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Taxonomy

Chapter 14

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Taxonomy

  • �Science of Classifying and Naming Organisms
  • Why is it necessary?

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Two Main Components

  • Group Similar Organisms Together
  • Assign Each Organism a Name

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History of Taxonomy

  • Aristotle
    • 1st System
    • Placed Organism into Plants or Animals
    • Based on Structural Similarities

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History of Taxonomy

  • Greeks and Romans
    • Broke Plants and Animals

into smaller groups

  • Example
    • Oaks
    • Horses

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History of Taxonomy

  • 1700s
  • Used Polynomials
  • Many Descriptive Names
  • Example: Honey Bee =

Apis pubescens thorace subgriseo

abdomine fusco pedibus posticis

glabis untrinique margine ciliatus

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Carl Linnaeus

  • Binomial Nomenclature
    • 2 word naming system developed by Linnaeus
    • 2 Parts
      • Genus
      • Species

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Scientific Name

  • 2 word name created by binomial nomenclature
  • Written in latin
  • Rules for Writing Scientific Name
    • 1st letter of 1st word capitalized (Genus)
    • 2nd word lowercase (species)
    • Typed in italics
    • Handwritten underlined

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Genus

  • Taxonomic category containing several species
  • Several organisms have same genus name

Acer rubrum Acer saccharum

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Acer saccharinum

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Common Names

  • What we call an organism

sea lion

lion

antlion

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Common Names

Which of the below isn’t a bear?

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Common Names

  • Seamonkey
  • Silverfish
  • Ringworm
  • Crayfish
  • Sea horse
  • Spider monkey

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Common Names

  • Are all gray wolves gray?
  • Are all black bears black?
  • What is the difference between a cougar and a mountain lion?
  • What is the difference between a cottonmouth and a water moccasin?
  • What are problems with common names?
  • Why are scientific names better?

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Linnaeus Classification System

  • Developed a system of Taxa (categories)
  • Linnaeus had 7
  • Modern systems have 8
  • Start out very broad
  • Become more specific

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Linnaeus Taxa

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To Help You Remember

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Did King Phillip Come Over For Great Spaghetti?

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Classification

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Lion

Tiger

Pintail Duck

Human

Domain

Eukarya

Eukarya

Eukarya

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Animalia

Animalia

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Chordata

Chordata

Chordata

Class

Mammalia

Mammalia

Aves

Mammalia

Order

Carnivora

Carnivora

Anseriformes

Primates

Family

Felidae

Felidae

Anatidae

Hominidae

Genus

Panthera

Panthera

Anas

Homo

Species

leo

tigris

acuta

sapiens

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3 Domains

  • Eukarya
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea

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Eukarya

  • Cells Have Nucleus and Organelles
  • Includes Kingdoms
    • Animalia
    • Plantae
    • Fungi
    • Protista

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Bacteria

  • Prokaryotic (Cells lack a nucleus and organelles
  • Live in normal environment
  • Includes Kingdom Bacteria sometimes called Eubaceria
  • Examples? Escheria coli (E. coli)

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Vibrio cholerae

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Archaea

  • Prokaryotic
  • Extreme environments
  • Examples
    • Thermophilus aquaticus
    • Halophiles

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6 Kingdoms

  • Archaea
  • Bacteria sometimes called Eubacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia

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Placing in Kingdoms

  • How do they obtain energy?
    • Autotroph or Heterotroph?
  • Number of cells?
    • Multicellular or unicellular?
  • What type of cell?
    • Eukaryote or prokaryote

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  • Cell wall composition?

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Archaea

  • Autotrophs and heterotrophs
  • Single celled
  • Prokaryotic
  • Cell wall composition

varies

  • Extremophiles

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Bacteria

  • Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
  • Single Celled
  • Prokaryotic
  • Cell wall composed of
    • Peptidoglycan

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  • Common Bacteria

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Protista

Plasmodium (cause of Malaria) Amoeba Algae

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Fungi

  • Heterotrophs (absorption)
  • Single or Multi Celled
  • Eukaryotic
  • Cell wall of chitin

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Plantae

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Animalia

  • Heterotroph

(consumption)

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  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • no cell wall

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Modern Classification

  • Biological Species
    • reproductively isolated
    • can reproduce
    • have fertile offspring

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  • reproductive isolated
    • barrier prevents from reproducing
      • Tiger and Lion

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Hybrid

  • Offspring of 2 different species
  • Horse x Donkey

Lion x Tiger

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Modern Classification

  • Based on Phylogeny
  • Phylogeny looks at similarities in
    • DNA
    • RNA

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  • Old systems only concentrated on physical similarities

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Modern Classification

  • Why is bad to only look at physical similarities?
  • Physical similarities could come from convergent evolution
    • Organisms having similar features because live in same environment, not because of relatedness
    • similar features = analogous characters

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Analogous Features

Honey Possum Tongue Butterfly tongue

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Convergent Evolution

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Cladistics

  • Method of analyzing an organism's phylogeny by looking at shared characteristics
  • Two types of characteristics
    • Ancestral - shared by both groups
    • Derived- traits that are unique to one group
    • Cladogram = diagram used in cladistics

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Cladogram

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Cladogram

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Cladogram

  • Dashes = Derived/ Ancestral Characters
  • More Characters they share the more closely related they are
  • Treat all traits equally

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Evolutionary Systematics

  • Classifying gives different importance to traits
  • Shown in a phylogenetic tree
  • When looking at a tree
    • closer to the bottom the older the species
    • closer to the top the newer the species
    • the closer on the tree, the more closely related

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Phylogenetic Tree

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Phylogenetic Tree

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Dichotomous Key

  • Step by Step Guide to help Identify an organism
  • Follows a series of choices that leads to an organism's name

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Dichotomous Key