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Heart Review

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Compare the paths of blood circulation in these two organisms:

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Draw a diagram to illustrate the double circulation system in mammals.

Draw a diagram to illustrate the single circulation system in fish.

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Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.[3 marks]

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Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells. [4]

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Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells. [4]

cells are myogenic/self-excitatory
cells are joined end to end OR cells are joined by intercalated disc
«intercalated discs» allow for faster propagation «of signal»
cells contract together for coordinated contraction
contain many mitochondria
cells are branching/Y-shaped
controlled by pacemaker/sinoatrial/SA and atrioventricular/AV nodes�

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Compare the pulmonary and systemic circulatory paths.

What is the difference between red and blue in diagrams of circulation?

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Identify the structures of the human heart:

chambers

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Identify the structures of the human heart:

vessels

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Identify the structures of the human heart:

valves

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Identify A - G

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RIGHT

LEFT

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RIGHT

LEFT

“deoxygenated”

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RIGHT

LEFT

“oxygenated”

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ATRIA

VENTRICLE

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ATRIA

IN

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VEINS

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VENTRICLE

OUT

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ARTERIES

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OUT = ARTERY

IN = VEIN

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Which diagram shows cardiac muscle and which shows skeletal muscle? How do you know?

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Swiss cardiologist and anatomist Wilhelm His Jr. in 1893

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Czech anatomist and physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869),

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What is happening in the heart during atrial systole?

During ventricular diastole?

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H

J

I

K

G

A

B

C

D

E

F

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Left ventricle

Left atrium

Left atrioventricular valve

Aorta

Septum

Superior

Vena Cava

Pulmonary Artery

Right Atrium

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Right atrioventricular valve

Right Ventricle

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Graph what happens to ventricular pressure through one cardiac cycle

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Graph what happens to ventricular pressure through one cardiac cycle

Add atrial pressure in a different color to compare

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Compare

veins and arteries.

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Name the 4 valves of the human heart.

Where are they and what do they do?

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Left Atrioventricular Valve

Right Atrioventricular Valve

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The Big Idea!

Valves prevent backflow of blood and keep the blood moving in one direction through the heart.

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Relate this to that:

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Relate this to that:

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Relate this to that:

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Relate this to that:

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Outline the control of the heartbeat. (6)

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the heart is myogenic / beats on its own accord;
60-80 times a minute (at rest);
coordination of heartbeat is under the control of pacemaker;
located in the muscle / walls;
sends out signal for contraction of heart muscle;
atria contract followed by ventricular contraction;
fibers / electrical impulses cause chambers to contract;
nerve from brain can cause heart rate to speed up;
nerve from brain can cause heart rate to slow down;
adrenalin/epinephrine (carried by blood) speeds up heart rate;
artificial pacemakers can control the heartbeat;

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Draw the ECG trace and label the PQRST points

Point out where atrial systole is

Point out where ventricular systole occurs

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List major arteries leaving the heart:

List major veins entering the heart.

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Trace the pathway a single red blood cell would take through the human heart, starting with the vena cava and ending with the aorta. Be sure to include whether the RBC is oxygenated or deoxygenated in each location.

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“Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom”

In a memorable scene from the 1984 adventure film “Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom,” a man’s heart is torn out of his chest by the high priest of a religious cult. The priest holds the heart up in his hand, and the heart continues to beat. Is this possible? Why or why not?

Instructor’s note:

Further information and suggested video exercise: In human heart transplants, usually the donor heart is chilled on ice during transport and does not beat while chilled. However, a new procedure can keep the donor heart beating for up to 24 hours while waiting for transplant, with oxygenated blood flowing through it. The heart continues to beat as long as it is kept warm and is provided with oxygen. See ABC World News, 12/8/2010, “Experimental New Heart Transplant Procedure Keeps Donor Hearts Pumping Until Surgery,” for a video of an isolated human heart beating. This video has a 11-second clip with a close-up view of a beating heart. Have students calculate the rate of the heart’s beat—it is close to 100 bpm, the classic intrinsic rate of an isolated SA node (i.e., in the isolated heart, the SA node’s rate is not being modulated by the autonomic nervous system).

Answer:

Yes, this is possible. Vertebrate hearts, if removed from the chest, will often continue to beat for a minute or two. This is due to their myogenic nature. Hearts stop beating as soon as they (a) run out of oxygen (due to the coronary arteries having lost their blood supply), or (b) cool down.

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In the human heart, oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the —

right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

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The pacemaker of the heart is the —

SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Purkinje bundle

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The only way for the depolarization to occur from atria to ventricles is through the AV node.

This is true
This is false

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The minimal pressure between heartbeats is the systolic pressure.

This is true
This is false

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The cardiac cycle consists of —

Systemic and pulmonary circulation
Atrial and ventricular contractions
Systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation and resting
Atrial contraction, ventricular contraction and resting
Atrial contraction, systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation

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The “lub” sound of a heartbeat is the —

closing of the pulmonary valve
closing of the aortic semilunar valve
closing of the atrioventricular valves
the expansion and contraction of the aorta

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What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the vena cava to the lungs?

Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery

1,2,3,4,5
3,1,2,4,5
4,1,2,5,3
2,5,4,3,1
5,4,3,2,1

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What is occurring at the letter T in this EKG?

Depolarization of the atriums
Contraction of the atriums
Depolarization of the ventricles
Repolarization of the ventricles
Repolarization of the atriums

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1-minute paper topics

Explain what is happening in the P, QRS and T waves of this EKG.

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1-minute paper topics

How does the “lub dub” sound occur in the cardiac cycle?

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1-minute paper topics

What are the advantages of organisms having a 4-chambered heart over less chambers?