1 of 34

Introduction to Biology

Chapter 1

2 of 34

  • 3 Domains:
  • (Eu)Bacteria = most bacteria on the Earth
  • Archaea = ancient bacteria; extremophiles
  • Eukaryotes = animals, plants, fungi, *protists

Themes that Unify Biology:

3 of 34

Why did this classification system change?

4 of 34

5 of 34

Biology is the study of LIFE!

6 of 34

B.A.E.

7 of 34

Big Ideas in AP Biology

Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

​

8 of 34

Big Ideas in AP Biology

Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.

9 of 34

Big Ideas in AP Biology

Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes.

10 of 34

Big Ideas in AP Biology

Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.

11 of 34

  • Living Things Are Organized
  • 1. atoms (oxygen)
  • 2. molecules (DNA)
  • 3. organelle (nucleus)
  • 4. cell (heart muscle cell)
  • 5. tissue (heart tissue)
  • 6. organ (heart)
  • 7. organ systems (circulatory system)

Characteristics of Life:

12 of 34

  • Living Things Are Organized
  • 8. organism (human)
  • 9. population (student population) = same species
  • 10. community = different populations in the same area
  • 11. ecosystem = community (living) + physical (non-living) environment
  • 12. biosphere = regions of the Earth inhabited by living things

Characteristics of Life:

13 of 34

Emergent Properties

  • Emergent properties New properties that result from interactions between individual parts. The whole is GREATER THAN the sum of its parts.
  • Emergent properties characterize nonbiological entities as well
    • For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way

14 of 34

Emergent Properties

  • Emergent properties

15 of 34

Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization

  • Life can be studied at different levels, from molecules to the entire living planet
  • In reductionism, complex systems are reduced to simpler components to make them more manageable to study

16 of 34

17 of 34

18 of 34

2. Living Things Utilize Energy

  • Input of energy, mainly from the sun, and transformation of energy from one form to another make life possible
  • Plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugars
  • This chemical energy of these producers is then passed to consumers that feed on the producers

19 of 34

  • Energy flows through an ecosystem, generally entering as light and exiting as heat
  • Chemical elements are recycled within an ecosystem

2. Living Things Utilize Energy

20 of 34

  • Autotrophs = produce their own food (plants & photosynthetic algae & bacteria, chemoautotroph)
  • Heterotrophs = rely upon other sources for their nutrients

2. Living Things Utilize Energy

21 of 34

  • Consumers
  • Herbivores: eat plants
  • Carnivores: eat other animals
  • Omnivores: eat plants & animals

Decomposers = bacteria, fungi & worms that break down dead organic matter

2. Living Things Utilize Energy

22 of 34

Decomposers = bacteria, fungi & worms that break down dead organic matter, they break down all living things in the end

2. Living Things Utilize Energy

23 of 34

  • Metabolism = sum of all chemical reactions

Enzymes = special proteins that regulate chemical reactions

3. Living Things Regulate

24 of 34

  • Homeostasis = maintain constant internal conditions (temperature, pH, moisture)
  • Negative feedback (inhibition) slows or stops process
  • Positive feedback speeds up a process.

​

​

3. Living Things Regulate

25 of 34

  • Interact with surrounding environment to find food (energy)
  • Respond to stimuli (movement)
  • Affects behavior and survival
  • Behavior = how organisms respond to environment

4. Living Things Respond

26 of 34

  • Reproduction = ability of organism to make another organism like itself
  • Bacteria, protozoans & other unicellular organisms: split into 2 = binary fission

5. Living Things Reproduce

27 of 34

  • Genes & DNA
  • • Instructions (blueprints) encoded in genes (sequences of DNA)
  • • Genes = transmit information

from parents to offspring

5. Living Things Reproduce

28 of 34

  • DNA = double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic information
  • Nucleotides (4 kinds) = building blocks of DNA (A, T, C, G)
  • Genome = entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

5. Living Things Reproduce

29 of 34

  • Genes inherited from parents control the growth & development of offspring

6. Living Things Grow and Develop

30 of 34

  • 1. Adaptation = changing in response to environment
  • 2. Natural selection = Individuals with traits best suited to environment will survive & reproduce
  • 3. Evolution = change over time leads to development of new species = descent with modification
  • a. All life forms have DNA & a common ancestor.
  • b. Adaptations give rise to different species.

7. Living Things Adapt to their Environment

31 of 34

7. Living Things Adapt to their Environment

32 of 34

7. Living Things Adapt to their Environment

33 of 34

  • 1. Cells = organism’s basic unit of structure and function
  • 2. Information is inherited in the form of DNA
  • 3. Each level of biological organization has emergent properties = new properties gained from the interaction of individual parts
  • 4. Structure determines function: hollow bones of birds aid in flight

Themes that Unify Biology:

34 of 34

  • 5. Organisms interact with their environments
  • 6. Life requires the flow of energy
  • 7. Regulatory mechanisms maintain balance in living systems
  • 8. Diversity & unity (3 domains)
  • 9. Evolution
  • 10. Scientific method
  • 11. Science & technology

Themes that Unify Biology: