was made the default user interface built into the Atari TOS operating system of the Atari ST line of personal computers

The NeXTSTEP user interface was used in the NeXT line of computers. NeXTSTEP's first major version was released in 1989.

-> Tim Barners-Lee

A NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first web server and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:[13] the first web browser (which was a web editor as well) and the first web server. The first web site,[14] which described the project itself, was published on 20 December 1990.[15]

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Takže:

Kdyby Vannevar Bush nenapsal v roce 1945 "As we may think":

tak by Douglas Englebart nezaložil ARC a nevytvořil NLS
nikdo by v roce 1968 neviděl The Mother of All Demos
v PARC by dělali kopírky, ne počítače
nevzniklo by Alto, a tím pádem ani Macintosh
počítače by vypadaly úplně jinak

Ted Nelson by nevymyslel hypertext
Barners-Lee by nevymyslel WWW
Internet by zůstal u FTP, Telnetu a Usenetu

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Pokud chcete vedet vice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_We_May_Think
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memex
https://elearningindustry.com/memex-hypercard
https://www.idtech.com/blog/ancient-or-at-least-older-than-me-technology-the-memex
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_amplification#Douglas_Engelbart:_Augmenting_Human_Intellect
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC_(company)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Star
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_graphical_user_interface
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_hypertext_technology